植物光诱导延迟荧光与光合作用的内在关联性研究

光合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应,植物内源性光诱导延迟荧光是光合作用原初过程中光系统Ⅱ作用中心P680处电荷分离效率的内在探针。本文从实验上证明了延迟荧光的产生与光合作用存在本质必然的联系。实验结果表明,延迟荧光激发谱与光合作用谱存在着明显的相似,延迟荧光强度随着激发光源光强的变化表现出类似的光抑制现象,以及在室温条件下延迟荧光强度与光合速率有着很好的相关性。为从植物光诱导延迟荧光技术来研究植物的光合作用提供了重要的实验证据。     

叶绿素荧光分析技术在林木培育中的应用

叶绿素荧光分析技术是近年来在光合作用机理研究中发展起来的一种新型、快速、简便、精确且整体无损伤检测植物光合作用生理状况的新技术.叶绿素荧光信号包含了十分丰富的光合作用过程变化的信息,因而被视为植物光合作用与环境关系的内在探针.该项技术在农业、园艺等方面已得到广泛应用,而在林木培育中的应用较少.本文介绍了叶绿素荧光分析相关参数及其生物学意义,总结了国内外关于叶绿素荧光分析技术在林木栽培、林木逆境生理等方面的应用,并对该技术在林木培育中的应用提出一些初步建议.     

瞬时与延迟叶绿素荧光及820nm光反射动力学同步测量技术在光合作用研究中的应用

在光合作用研究中,通过分析瞬时叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线,可以获得围绕光系统Ⅱ(photosystemⅡ,PSⅡ)发生的原初光化学反应的信息。通过分析延迟叶绿素荧光诱导动力学和衰减动力学曲线,可以探寻发生电荷重组而产生延迟荧光的不同基团,从而更加直接地了解PSⅡ的状态。而820 nm光反射可以用来检测发生在光系统Ⅰ(photosystemⅠ,PSⅠ)的原初光化学反应。文章简要介绍了这三种动力学的发生原理及其在光合作用研究中的优缺点,并举例说明了瞬时荧光、延迟荧光及820 nm光反射动力学同步测量技术在光合作用研究中的应用,以及三者之间的互补与印证作用。     

利用延迟荧光研究DCMU对植物光合的影响

敌草隆（DCMU）阻断植物光合器官类囊体膜上的电子从QA到QB的传递。延迟荧光（DF）是光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）反应中心电荷分离效率的内在探针。本文以菠菜叶片作为实验材料,从DF衰减动力学及其总强度的变化研究了DCMU对植物光合作用的影响。DCMU作用后叶片DF衰减动力学曲线表明在快相部分有明显上升趋势,而慢相部分出现下降。不同DCMU浓度处理叶片后延迟荧光强度与叶片光合速率的变化表现出很好的相关性。研究结果表明,植物延迟荧光能很好的表征植物叶片DCMU处理后光合速率的变化。     

植物叶片花青素的光破坏防御机制研究进展

植物花青素广泛分布在植物的根、茎、叶、花和果实等器官中,是植物形态建成过程中或响应逆境而产生的一种次生代谢物质.植物叶片中的花青素具有特殊的化学结构和光谱特性,在光破坏防御机制方面发挥了重要的作用,已经成为植物光合生理生态的研究热点.本文综述了近年来植物叶片花青素与光合作用的研究进展,从叶片花青素的分布、光谱特性及其与光合色素的关系等方面说明花青素对植物光合作用的影响,重点介绍了叶片花青素通过光吸收、抗氧化剂和渗透调节等在植物光破坏防御机制方面的作用,展望了今后的主要研究方向     

观赏植物耐热性研究进展

本文针对近十年国内外植物耐热性研究现状,综述高温胁迫下植物解剖结构和细胞微观结构的变化,高温胁迫对光合作用、蒸腾作用、渗透调节等生理特性及相关基因表达的影响,并总结提高植物耐热性的措施,为今后观赏植物耐热性研究提供参考。     

