Regional Expression of Key Cell Cycle Proteins in Brain from Subjects with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transition stage between the cognitive changes of normal aging and the more serious problems caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies had demonstrated increased expression of cell cycle proteins in AD brain. In the present study, we have analyzed the expression of the cell cycle proteins, CDK2, CDK5 and cyclin G1 in hippocampus and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and control using Western blot analysis. The expression of CDK2, CDK5 and cyclin G1 were found to be significantly increased in MCI hippocampus as well as in IPL compared to control brain. These results suggest that some cells may have re-entered the cell cycle. However, the expression of CDK2 and CDK5 is greater in MCI hippocampus compared to those of MCI IPL, and hippocampus is a region that is severely affected by AD pathology. Since these proteins are involved directly or indirectly in microtubule destabilization and hyperphosphorylation of tau, and also in APP processing we hypothesize that cell cycle disturbance may be important contributor in the pathogenesis of AD. Special issue dedicated to Dr. John P. Blass.     

轻度认知损伤患者的联系记忆损伤特征

遗忘型轻度认知损伤患者(aMCI)在项目记忆和联系记忆上都有损伤．本文通过临床记忆量表中的项目记忆和联系记忆测验,研究aMCI的联系记忆是否比项目记忆有更显著的损伤．另外,通过分析配对联想学习测验,进一步研究aMCI联系记忆损伤的特点．25名aMCI和28名健康老人参与了两个联系记忆测验(配对联想学习测验和联想回忆测验)和两个项目记忆测验(图像自由回忆和无意义图形再认),aMCI患者在联系记忆测验上表现出了更显著的损伤,即使控制了项目记忆的损伤,aMCI的联系记忆仍然比健康老人显著降低．另外,ROC分析表明联系记忆测验比项目记忆测验对aMCI病人有更高的区分度．对配对联想学习测验的分析表明,相对于健康老人,aMCI患者在记忆有语言联系的词对要比记忆无语义联系的词对更为困难．本研究进一步表明aMCI患者的联系记忆比项目记忆有更大的损伤．相对于健康老人,aMCI患者不仅难以在两个无关项目间创建记忆连接,而且在有效利用项目间本身的语义联系方面存在更大的损伤．联系记忆测验比项目记忆测验对aMCI患者有更高的区分度．在神经心理评估中增加联系记忆测验,能更加有效地识别aMCI患者．     

晨尿AD7c-NTP水平与轻度认知障碍之间的关系

目的:探讨老年男性晨尿阿尔茨海默病相关神经丝蛋白(AD7c-NTP)水平与轻度认知障碍(MCI)发病之间关系。方法:收集341例住院老年男性患者中段晨尿,采用双抗体夹心法测定尿液AD7c-NTP浓度。同时,对患者进行痴呆系列测试、行头颅CT和(或)MRI检查。根据测试结果剔除20例早老性痴呆患者,剩余321例患者根据测试及检查结果分为对照和MCI组,两组病例数分别为270例和51例,分析尿液AD7c-NTP浓度与年龄和MCI发病之间关系。结果:老年男性晨尿AD7c-NTP浓度呈偏态分布,测定结果中位数为0.475μg/L(0.001μg/L-8.85μg/L);对照组年龄76.0±9.0岁,AD7c-NTP测定结果中位数为0.467μg/L(0.001μg/L-8.85μg/L);MCI组51例年龄85.7±8.2岁,AD7c-NTP测定结果中位数为0.862μg/L(0.10μg/L-8.20μg/L);两组年龄之间存在显著差异(P=0.000);晨尿AD7c-NTP浓度与年龄的Spearman相关系数为0.267(P=0.00)。未考虑年龄影响时,两组ln(AD7c-NTP)之间差异有显著(P=0.041);考虑年龄影响后,两组ln(AD7c-NTP)之间差异显著性消失(P=0.604)。结论:晨尿AD7c-NTP浓度与年龄相关,AD7c-NTP与MCI发病之间关系需进一步研究。     

