陕西鸟巢兰属一新种--太白山鸟巢兰

对中国陕西产的兰科新种太白山鸟巢兰Neottia taibaishanensis P H．Yang ＆ K．Y．Lang作了描述和绘图。本新种与尖唇鸟巢兰N acuminata相似,但整个植株为灰黑色,花序轴被贴伏银灰色长柔毛,萼片、花瓣和唇瓣灰黑色而边缘为灰白色,唇瓣宽倒卵形或近圆形,先端具短尖而不同。     

多花兰传粉生物学研究

传粉是植物繁殖和进化的一个关键环节,为探讨中国产多花兰(Cymbidiumfloribundum)的传粉生物学特性,对其开花物候、繁育系统、花的挥发性成分、传粉昆虫行为学实验进行了研究。结果表明,多花兰不存在自动自交和无融合生殖,种子的形成有赖于传粉媒介。其自然结实率远低于人工授粉,存在严重的传粉限制。中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)为多花兰的有效传粉昆虫,但未能从中获得报酬,在传粉过程中将花粉块连药帽一起带出。通过昆虫的行为学实验发现,多花兰气味对中华蜜蜂具有显著性吸引作用,而颜色对中华蜜蜂无显著性吸引作用。花朵的主要挥发性成分为醛类与醇类物质,一天之中在种类和量上几乎没有变化,只有芳樟醇含量的变化与传粉昆虫活动频率相关。本研究可为兰多花兰的野生保护和杂交育种提供一定依据。     

多叶斑叶兰繁育系统与传粉生物学研究

为探讨多叶斑叶兰(Goodyera folisa)的繁育系统与传粉生物学特征,对其开花物候、花粉活力与柱头可授性、人工授粉、花的挥发性成分以及昆虫传粉行为进行了研究。结果表明,多叶斑叶兰的唇瓣黄色,萼片白色或白色带红褐色;单花花期为(9.4±0.8)d;花粉在开花后第1天具备活力,柱头在开花后第2天具备可授性,花粉活力和柱头可授性都在开花后第5天达到峰值。去雄套袋和不去雄套袋都不能结实,人工自花授粉、同株异花授粉和异株异花授粉的结实率分别为93.3%、95.0%和96.7%,自然结实率为43.3%。花朵的主要挥发性成分为1-辛烯-3-醇、3-辛醇和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺。多叶斑叶兰传粉者为中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)。多叶斑叶兰具有自交亲和能力,但在自然界不具有主动自交现象,必须依赖中华蜜蜂传粉,花色及花香气味为吸引传粉者的主要因素。     

秦岭兰科植物新记录——凹唇鸟巢兰

该文报道了秦岭兰科(Orchidaceae)植物分布新记录种——凹唇鸟巢兰(Neottia papilligera Schltr.)。凹唇鸟巢兰原分布区为中国东北、俄罗斯西伯利亚东部至远东地区、朝鲜半岛、日本,在秦岭地区的分布记录使其在中国的分布区向南扩展了约8个纬度,由寒温带、中温带扩展到达了中国暖温带的最南缘。文中并给出了目前秦岭地区已知的8种鸟巢兰属(Neottia Guett.)植物的分种检索表。     

锦鸡儿(Caragana sinica(Buchoz) Rehd)传粉生物学研究

对唐家河国家自然保护区内锦鸡儿(Caragana sinica(Buchoz)Rehd)的花期、访问者、有效传粉者种类及行为、花蜜分泌节律和繁育系统等进行定点观察和实验处理。结果表明:锦鸡儿单花花期约5d,种群花期约20d。拥有以吸蜜为主的条蜂属(Anthophora)、熊蜂属(Bombus)和太阳鸟属(Aethopyga)3种传粉者功能群。综合访花频率和花粉落置数,茜条蜂(Pyganthophora rubricus Dours)和蓝喉太阳鸟(Aethopyga gouldiae)为主要有效传粉者,熊蜂(Bombus)为次要有效传粉者;蚂蚁(formicidae)和西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera Linnaeus)为主要盗蜜者。套袋处理结果表明,花蜜分泌日变化中,最大花蜜量发生在16:00左右;花蜜随单花花期变化中,花蜜体积最大发生于单花第5天;分泌均呈递增趋势。花蜜分泌节律与访花频率呈正相关。繁育系统检测显示,花粉胚珠比为3779±320.92,柱头最适可授期在开花第2—3天;结合不同授粉处理表明:锦鸡儿自交不亲和,需要传粉者,为蜂媒兼鸟媒植物。     

