Risk factors contributing to symptomatic plate removal in maxillofacial trauma patients

This study analyzed the fate of plates used to correct maxillofacial injuries and defined risk factors that eventually resulted in plate removal. The outpatient clinic files of 108 patients treated with rigid internal fixation after maxillofacial trauma were reviewed. Study variables included age, sex, trauma circumstances, diagnosis, type of fracture, approach to the facial skeleton, presence of teeth in the line of fracture, plate material, site of plates, and reasons for plate removal. Of 204 plates used for fixation, 44 plates (22 percent) were removed. When all factors were considered together, only fracture diagnosis (mandibular body and angle) and plate location (mandibular body and angle) were statistically significant. Only when each factor was considered separately, the approach to the facial skeleton (intraoral) and the type of fracture (comminuted and compound fractures) were statistically associated with plate removal. Selection of favorable plate location, the extraoral approach, and vigilant infection control may reduce plate removal in patients with maxillofacial injuries. Special attention should be given to compound and comminuted fractures of the mandibular body and angle.     

Rigid stabilization of sagittal fractures of the maxilla and palate

Rigid stabilization of sagittal fractures of the palate is described that utilizes plate and screw fixation in the palatal vault. Accurate reduction of facial width is obtained, and stability is significantly enhanced. An existing laceration or a longitudinal incision in the palatal mucoperiosteum provides exposure for maxillary adaption plate application. The transpalatal reduction should be supplemented by fixation at the piriform aperture, the zygomaticomaxillary and nasomaxillary buttresses, and by the use of an arch bar. Since slower bone healing may be observed following palatoalveolar fractures, the occlusion must be observed for deviation throughout a full 16-week period even though early motion and soft diet are permitted. Removal of the plate and screws in the roof of the mouth is sometimes required and utilizes local anesthesia.     

The role of primary bone grafting in complex craniomaxillofacial trauma

The role of craniofacial surgical techniques and immediate bone grafting in the management of complex craniofacial trauma has been reviewed. Four hundred and one patients with complex facial injuries have been treated. Two hundred and forty-one primary bone and cartilage grafts have been performed in 66 patients. Complex facial injuries should be managed by direct exposure, reduction, and fixation of all fractures utilizing interfragmentary wiring. Very comminuted or absent bone is replaced by immediate bone grafting, producing a stable skeleton without the need for external fixation devices. Associated mandibular fractures are managed with rigid internal fixation utilizing A-O technique. Results of immediate bone grafting have been excellent, and complications are rare. All deformities should be corrected, whenever possible, during the initial operation. This one-stage reconstruction of even the most complex facial injuries will prevent severe postoperative traumatic deformity and disability that may be extremely difficult or impossible to correct secondarily.     

An efficient and accurate prediction of the stability of percutaneous fixation of acetabular fractures with finite element simulation

Posterior wall fracture is one of the most common fracture types of the acetabulum and a conventional approach is to perform open reduction and internal fixation with a plate and screws. Percutaneous screw fixations, on the other hand, have recently gained attention due to their benefits such as less exposure and minimization of blood loss. However their biomechanical stability, especially in terms interfragmentary movement, has not been investigated thoroughly. The aims of this study are twofold: (1) to measure the interfragmentary movements in the conventional open approach with plate fixations and the percutaneous screw fixations in the acetabular fractures and compare them; and (2) to develop and validate a fast and efficient way of predicting the interfragmentary movement in percutaneous fixation of posterior wall fractures of the acetabulum using a 3D finite element (FE) model of the pelvis. Our results indicate that in single fragment fractures of the posterior wall of the acetabulum, plate fixations give superior stability to screw fixations. However screw fixations also give reasonable stability as the average gap between fragment and the bone remained less than 1 mm when the maximum load was applied. Our finite element model predicted the stability of screw fixation with good accuracy. Moreover, when the screw positions were optimized, the stability predicted by our FE model was comparable to the stability obtained by plate fixations. Our study has shown that FE modeling can be useful in examining biomechanical stability of osteosynthesis and can potentially be used in surgical planning of osteosynthesis.     