老年轻度认知障碍患者生活高危因素探讨

目的:探讨生活高危因素对老年轻度认知障碍的影响。方法:应用简明精神状态量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知测验量表(MoCA)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)和生活高危因素量表对219例老年人进行调查,分析生活高危因素对老年轻度认知障碍的影响。结果:女性患MCI风险高于男性(P=0.03);文盲组患MCI风险高于小学组,小学组高于初中及以上组(P=0.00);农民组患MCI风险高于工人组,工人组高于管理人员组(P=0.01);农村居民患MCI风险高于城市居民(P=0.01);运动影响MCI发病,不运动组患MCI风险高于运动组(P=0.00),运动频率<4次/周高于运动频率≥4次/周(P=0.00),运动年数≤10年组高于运动>10年组(P=0.01);业余爱好影响MCI发病,无业余爱好组患MCI风险高于有业余爱好组(P=0.00),业余爱好史≤10年组高于业余爱好史>10组(P=0.00)。不同年龄的老年人其MCI发病风险无统计学差异(P>0.05);吸烟、饮酒、喝茶等不同年数及频率的老年人其MCI发病风险无统计学差异(P>0.05);是否午休及不同午休频率和不同每晚睡眠时间的老年人其MCI发病风险无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:性别、教育程度、职业、居住地、运动时间及频率、业余爱好时间等因素与老年MCI发病有关。     

Investigation of the effects of some sulfonamide derivatives on the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phospho gluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes

In this study, the in vitro effects of some sulfonamide derivatives, which are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, on the enzymes activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phospho gluconate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase were investigated. For this purpose, these three enzymes were purified from human erythrocytes. Purification procedure composed of four steps; preparation of the hemolysate, ammonium sulfate precipitation, 2′,5′-ADP Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-200. 5-(3α-Hydroxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (1), 5-(3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (2), 5-(3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (3), 5-(3α,Acetoxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (4), 5-(3α,7α,12α-Triacetoxy-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (5), 5-(3,7,12-Trioxo-5-β-cholanamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (6), acetazolamide, and dorzolamide were tested in this experiment. Compounds 3, 5, and dorzolamide showed inhibitory effects on the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and I₅₀ values and K_i constants were calculated as 0.0601 mM, 0.00253 mM, and 1.41 mM and 0.0878 ± 0.0274 mM, 0.0042 ± 0.0009 mM, and 3.1446 ± 0.2081 mM, respectively. Glutathione reductase was also inhibited by 1 and 2. I₅₀ values and K_i constants were 0.0471 mM and 0.0723 ± 0.0388 mM for 1 and 0.0045 mM and 0.0061 ± 0.0014 mM, for 2. If these sulfonamide derivatives are proposed as drugs, some of which are being used in glaucoma treatment such as acetazolamide and dorzolamide, these results should be taken into consideration concerning via these enzymes.     

老年轻度认知障碍患者生活高危因素探讨

目的：探讨生活高危因素对老年轻度认知障碍的影响。方法：应用简明精神状态量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知测验量表（MoCA）、临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）和生活高危因素量表对219例老年人进行调查,分析生活高危因素对老年轻度认知障碍的影响。结果：女性患MCI风险高于男性（P=0．03）;文盲组患MCI风险高于小学组,小学组高于初中及以上组（P=0．00）;农民组患MCI风险高于工人组,工人组高于管理人员组（P=O．01）;农村居民患MCI风险高于城市居民（P=O．01）;运动影响MCI发病,不运动组患McI风险高于运动组（P=0．00）,运动频率〈4次／周高于运动频率≥4次／周（P=0．00）,运动年数≤10年组高于运动〉10年组（P=O．01）;业余爱好影响MCI发病,无业余爱好组患MCI风险高于有业余爱好组（P=O．00）,业余爱好史≤10年组高于业余爱好史〉10组（P=O.00）。不同年龄的老年人其MCI发病风险无统计学差异（P〉O．05）;吸烟、饮酒、喝茶等不同年数及频率的老年人其MCI发病风险无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;是否午休及不同午休频率和不同每晚睡眠时间的老年人其MCI发病风险无统计学差异俨（〉O．05）。结论：性别、教育程度、职业、居住地、运动时间及频率、业余爱好时问等因素与老年MCI发病有关。     

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and NADPH/NADP+ ratio in liver and pancreas are dependent on the severity of hyperglycemia in rat