濒危植物独花兰的传粉生物学初步观察

独花兰(Changnienia amoena Chien)为我国特有的单种属植物,近年因生境破碎化和过度采挖,其野生资源日渐减少.迄今对独花兰极为有限的研究表明,其结实率很低或根本不结实,其传粉媒介也一直未被发现.2002年3～4月,我们对神农架2个移植居群和5个天然居群进行了传粉生物学的定点观察,发现雌性三条熊蜂(Bombus(Diversobombus)trifasciatus Smith)、仿熊蜂(Bombus(Tricornibombus)imitator Pittion)和蜜蜂均访问独花兰,但只有三条熊蜂身体粘有花粉块,是独花兰的有效传粉者.三条熊蜂的访问频率很低,在113 h的观察中只有9次访问,但在一个天然居群(population 3)中曾观察到一天4次的最高访问频率;访问主要在12:00～15:00出现,但在花上停留时间很短,不超过10 s.在未被授粉的情况下,独花兰花朵大约3周后自然枯萎,但受粉后3、4 d内即出现一系列形态和颜色的变化,包括花梗逐渐伸长,子房在花梗逐渐停止伸长后开始膨大等,表明花梗伸长可作为结实(授粉成功)的指标.人工授粉实验表明,自花、异花受粉后花梗均伸长,而套袋隔离花的则花梗不伸长,说明独花?兰是自交亲和的异交种,需要昆虫传粉.根据传粉者的访问频率、居群中果实的分布,尤其是花距内无花蜜等特征,我们认为独花兰是种欺骗性传粉的兰花.相对于其他欺骗性传粉的兰花,独花兰的自然结实率并不很低(26.98%),这与居群规模小会提高欺骗性传粉兰花结实率这一观点吻合.花粉块的输出数远高于结实数,这说明独花兰存在一定的花粉浪费.     

传粉昆虫对我国中南地区油茶结实和结籽的作用

油茶(Camellia oleifera)是一种重要的木本油料植物。2007-2008年在我国中南地区湖南省对油茶开展传粉生物学研究结果表明:油茶花期从10月到翌年1月份,单株开花时间一般持续20d左右,单花花期为4-5d。单花花蜜量平均为(145.40±24.89)μL,含糖量为(23.13±1.03)%,并含有17种氨基酸,约占花蜜总量的1.73%。膜翅目蜜蜂总科(Hymenoptera:Apoidea)油茶地蜂(Andrena camellia)和大分舌蜂(Colletes gigas)是油茶的有效传粉昆虫,大分舌蜂的传粉效率较油茶地蜂高;蝇类和蝶类为随机访问者。油茶不存在无融合生殖和自动自花授粉现象,其结实和结籽依赖传粉者。此外,油茶具有一定程度的自交不亲和,自交和异交的繁殖成功率存在显著性差异。人工异花授粉结果显示油茶在资源限制程度较低时,即大年时,花粉限制主要表现在结籽水平,而不是结实水平。根据油茶的传粉综合特征以及油茶在山茶属中的系统位置,目前很难解释油茶类似鸟类传粉综合特征的花蜜特征是如何演化的。     

气候变化对中国大黄花虾脊兰及其传粉者适生区的影响

大黄花虾脊兰(Calanthe sieboldii)是典型的大陆与岛屿间间断分布的兰科物种, 适宜分布气候范围狭窄, 同时依赖特殊的传粉者传粉, 包括黄胸木蜂(Xylocopa appendiculata)、赤足木蜂(X. rufipes)和中华绒木蜂(X. chinensis)等3种木蜂属(Xylocopa)昆虫。本文通过R语言Biomod2程序包建立物种分布模型(SDM), 预测了2050年和2070年时大黄花虾脊兰及其传粉者在3种代表浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5与RCP8.5)下的分布格局, 以期为该濒危植物的保育提供参考。结果表明: 降水相关变量比温度相关变量对大黄花虾脊兰分布的平均解释率更高, 两者分别为25.4%和13.9%。当前大黄花虾脊兰适生区主要集中在华中和华东地区, 未来适生区的增减主要受到气候情景的影响, 其变化范围为-59.0%到34.7%, 并可能向更高海拔的地区移动; 未来木蜂适生区将净收缩16.4%-19.7%, 且主要向西北和东北移动; 因而两者共同分布的面积占大黄花虾脊兰适生区的比例未来相比当前的90.0%可能下降0.5%-11.4%, 表明大黄花虾脊兰分布可能受到未来气候变化和传粉者分布减少的双重影响, 因此对该物种或类似特化传粉的兰科植物进行保育时应当充分考虑传粉者因素。     