Improving aesthetic outcomes after alloplastic chin augmentation

A novel approach to increase chin projection with alloplastic material is presented. Key aspects of the technique include the consideration of anthropometric normal values in preoperative assessment and planning, a submental approach with wide subperiosteal exposure of the area to be augmented, the use of two-piece porous polyethylene implants for augmentation, and screw fixation of the implant to the mandible. Screw fixation improves the predictability and precision of reconstruction by preventing implant displacement, by obliterating gaps between the implant and the facial skeleton, and by facilitating final implant contouring. In a series of 46 patients (24 primary and 22 secondary) operated on over a 6-year period, this approach allowed anatomically correct, stable chin contours to be created. Iatrogenic problems with macrogenia, mentalis dysfunction, and soft-tissue distortion resulting from implant migration and capsular contracture have been avoided. There have been no infections. Two patients who had had multiple previous chin operations requested revisional surgery to refine contour.     

重建钛板及记忆合金内固定治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的效果

目的:探讨重建钛板及记忆合金内固定系统治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析本院2012年12月~2013年12月收治的93例不稳定型骨盆骨折患者的临床资料,按照治疗方法分为两组,分别实施重建钛板联合螺钉固定治疗(对照组)和重建钛板联合记忆合金内固定系统治疗(观察组),观察并比较两组患者的临床效果。结果:观察组治疗优良率显著高于对照组,骨折愈合时间显著短于对照组,内固定松动和内固定断裂发生率显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:重建钛板及记忆合金内固定系统治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折患者行可以获得较重建钛板联合螺钉固定治疗更好的临床效果。     

两种内固定方法治疗老年骨盆后环骨折的疗效对比及对血清应激因子和疼痛相关生化指标的影响

摘要 目的：对比3D导航下经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定、后路微创重建钢板内固定两种内固定方法治疗老年骨盆后环骨折的疗效及对血清应激因子和疼痛相关生化指标的影响。方法：回顾性分析2016年7月~2020年9月期间我院收治的100例老年骨盆后环骨折患者的临床资料。根据手术方式的不同将患者分为A组（n=50,后路微创重建钢板内固定）和B组（n=50,3D导航下经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定）。对比两组手术相关指标、疼痛情况、Majeed功能评分、血清应激因子和疼痛相关生化指标变化情况。结果：B组术后3 d、术后1个月、术后3个月、术后1年视觉疼痛模拟评分（VAS）评分低于A组（P<0.05）。B组术中出血量少于A组,住院时间、手术时间、手术切口长度短于A组,但X线暴露时间长于A组（P<0.05）。B组术后1年Majeed功能评分高于A组（P<0.05）。B组术后7 d促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平高于A组,皮质醇（Cor） 、肾上腺素（E）水平低于A组（P<0.05）。B组术后7 d 5-羟色胺（5-HT）、P物质（SP）、前列腺素E2（PGE2）水平低于A组（P<0.05）。A组、B组的并发症发生率组间对比无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：与后路微创重建钢板内固定治疗老年骨盆后环骨折患者相比,3D导航下经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定具有创伤小、手术时间短、术中出血量少、疼痛减轻、应激反应轻等诸多优势,可促进患者术后恢复。     

后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折疗效分析

目的:探讨后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法:本研究选取了90例胸腰椎骨折患者,按照入院时间顺序不同分为两组,前路组(46例)采取前路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗,后路组(44例)采取后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗。观察并记录两组患者围手术期参数,术前术后下腰痛功能、神经功能恢复情况及随访12个月期间并发症发生情况,评价后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的疗效。结果:后路组在术中失血量、手术时间、住院时间上均明显少于或短于前路组(P0.05);与术前相比,术后两组Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)值均明显降低(P0.05)。与术后同时间前路组相比,后路组ODI值均明显低于前路组(P0.05);与术前相比,术后12个月两组神经功能分级整体有所提高(P0.05),但两组间相比,差异没有统计学意义(P0.05);随访12个月期间,两组并发症发生率比较,差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折,手术时间短,疗效显著,术中出血量少,预后较好,有利于患者腰椎功能的恢复。     