Hyperglycemia is associated with metabolic disturbances affecting cell redox potential, particularly the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and reduced glutathione levels. Under oxidative stress, the NADPH supply for reduced glutathione regeneration is dependent on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. We assessed the effect of different hyperglycemic conditions on enzymatic activities involved in glutathione regeneration (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase), NADP(H) and reduced glutathione concentrations in order to analyze the relative role of these enzymes in the control of glutathione restoration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with mild, moderate and severe hyperglycemia were obtained using different regimens of streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Fifteen days after treatment, rats were killed and enzymatic activities, NADP(H) and reduced glutathione were measured in liver and pancreas. Severe hyperglycemia was associated with decreased body weight, plasma insulin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, NADPH/NADP+ ratio and glutathione levels in the liver and pancreas, and enhanced NADP+ and glutathione reductase activity in the liver. Moderate hyperglycemia caused similar changes, although body weight and liver NADP+ concentration were not affected and pancreatic glutathione reductase activity decreased. Mild hyperglycemia was associated with a reduction in pancreatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADPH/NADP+ ratio and glutathione level, vary inversely in relation to blood glucose concentrations, whereas liver glutathione reductase was enhanced during severe hyperglycemia. We conclude that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADPH/NADP+ were highly sensitive to low levels of hyperglycemia. NADPH/NADP+ is regulated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver and pancreas, whereas levels of reduced glutathione are mainly dependent on the NADPH supply.     

Effect of MPTP and l-Deprenyl on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation Levels in Mouse Brain

Abstract: Excessive free radical formation or antioxidant enzyme deficiency can result in oxidative stress, a mechanism proposed in the toxicity of MPTP and in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is unclear if altered antioxidant enzyme activity is sufficient to increase lipid peroxidation in PD. We therefore investigated if MPTP can alter the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the level of lipid peroxidation. l -Deprenyl, prior to MPTP administration, is used to inhibit MPP⁺ formation and its subsequent effect on antioxidant enzymes. MPTP induced a threefold increase in SOD activity in the striatum of C57BL/6 mice. No parallel increase in GSH-PX or CAT activities was observed, while striatal lipid peroxidation decreased. At the level of the substantia nigra (SN), even though increases in CAT activity and reduction in SOD and GSH-PX activities were detected, lipid peroxidation was not altered. Interestingly, l -deprenyl induced similar changes in antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels, as did MPTP. Taken together, these results suggest that an alteration in SOD activity, without compensatory increases in CAT or GSH-PX activities, is not sufficient to induce lipid peroxidation.     

磁共振技术在轻度认知障碍与阿尔茨海默病中的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是当今老年人最常见的一种原发性神经退行性疾病。其主要病理学特征表现为神经元的脱失、神经纤维缠结及老年斑形成。轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)被认为是AD及其他老年痴呆症的前驱阶段,可进一步转化成AD,且MCI与AD有着相似的病理变化。随着MCI和AD患病数的逐年增加,其给患者家属及社会增添了巨大负担,因此,对MCI和AD作出早期诊断变得尤为重要。然而,MCI和AD早期的临床表现并不突出,且实验室检查也缺乏足够的特异性,当临床医生做出明确诊断时,多数患者已处于AD的中晚期。近年来,随着磁共振技术的不断发展,多种磁共振技术已广泛地应用于MCI和AD的研究中,并为MCI及AD的早期诊断提供了重要的影像学依据。本文分别从结构性磁共振(s MRI)、静息态f MRI、磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)、磁共振波谱成像(MRS)、磁敏感加权成像(SWI)及MRI分子影像几个方面,阐述多种磁共振技术在MCI和AD研究中的进展。     

不同年龄老年轻度认知功能障碍患者的中医体质分布及其影响因素分析

摘要 目的：分析不同年龄老年轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）患者的中医体质分布及发生MCI的影响因素。方法：将我院2018年12月至2020年12月期间收治的100例老年MCI患者作为观察组，同期选择100例认知功能正常的健康体检者作为对照组；统计两组受试者一般临床资料，观察组结合临床表现并参照中华中医药学会颁布实施的《中医体质分类与判定》相关标准对其中医体质进行判定和评估，采用多元logistics回归模型分析发生MCI的影响因素。结果：60~70岁和71~80岁MCI患者中医体质以气虚质为主，80岁以上MCI患者中医体质以阳虚质、气虚质和痰湿质为主；观察组和对照组的居住情况、家庭关系和中医体质存在明显差异（P<0.05）；多元logistics回归模型分析结果显示，居住情况、家庭关系和中医体质是发生MCI的影响因素（OR值=1.923、2.002、1.964，P<0.05）。结论：80岁或以下的老年MCI患者中医体质以气虚质为主，80岁以上老年MCI患者中医体质以阳虚质、气虚质和痰湿质为主，且患者居住情况、家庭关系和中医体质是影响MCI发生的因素。     