植物叶片荧光光谱测绘技术探讨

植物叶绿素荧光是研究植物生理变化、环境胁迫效应和光合作用原初过程的一个无损探针。愈来愈多的作者已认识到直接研究植物叶片荧光的意义。但是,由于植物荧光弱、叶表面光散射强以及荧光重吸收等多方面因素,要得到一幅准确的荧光光谱是极为困难的。而另一方面,测绘到的荧光光谱是否能最大程度地反映叶片荧光发射情况,会直接影响研究结论。这样光谱测     

光调控在植物组织培养中的应用研究进展

光调控是植物组织培养中一种有效的环境控制技术。该文对近年来国内外有关光调控在植物组织培养中的应用,即光照强度、光周期、光质对组培植物的生长发育、光合作用、愈伤组织诱导及其增殖与分化、器官和体细胞胚发生、生理特性及次生代谢物质等方面的影响研究进展进行了综述,为植物细胞工程提供参考。     

封面故事

细胞自噬是广泛存在于真核细胞中的生命现象,是生物在其发育、老化过程中都存在的一个净化自身多余或受损细胞结构的共同机制。在植物发育、逆境胁迫、饥饿及衰老的过程中,细胞自噬具有确定的作用。叶绿素荧光分析技术是近几年来发展起来的一种探测植物光合作用生理状况的新技术。荧光与植物的光合作用能力、受胁迫状况、生     

对流层臭氧浓度升高对植物光合特性影响的研究进展

作为重要的空气污染物之一,对流层臭氧浓度平均以每年2%的速率递增.高浓度臭氧可抑制植物的生长发育,影响生物量和产量的形成,且响应程度随O3设置浓度、试验平台和品种的不同而异.光合作用作为植物最基本的生理过程,同时也是对O3最敏感的生理过程之一.从植物损伤症状、光合作用的光反应、暗反应等方面概括了高浓度臭氧对植物光合特性影响的研究进展,为阐述O3损伤机理、耐性品种的选育提供理论依据.     

水葫芦及菠菜光合作用原初光反应的超快光谱研究

采用相同的分离技术,从水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes(Mart)Solms.)和菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)叶片中提取叶绿体.利用吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱及皮秒荧光单光子计数技术对它们的光谱性质和光系统Ⅱ荧光寿命进行了研究.这两种叶绿体吸收光谱相似,暗示着它们都能高效吸收不同波长的光子.低温荧光光谱显示,水葫芦叶绿体两个光系统之间激发能分配平衡状态差,表明不利于该植物叶绿体高效利用吸收的光子能.采用三指数动力学模型对测定的光系统Ⅱ荧光衰减曲线拟合,水葫芦叶绿体光系统Ⅱ荧光衰减寿命分别是:138,521和1 494 ps;菠菜叶绿体荧光寿命分别是:197,465和1 459ps.并且归属了荧光组分,慢速度荧光衰减是由叶绿素堆积造成的,中等速度荧光衰减源于PSⅡ反应中心重新结合电荷组分,快速度荧光衰减归属于PSⅡ反应中心组分.基于20ps模型计算的水葫芦和菠菜叶绿体PSⅡ反应中心激发能转能效率分别是87%和91%.该结果与转能效率为100%的观点不一致.实验结果支持PSⅡ反应中心电荷分裂20 ps时间常数模型.根据转能效率,水葫芦生长速度不大于菠菜生长速度,但是,水葫芦叶绿体中含有丰富的胡萝卜素成分,其单位质量叶绿体吸收光能大于单位质量菠菜叶绿体吸收的量.实验结果还暗示植物叶绿体体系传能高效,接近于100%.     

屋顶绿化植物佛甲草对温度梯度的生理生态适应

以屋顶生长的佛甲草为材料,通过光照培养箱进行不同温度条件处理,分别测量了叶片的CO2交换、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及植株不同部位的碳同位素比率变化(δ13C)。结果表明:持续高温/低温、较大的昼夜温差和叶表面风力的条件下,佛甲草为适应环境变化,光合会由C3代谢途径转变成景天酸代谢途径(CAM),是兼性CAM植物。短期降温会使叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)发生不可逆失活,光合能力下降;复水后有助于PSⅡ的恢复和重建,而干旱天气会减缓恢复过程;在不利温度环境中生长的佛甲草老叶掉落较多,剩余叶片的叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm值增高,光合能力提高。δ13C测定结果显示,高温使嫩叶气孔导度降低,对成熟叶片气孔导度影响小,佛甲草茎杆虽然含有叶绿素,但没有明显的光合作用。     