锁定钢板固定术后内侧柱支撑能力与肱骨近端骨折患者预后的相关分析

目的:研究锁定钢板固定术后内侧柱的支撑能力与肱骨近端骨折患者预后的相关关系。方法:选取107例肱骨近端骨折患者作为研究对象,根据不同内侧柱支撑重建方式将所有患者分为四组,其中A组患者48例,均接受肱骨近端内侧骨皮质解剖复位以重建内侧柱支持;B组患者20例,均使用1枚支撑螺钉置入肱骨头内下方的软骨下骨,C组患者14例,均使用2枚或2枚以上支撑螺钉置入肱骨头内下方的软骨下骨;D组患者25例,均未进行肱骨近端内侧骨皮质解剖复位亦未使用锁定螺钉固定。比较各组患者术后Constant评分、VAS(visual analogue scale)评分、骨折愈合时间、肱骨头高度丟失值、肱骨头内翻角、并发症发生情况及二次手术率。结果:与无支撑重建组相比,骨皮质解剖复位组、单枚螺钉支撑重建组以及多枚螺钉支撑重建组的VAS评分、骨折愈合时间、肱骨头高度丟失值以及肱骨头内翻角均明显降低,而Constant评分明显升高,其中骨皮质解剖复位组的变化幅度最大多枚螺钉支撑重建组次之,单枚螺钉支撑重建组变化幅度最小,差异具有统计学意义(t=23.100,22.130,7.267,68.440,47.900,均P0.001);与无支撑重建组相比,骨皮质解剖复位组、单枚螺钉支撑重建组以及多枚螺钉支撑重建组的术后总并发症发生率和二次手术率均明显降低,其中骨皮质解剖复位组的降低幅度最大,单枚螺钉支撑重建组次之,多枚螺钉支撑重建组降低幅度最小差异具有统计学意义(X~2=12.938,11.904,P=0.005,0.008)。结论:锁骨钢板固定术后内侧柱的支撑能力与肱骨近端异型解剖钢板患者预后相关,内侧柱支撑能力的越高患者术后骨折愈合、肩关节恢复越佳,而并发症发生率以及二次手术率越低。     

中西医结合治疗桡骨远端骨折的临床分析

目的:探讨中西医结合治疗桡骨远端骨折的临床治疗效果。方法:选取本院收治的桡骨远端骨折患者60例,将其随机分为对照组和实验组,每组30例。对照组采用切开复位钢板螺钉固定方法治疗,实验组采用切开复位钢板螺钉固定加局部中药外敷治疗。观察和比较两组患者的骨折愈合时间、腕部功能恢复情况以及临床疗效。结果:与对照组比较,实验组患者的骨折愈合时间明显缩短,患肢腕部功能明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组的临床总有效率(76.66%)明显高于对照组(65.00%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:中西医结合治疗桡骨远端骨折能够有效缩短骨折愈合时间,明显改善患者的腕部功能,值得临床推广。     

Complex maxillary fractures: role of buttress reconstruction and immediate bone grafts

Between 1978 and 1984, 558 patients with complex facial fractures have been treated. One hundred and seventy-one of these patients have had complex Le Fort fractures of the maxilla. In this group of patients, the importance of direct anatomic reconstruction of the anterior maxillary buttresses has been assessed. Complete exposure of the injured buttresses will facilitate assessment of the exact fracture pattern. Direct fixation of the medial and lateral maxillary buttresses on each side, in combination with immediate bone-graft reinforcement or replacement of comminuted or missing buttresses, will facilitate the reconstruction of even the most severely injured maxilla in one stage. This approach is combined with similar reconstructive techniques in other areas of the craniofacial skeleton. Associated mandibular fractures are managed with rigid internal fixation utilizing A-O techniques. The use of these techniques dramatically facilitates airway management and simplifies the treatment of the edentulous patient, the patient with bilateral condylar neck fractures, and those patients with sagittal splitting of the maxilla and palate. The use of both internal craniofacial suspension wires and external craniofacial suspension devices has become largely unnecessary, and reconstruction of even the most complex injuries in one stage with minimal complications and secondary deformities is made possible.     