不同剂量白藜芦醇对糖尿病性白内障大鼠晶状体抗氧化酶活力的影响

目的:探究不同剂量白藜芦醇对糖尿病性白内障大鼠晶状体抗氧化酶活力的影响。方法:75只5周龄健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为正常对照组、模型组,白藜芦醇低剂量组,白藜芦醇中剂量组和白藜芦醇高剂量组,每组各15只。五组大鼠均给予常规适应性喂养,模型组和白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组大鼠采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)以60 mg/kg的给药剂量制作糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后白藜芦醇低剂量组按20 mg/kg、白藜芦醇中剂量组按50 mg/kg、白藜芦醇高剂量组按100 mg/kg的给药剂量每日给予白藜芦醇灌胃。观察12周后5组大鼠晶状体的混浊程度,检测血糖、体重后处死大鼠,检测晶状体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性改变。结果:随着白藜芦醇剂量的升高,白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组大鼠的血糖逐渐降低而体重逐渐升高,且组间比较均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。三组不同剂量白藜芦醇干预组大鼠晶状体的浑浊程度均低于模型组,且白藜芦醇高剂量组大鼠晶状体的浑浊程度最低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组大鼠SOD、GSH-PX和CAT酶活力与模型组大鼠相比均明显升高,而与正常对照组相比均明显降低(均P0.05)。随着白藜芦醇剂量的升高,白藜芦醇低、中、高剂量组大鼠SOD、GSH-PX和CAT酶活力逐渐升高,且组间比较均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:高剂量白藜芦醇可更为明显地降低血糖浓度,提高晶状体SOD、GSH-Px及CAT酶活力,改善糖尿病性白内障晶状体的浑浊程度。     

Measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase activity in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis treated with ketoconazole

Hemoglobin rates, hematocrit and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutathione reductase activities were measured in 38 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis treated with ketoconazole or sulfadoxin, and in 13 normal individuals.Ketoconazole-treated patients showed reduced G6PD and glutathione reductase activities. One of these patients was found to be G6PD-deficient and suffered a hemolytic episode during treatment, which, however, did not require interruption of therapy.The authors suggest that patients showing an erythrocyte enzyme defect should be monitored hematologically during treatment with ketoconazole. They also suggest that ketoconazole is an oxidant drug in addition to being a possible inhibitor of antioxidant erythrocyte enzymes.     

Semi-global Parameterization of Online Handwriting Features for Characterizing Early-Stage Alzheimer and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background

Because of the rich set of spatiotemporal features it allows to extract, online handwriting is being increasingly investigated for characterizing neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson and Alzheimer. The state of the art on the latter is dominated by methods that extract global (average) kinematic parameters, and then apply basic classification techniques or standard statistical tests to assess the statistical significance of each parameter in discriminating a pathological population from a healthy control one.

白内障晶体中某些微量元素、与谷胱甘肽相关酶类活性的动态观察及其相互关系

本文动态观察了用平阳霉素诱发的大鼠白内障晶体中与谷胱甘肽代谢相关酶类活性和微量元素水平的变化,并与正常晶体进行比较,同时就酶活性与微量元素水平的相关性进行了检验。结果表明：（１）注射平阳霉素早期酶活性增高,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（ＧＳＳＧ－Ｒ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）等活性的升高达显著水平,后期酶活性均下降,尤以ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＧＳＳＧ－Ｒ和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｓ）等的活性降低明显;（２）ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ和ＳＯＤ酶活性分别与Ｚｎ具有相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５）,这两种酶也分别与Ｓｅ具有高度相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,此两种元素在该类型白内障形成中可能有一定意义。     

针刺联合黄连温胆汤治疗脑卒中后轻度认知功能障碍的临床疗效研究

目的:探讨针刺联合黄连温胆汤治疗脑卒中后轻度认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法:选择2013年6月至2016年8月在我院进行治疗的脑卒中后轻度认知功能障碍患者100例,随机分为两组,每组50例。对照组患者服用尼莫地平,观察组患者在对照组基础上服用黄连温胆汤并配合针刺治疗。评价和比较两组患者治疗前后的简易精神状态量表(MMSE)以及改良爱丁堡-斯堪的纳维亚神经功能缺损评分量表(MSSS)评分,治疗后神经功能障碍和认知功能障碍的临床疗效及生活质量。结果:治疗后,两组患者的MMSE、ADL评分均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且观察组降低的程度显著高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者的MSSS、MBI评分显著升高(P0.05),且观察组升高程度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者经治疗后的认知功能障碍及神经功能障碍临床疗效的总有效率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:黄连温胆汤联合针刺用于治疗脑卒中后轻度认知功能障碍临床疗效显著,且可显著改善患者生活质量。     

Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Vascular and Alzheimer Dementias

It has been reported that oxidative stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) and the cerebral ischemia which causes vascular dementia (VD). We measured malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in blood samples from patients with AD and VD and in healthy non-demented controls (CTR) which similar ages to the patients, in order to evaluate the degree of oxidative stress in patients with AD and VD. A sample of 150 subjects consisting of 50 patients with AD; 50 patients with VD and 50 CTR, aged from 65 to 85 years on, was analyzed. Most of the changes observed were in SOD activity and MDA levels. Catalase activity were least affected. Significant differences were observed in SOD and GR activity between males and females in CRT and in patients with AD, but not in VD. We have found a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, CAT, GPx and GR) in patients with AD and VD and significant differences were observed between CRT and AD patients for ages from 65 to 74, 75 to 84 and from 85 years to 94 years in SOD activity and MDA levels (P < 0.001). MDA levels increase with age in VD, AD and CTR. No significant variation with respect to sex were detected, but significant variations in MDA levels were detected between CRT and patients with VD and AD (P < 0.001). We conclude that oxidative stress plays an important role in the brain damage for both AD and VD, being observed higher levels of oxidative stress for AD that for VD.     

Changes in Antioxidant Defense Enzymes after d-amphetamine Exposure: Implications as an Animal Model of Mania

Studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress is associated with amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity, but little is known about the adaptations of antioxidant enzymes in the brain after amphetamine exposure. We studied the effects of acute and chronic amphetamine administration on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, in a rodent model of mania. Male Wistar rats received either a single IP injection of d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, or 4 mg/kg) or vehicle (acute treatment). In the chronic treatment rats received a daily IP injection of either d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, or 4 mg/kg) or vehicle for 7 days. Locomotor behavior was assessed using the open field test. SOD and CAT activities were measured in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Acute and to a greater extent chronic amphetamine treatment increased locomotor behavior and affected SOD and CAT activities in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Our findings suggest that amphetamine exposure is associated with an imbalance between SOD and CAT activity in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum.     

Influence of very low doses of ionizing radiation on Synechococcus lividus metabolism during the initial growth phase

Previous results from this laboratory have shown that very low chronic doses of gamma radiation can stimulate proliferation of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus lividus. This modification of cell proliferation occurred during the first doubling. In this paper, we have compared the metabolism of cells cultivated in a normal environment or under chronic irradiation. Incubation of the cells in a new medium induced a high superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1, SOD) activity at the 18th hour and a degradation of phycocyanin, thus demonstrating that cells were submitted to a photooxidative stress. This increase in superoxide dismutase activity was followed by concomittant peaks of glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2, GR) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49, G6P-DH) at the 24th hour. Irradiated cultures at a dose of 53.5 mGray/year show an earlier and higher peak of SOD, GR, and G6P-DH. In a second stage, cultures showed an earlier onset of photosynthesis under irradiation, as evidenced by an increase in pigment content and an enhancement of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13, GAP-DH). These results show that the radiostimulation is related to the activation of enzymes protecting against peroxides that were induced under oxidative circumstances and to the activation of a glucose catabolism via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.Abbreviations mGy milli-Gray - SOD superoxide dismutase - G6P-DH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - GAP-DH glycer-aldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - GSSG oxidized glutathione     

Antioxidant Systems in Tumour Cells: The Levels of Antioxidant Enzymes, Ferritin, and Total Iron in a Human Hepatoma Cell Line

The human hepatoma cell line Hep 3B, which has the hepatitis B virus genome, shows over 80% decrease of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase activity, over 90% decrease of manganese superoxide dismutase activity, over 70% decrease of catalase activity, absence of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities, over 270-fold increase of ferritin content and 25-fold increase of total iron compared to normal autopsy liver. These conditions of low antioxidant enzyme activities and iron overload are those which support the accumulation of oxygen free-radicals and DNA damage commonly considered to be carcinogenic mechanisms.