意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂在温室桃园的传粉行为及其影响因素

意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica和小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita是我国设施农业中的两种主要授粉昆虫, 二者的传粉方式和传粉效率因不同作物而各有不同。为了选用最理想的蜂种为温室作物授粉, 提高作物的授粉效率, 我们于2008-2010年连续3年在北京的温室桃园进行了意大利蜜蜂和小峰熊蜂的传粉行为及其影响因素的研究。结果表明, 两种蜂的日活动规律不同, 和意大利蜜蜂相比, 小峰熊蜂的活动起点温度低、 日工作时间长、 单花访问时间长, 采集蜂在温室内距离蜂巢不同距离之间扩散比较均匀。而意大利蜜蜂采集蜂的数量随授粉半径的增大而明显减少。温室内环境因子对两种蜂传粉活动的影响基本一致, 温度对两种蜂的传粉活动影响最大, 其次是湿度、 单花花蜜浓度和光照强度, 而单花花蜜体积对蜂活动无明显影响。本研究认为对于温室桃授粉应优先选用授粉性能稳定的小峰熊蜂, 并且适当调节温室内环境条件, 以提高其授粉效率。     

Neottia wuyishanensis (Orchidaceae: Neottieae), a new species from Fujian,China

A new species, Neottia wuyishanensis (Neottieae, Orchidaceae), is described and illustrated from Wuyishan, Fujian, eastern China, based on morphological characters and molecular data. Molecular phylogenetics indicate that N. wuyishanensis is nested within the clade formed by Neottia fugongensis and Neottia nujiangensis. Morphologically, N. wuyishanensis is similar to N. fugongensis and N. pseudonipponica, but differs from them by having indistinct auricles at the base, and in the shape and size of lobelets.     

Neottia chandrae sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Nepal

Neottia chandrae B. B. Raskoti, J. J. Wood & Rita Ale sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Nepal. Notes on the diagnostic characters used to distinguish it from allied species are provided.     

Mixed bumblebee and blowfly pollination of Cypripedium flavum (Orchidaceae) in Sichuan,China

Most Cypripedium species are specialized orchids pollinated by, in a broad sense, bees or flies. Here we present the first evidence that a slipper orchid, Cypripedium flavum, is pollinated by both bees and flies, i.e., bumblebees and blowflies. Artificial pollination experiments demonstrated that the flowers of C. flavum are self-compatible, but need pollen vectors for successful reproduction. Field observations detected 25 insects visiting the flowers, and 14 of these insects entered into the labellum of the flowers, but only female bumblebees, Bombus hypnorum, B. remotus, and the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria exited of the labellum with pollen smears of C. flavum. The floral functional morphology of C. flavum appears to be more suited to bumblebees than to blowflies. The bumblebees are more efficient pollinators of the orchid, but blowflies are more frequent visitors, so they pollinated more flowers despite being less efficient.     

A new species of Galearis (Orchidinae: Orchidaceae) from Sichuan,China

A new species, Galearis huanglongensis Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo, is described and illustrated. It is similar to Galearis cyclochila (Franch. & Sav.) Soó and Galearis diantha (Schltr.) P.F.Hunt, but differs in having a short spur, two elliptical lateral stigma lobes and distinctly separated bursicles. This new species is known only from the type locality, the Huanglong Valley, Songpan County, western Sichuan, China, growing amongst mosses under alpine shrubs at an elevation of about 3000 m. Based on two years of observations of its population size, the species was categorized as critically endangered CR (B1a, B2a) according to the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. The micromorphology of pollinia and seeds was observed by scanning electron microscopy and compared with that of G. cyclochila and G. diantha. The results supported G. huanglongensis Q.W.Meng & Y.B.Luo as a new species. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 689–695.     