Treatment of Mandibular Condyle Fractures Using a Modified Transparotid Approach via the Parotid Mini-Incision: Experience with 31 Cases

Surgery for mandibular condyle fractures must allow direct vision of the fracture, reduce surgical trauma and achieve reduction and fixation while avoiding facial nerve injury. This prospective study was conducted to introduce a new surgical approach for open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular condyle fractures using a modified transparotid approach via the parotid mini-incision, and surgical outcomes were evaluated. The modified transparotid approach via the parotid mini-incision was applied and rigid internal fixation using a small titanium plate was carried out for 36 mandibular condyle fractures in 31 cases. Postoperative follow-up of patients ranged from 3 to 26 months; in the first 3 months after surgery, outcomes for all patients were analyzed by evaluating the degree of mouth opening, occlusal relationship, facial nerve function and results of imaging studies. The occlusal relationships were excellent in all patients and none had symptoms of intraoperative ipsilateral facial nerve injury. The mean degree of mouth opening was 4.0 (maximum 4.8 cm, minimum 3.0 cm). No mandibular deviations were noted in any patient during mouth opening. CT showed complete anatomical reduction of the mandibular condyle fracture in all patients. The modified transparotid approach via the smaller, easily concealed parotid mini-incision is minimally invasive and achieves anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation with a simplified procedure that directly exposes the fracture site. Study results showed that this procedure is safe and feasible for treating mandibular condyle fracture, and offers a short operative path, protection of the facial nerve and satisfactory aesthetic outcomes.     

经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉内固定联合支架外固定与切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗Tile B、C型骨盆骨折的比较研究

摘要 目的：对比经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉内固定联合支架外固定与切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗Tile B、C型骨盆骨折的临床效果。方法：选取本院2018年3月至2021年10月收治的Tile B、C型骨盆骨折患者共68例进行前瞻性研究。将纳入患者按随机数字表法分为经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉内固定联合支架外固定治疗（观察组）与切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗（对照组），每组各34例。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后早期疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、住院时间及术后早期并发症发生率；此外随访6个月，观察患者术后Matta影像学评分标准优良率（Matta优良率）、Majeed骨盆骨折功能评分（Majeed评分）和术后骨折愈合时间，另记录术后6个月时两组术后并发症发生情况。结果：两组手术时间、术后3天VAS评分、术后7天VAS评分、住院时间及术后骨折愈合时间比较均未见明显差异（P>0.05）；观察组术中出血量明显少于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组术后3个月时Matta优良率和Majeed评分均优于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05），但两组术后6个月比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；观察组的术后早期并发症发生率低于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）；术后6个月时两组并发症情况无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：两种方法治疗Tile B、C型骨盆骨折均可取得良好疗效，但切开复位重建钢板内固定方法仍保功能恢复良好的优点，而经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉内固定联合支架外固定具有低并发症发生率，更利于提升术后早期恢复效果。     

An experimental study on the effect of rigid fixation on the developing craniofacial skeleton

Rigid fixation of the craniofacial skeleton has proven of great value in adult orthognathic and traumatic reconstructive surgical procedures. This technique has gained increased acceptance in the surgical treatment of infants and young children with congenital malformations, despite the fact that its effects on subsequent craniofacial growth are unknown. To examine this question, an experimental model using 25 young kittens was developed to compare rigid fixation with conventional wire fixation, with and without osteotomy. Our findings demonstrate a regional restriction of growth in the developing craniofacial skeleton when both wire and plate and screw fixation are utilized in concert with osteotomy. Further, a compensatory growth was observed in individual animals when plate fixation was utilized that was not seen in the wire-treated group. This suggests that there is a dynamic growth interaction between restriction and compensation in this setting.     

The use of Champy miniplates for osteosynthesis in craniofacial deformities and trauma

Champy miniplates have been used in the treatment of craniofacial fractures and in osteotomies for correction of posttraumatic deformities, congenital craniofacial deformities, and secondary bony deformities due to pathologies such as hemangioma and neurofibroma. An additional use has been to stabilize free and vascularized bone grafts. The total number of cases reviewed were 50 (25 acute trauma, 4 vascularized mandible reconstruction, and 21 osteotomies of varied types). There were three infections, two in mandibular fractures that were comminuted and compound into the mouth and one in a compound comminuted fracture of the frontal and maxillary area that was judged to be infected when the plate was placed in position. Two plates have been obvious under the skin. No patient has requested plate removal. The advantages of plating in selected cases are decreased operating time, rigid fixation at surgery, good fixation of bone grafts, and the ability to remove intermaxillary fixation in children at the end of the procedure or within the first few postoperative days.     