A novel method for measuring photosynthesis using delayed fluorescence of chloroplast

Photosynthesis is the most important chemical reaction in the world. The measurement of plant photosynthesis rate plays an important role in agriculture. Light-induced delayed fluorescence (DF) in plants is an intrinsic label of the efficiency of charge separation at P680 in photosystem II (PS II). In this paper, we have developed a biosensor that can accurately measure the plant photosynthesis ability by means of DF. Compared with common methods for measuring the photosynthesis rate based on consumption of CO2, the proposed technique can quantify the plant photosynthesis ability with less influence of the environment. The biosensor is an all-weather measuring instrument, it has its own illumination power and utilizes intrinsic DF as the measurement marker. The current investigation has revealed that, there is a good correspondence between the results measured by the biosensor and that by commercially available portable photosynthesis system under controlled conditions. We thus conclude that DF is an excellent marker for evaluating plant photosynthesis ability under its biological status with less interferences of the environment.     

Imaging of multi-color fluorescence emission from leaf tissues

Multi-color fluorescence emission from leaf tissues is presented as a powerful reporter on plant biochemistry and physiology that can be applied both at macro- and micro-scales. The blue–green fluorescence emission is typically excited by ultraviolet (UV) excitation. However, this approach cannot be applied in investigating intact leaf interior because the UV photons are largely absorbed in the epidermis of the leaf surface. This methodological barrier is eliminated by replacing the UV photon excitation by excitation with two infra-red photons of the same total energy. We demonstrate this approach by using two-photon excitation for microscopy of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected by pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. The leaf structures are visualized by red chlorophyll fluorescence emission reconstructed in 3-D images while the bacteria are detected by the green emission of engineered fluorescence protein.     

植物ms 级叶绿素荧光动力学数据采集和分析软件

本文介绍了一套可在IBM PC(兼容)微机上运行的植物ms级荧光动力学数据采集和分析软件。本软件用C语言写成,具有汉化界面、菜单驱动、彩色人机对话窗口、操作简便、灵活,兼容性好等优点。本文着重讨论了本软件如何减少荧光动力学测量中的误差、在不过分占用内存的情况下扩大采样时间范围以及如何精确测量固定荧光(Fo)和偏转荧光(Fi)等问题。本软件和我们自行组装的植物ms级动力学荧光计——植物产量荧光计PFM-101型可广泛应用于农业、植物生态学及植物生理学的光合测量和研究。     

植物ms级叶绿素荧光动力学数据采集和分析软件

本文介绍了一套可在ＩＢＭＰＣ（兼容）微机上运行的植物ｍｓ级荧光动力学数据采集和分析软件。本软件用Ｃ语言写成,具有汉化界面、菜单驱动、彩色人机对话窗口、操作简便、灵活,兼容性好等优点。本文着重讨论了本软件如何减少荧光动力学测量中的误差、在不过分占用内存的情况下扩大采样时间范围以及如何精确测量固定荧光（Ｆｏ）和偏转荧光（Ｆｉ）等问题。本软件和我们自行组装的植物ｍｓ级动力学荧光计———植物产量荧光计ＰＦＭ１０１型可广泛应用于农业、植物生态学及植物生理学的光合测量和研究     

模拟酸雨胁迫对茶树幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

茶是世界三大饮料之一,并且茶树在中国被广泛种植。酸雨是中国乃至全球面临的主要环境问题,本研究选用一年生茶树幼苗作为实验材料,品种为湘妃翠,采用盆栽的方法培养,通过模拟pH值2.5、pH值3.5、pH值4.5酸雨以及自来水(pH值6.5)作为对照对茶树进行全喷淋,探究模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长状况和光合生理的影响。结果表明pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有一定促进作用,pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长具有抑制作用。茶树幼苗SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)、以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm(PSⅡ最大光能转换率)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)在pH值2.5酸雨胁迫下与对照组相比都显著降低,Fo(初始荧光产量)则显著增大。由此说明pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗具有较强的胁迫作用,pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有促进作用。     

Temperature dependence on the delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a in blue-green algae.