Two widespread green Neottia species (Orchidaceae) show mycorrhizal preference for Sebacinales in various habitats and ontogenetic stages

Plant dependence on fungal carbon (mycoheterotrophy) evolved repeatedly. In orchids, it is connected with a mycorrhizal shift from rhizoctonia to ectomycorrhizal fungi and a high natural ¹³C and ¹⁵N abundance. Some green relatives of mycoheterotrophic species show identical trends, but most of these remain unstudied, blurring our understanding of evolution to mycoheterotrophy. We analysed mycorrhizal associations and ¹³C and ¹⁵N biomass content in two green species, Neottia ovata and N. cordata (tribe Neottieae), from a genus comprising green and nongreen (mycoheterotrophic) species. Our study covered 41 European sites, including different meadow and forest habitats and orchid developmental stages. Fungal ITS barcoding and electron microscopy showed that both Neottia species associated mainly with nonectomycorrhizal Sebacinales Clade B, a group of rhizoctonia symbionts of green orchids, regardless of the habitat or growth stage. Few additional rhizoctonias from Ceratobasidiaceae and Tulasnellaceae, and ectomycorrhizal fungi were detected. Isotope abundances did not detect carbon gain from the ectomycorrhizal fungi, suggesting a usual nutrition of rhizoctonia‐associated green orchids. Considering associations of related partially or fully mycoheterotrophic species such as Neottia camtschatea or N. nidus‐avis with ectomycorrhizal Sebacinales Clade A, we propose that the genus Neottia displays a mycorrhizal preference for Sebacinales and that the association with nonectomycorrhizal Sebacinales Clade B is likely ancestral. Such a change in preference for mycorrhizal associates differing in ecology within the same fungal taxon is rare among orchids. Moreover, the existence of rhizoctonia‐associated Neottia spp. challenges the shift to ectomycorrhizal fungi as an ancestral pre‐adaptation to mycoheterotrophy in the whole Neottieae.     

兔耳兰食源性欺骗传粉的研究

兰科植物具有精巧、多样化的花部结构以及高度多样的吸引传粉者方式。作者对广西雅长兰科植物自治区级保护区内的一个兔耳兰(Cymbidium lancifolium)居群进行了连续2年的观察和研究。观察发现兔耳兰唯一的传粉者为膜翅目蜜蜂科的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)。中华蜜蜂一般直接落在唇瓣外弯的中裂片上, 然后调整身体的方向, 进入花中, 当发现花中无蜜液等回报时, 借助于后足的蹬力退出花朵。在退出的过程中, 花粉块连同药帽会通过粘盘粘附在中华蜜蜂的胸部。中华蜜蜂在花内的停留时间为8–71 s, 平均18.3 s (N = 11)。根据观察我们推测兔耳兰可能是通过其唇瓣上无规则的紫栗色小斑点(假蜜导)来吸引中华蜜蜂为其传粉, 属于食源性欺骗方式。在传粉过程中兔耳兰的药帽与花粉团和粘盘一起粘在中华蜜蜂背部。药帽的存在能够阻止下一朵被拜访的花实现雌性功能。兔耳兰药帽高度(0.154 ± 0.032 cm) (N = 10)加上传粉昆虫胸高(2005年为0.37 ± 0.03 cm (N = 10), 2006年0.35 ± 0.04 cm (N = 7))大于传粉通道入口的高度(0.29 ± 0.04 cm) (N = 21), 支持兔耳兰可能通过药帽来减少同株异花授粉现象的推测。2005和2006年该兔耳兰居群的自然繁殖成功率分别为21.13%和21.28%。繁育系统实验证明兔耳兰是高度自交亲和物种, 自交和异交的繁殖成功率没有显著性差异, 表明该种在结实过程中未显示近交衰退。兔耳兰不存在无融合生殖和自花授粉的现象, 其结实依赖传粉者。TTC法检测结果显示兔耳兰种子活力达85.78%(N = 11), 可见种子活力不是制约兔耳兰种子萌发的主要原因。因此传粉者的密度和访问频率可能是影响兔耳兰结实的重要因素, 并最终影响兔耳兰种群的维持和扩张。     

The Genus Peristylus Blume (Orchidaceae) in China

Peristylus is a genus of over 60 species, mainly distributed in the Old World tropics, with many species extending northwards to central China. In the present paper, the taxa of the genus hitherto recorded in China are taxonomically and phytogeographically discussed and revised, and, as a result, 20 species are recognized, including one new species, P. jinchuanicus K. Y. Lang, and four new combinations, P. bulleyi (Rolfe) K. Y. Lang, P. forrestii (Schltr.) K. Y. Lang, P. longiracemus (Fukuyama) K. Y. Lang and P. neotineoides (Ames et Schltr.) K. Y. Lang. A full list of synonyms is given, a key to the species is provided and the distribution areas in China of all the taxa are mapped.