动力髋螺钉与股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年股骨近端骨折的临床疗效比较

目的:比较动力髋螺钉与股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年股骨近端骨折的临床疗效和安全性。方法:收集我院收治的老年股骨近端骨折患者64例,随机分为DHS组和PFN组,每组各32例。DHS组患者给予动力髋螺钉的固定方式,PFN组给予股骨近端髓内钉的固定方式。手术后对患者的手术切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、骨折愈合时间、术后并发症以及患者临床疗效进行检测并比较。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者治疗后的Harris评分均显著下降(P0.05);与DHS组相比,PFN组患者的手术切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间、骨折愈合时间、术后并发症的发生率以及Harris评分均较低(P0.05)。结论:股骨近端髓内钉的固定治疗老年股骨近端骨折的临床疗效较好,安全性更高。     

Facial fractures

Fractures of the facial skeleton can result in the loss of an aesthetically pleasing appearance and basic function, and many cases subsequently require an operative intervention. The surgeon managing these facial fractures must, at the same time, be cognizant of concomitant injuries, including neurologic, ophthalmologic, and cervical spine issues. For most situations, early stabilization in anatomical position using rigid fixation will give the most accurate reduction for the optimal return of preoperative appearance and function, while reducing long-term soft-tissue contracture.     

Toward CT-based facial fracture treatment

Facial fractures have formerly been classified solely by anatomic location. CT scans now identify the exact fracture pattern in a specific area. Fracture patterns are classified as low, middle, or high energy, defined solely by the pattern of segmentation and displacement in the CT scan. Exposure and fixation relate directly to the fracture pattern for each anatomic area of the face, including frontal bone, frontal sinus, zygoma, nose, nasoethmoidal-orbital region, midface, and mandible. Fractures with little comminution and displacement were accompanied by subtle symptoms and required simple treatment; middle-energy injuries were treated by standard surgical approaches and rigid fixation. Highly comminuted fractures were accompanied by dramatic instability and marked alterations in facial architecture; only multiple surgical approaches to fully visualize the "buttress" system provided alignment and fixation. Classification of facial fractures by (1) anatomic location and (2) pattern of comminution and displacement define refined guidelines for exposure and fixation.     

前路锁定钢板联合加压螺钉与锁定钢板行踝关节融合的疗效比较

目的:比较运用前路锁定钢板联合加压螺钉与单用锁定钢板行踝关节融合的临床疗效。方法:选择2012年4月至2015年7月收治并符合纳入标准的52例终末期踝关节炎患者,按照不同的手术固定方式分为锁定钢板联合加压螺钉组(A:n=27)和锁定钢板组(B:n=25),记录并比较两组手术时间、关节融合时间、AOFAS评分、术中及术后并发症。结果:两组手术时间比较无明显差异;所有关节最终都获得骨性融合,A组平均骨愈合时间为(13.0±2.1)周,B组为(16.0±4.6)周,较A组明显缩短(P0.01);A组末次随访时平均AOFAS评分为(81.8±5.19)分,B组为(78.3±6.94)分,较A组明显升高(P0.05)。结论:与单用锁定钢板相比,锁定钢板联合加压螺钉用于踝关节融合术可获得更加坚强的固定,有利于患肢早期功能锻炼、负重,缩短骨愈合时间。     

Treatment of sternal nonunion with the Dall-Miles cable system

We have used this technique in two patients. One had early sternal dehiscence with presternal infection, and the other had late sternal nonunion. Uncomplicated sternal union was achieved in both patients. The cables were nonpalpable in both patients, but they were removed in one patient at that patient's request. This method of using Dall-Miles cerclage cables is a straightforward and efficacious method of open reduction and internal fixation of the sternum. It is indicated for patients with chronic sternal nonunion or early postoperative separation of the sternal fragments and may be used even in the presence of an infection limited to the presternal space after adequate debridement and irrigation have been performed. Any recurrent superficial infection, although unlikely, can be cured by hardware removal after osseous union has been obtained. For sternal separation without fractures, four cables may simply be placed around the sternal halves and their tension increased. In the case of sternal fractures, the cables may be placed in figures of eight or in other woven configurations as needed for each individual case.