1. The delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll a was measured with a phosphoroscope by changing the temperature in a range of room temperatures in intact cells of blue-green algae, Anacystis nidulans, two strains of Anabaena variabilis and Plectonema boryanum, and other kinds of algae, Cyanidium caldarium and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The induction of delayed fluorescence remarkably depended on the temperature of measurment. Nevertheless, the induction pattern was characterized by three levels of intensity; the initial rise level at the onset of excitation light, the maximum level after a period of excitation and the steady-state level after 10 min of excitation. 2. In A. nidulans and a strain of A. variabilis grown at various temperatures, close relationship was found between the phase transition of membrane lipids and the initial rise and the steady-state levels of delayed fluorescence. The initial rise level showed the maximum at the temperature of phase transition between the liquid crystalline and the mixed solid-liquid crystalline states, The steady-state levels showed a remarkable change from a high in the liquid crystalline state to a low level in the mixed solid-liquid crystalline state. 3. The millisecond decay kinetics of the delayed fluorescence measured at the steady-state level in A. nidulans grown at 38 degrees C consisted of two components with different decay rates. The half-decay time of the fast component was about 0.17 ms and was constant throughout the temperature range of measurement. The half decay time of slow component ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 ms, depending on the temperature of measurment.     

Discrimination of marine algal taxonomic groups using delayed fluorescence spectroscopy

We present a method for in situ monitoring of phytoplankton composition changes in a marine environment. The method is based on delayed fluorescence excitation spectra analyzed with CHEMTAX software, which is generally used for determination of phytoplankton communities with HPLC pigment data. Delayed fluorescence (DF) is a photosynthetic parameter that can only be measured in living cells. Algal DF excitation spectra are group-specific, based on their composition of photosynthetic pigments.DF excitation spectra of 14 marine algal species from different families were measured with a delayed fluorescence spectrometer. Mixtures were prepared from northern Adriatic algal species representing six taxonomic groups: dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum minimum), diatoms (Skeletonema costatum), cyanobacteria (Synechococcus sp.), prasinophytes (Micromonas sp.), cryptophytes (Teleaulax sp.), and prymnesiophytes (Isochrysis galbana). The DF excitation spectra (DFS) and HPLC pigment compositions of the mixtures were analyzed with CHEMTAX software. The prediction power of DFS–CHEMTAX method was comparable to HPLC–CHEMTAX.     

On the nanosecond mobility in proteins: Edge excitation fluorescence red shift of protein-bound 2-(p-toluidinylnaphthalene)-6-sulfonate

The fluorescence spectra of 2-(p-toluidinylnaphthalene)-6-sulfonate associated with β-lactoglobulin, β-casein. and bovine and human serum albumins are shown to depend on excitation wavelength. A long-wave shift of the spectra is observed at the long-wave edge excitation, reaching 10 nm and above. A similar phenomenon is found in glucose glass and in glycerol at + 1°C, i.e., in systems with delayed dipolar solvent relaxation, but not in liquid solutions. This phenomenon is proposed to be based on relaxation processes in the excited state. There exists a distribution of chromophore microstates with different interactions with surrounding groups which results in heterogeneous broadening of the electronic spectra and allows photoselection of a part of this distribution, being characterized by a low transition energy. The fast structural relaxation results in an altered distribution and, if this is the case, the effect of edge excitation of fluorescence spectra is not observed. If the structural relaxation during the excited state lifetime is absent, this effect is maximal. This interpretation is in agreement with results on the influence of red edge excitation on the low-temperature fluorescence spectra of dyes and with the data on time-resolved nanosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of this work strongly support the significant dye fluorescence spectral shifts on protein binding, being determined not only by polarity changes in their environment, but also by relaxation properties of protein groups in this environment. These results also indicate that on the nanosecond time scale, the structural relaxation around the excited chromophore in proteins may be incomplete.