共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Ronald K. Pickerill 《Ichnos》2013,20(2)
(See Color Plate V) 相似文献
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Exposure to petroleum constituents at contaminated sites may occur through a variety of pathways, including inhalation of vapors and particulates, ingestion of water and soils, and dermal contact with water and soils. Accurately assessing the human health risks from such exposures requires information on the medium‐ and route‐specific bioavailability of petroleum constituents (e.g., how well these chemicals enter the body via the gastrointestinal tract and skin). For example, when the medium or exposure route in an animal toxicity assay (e.g., ingestion of water) differs from the actual route of human exposure at the petroleum contaminated site (e.g., dermal contact with soil), adjustments should be made that reflect the relative bioavailability of the chemical in the different media. The focus of this article is on (1) the availability of oral and dermal absorption data for one PAH (benzo[a]pyrene, (B[a]P) and three VOCs in soil (benzene, toluene, and xylene); (2) factors affecting the uptake of these PAHs and VOCs from soil; and (3) ways to incorporate bioavailability data into human health risk assessments. Based on our review, we recommend the following default values for the oral and dermal absorption of B[a]P, benzene, toluene, and xylene from soil:
A review of the bioavailability of petroleum constituents
Published online:
02 December 2008Site‐specific information such as chemical concentrations in soil, soil characteristics, soil loadings on the skin, contact site, and contact time could result in modifications of these numbers. As shown, our default absorption values are generally less than those recommended by the U.S. EPA (1991a,b,c). The implications of these estimates of bioavailability for risk assessment and for the selection of soil cleanup levels at petroleum‐contaminated sites are discussed. 相似文献
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《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(4-7):1211-1217
The intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding (ΔGº298K ≈ 2, kcal mol?1) of 2′-OH in nucleos(t)ides has been reported by the temperature- and concentration-dependent NMR study in conjunction with dihedral dependence of the NMR derived both endo (3 J H,H)- and exocyclic (3 JH,OH) coupling constants, nOe contacts and lineshape analyses of hydroxyl protons for EtpA (1), 3′-dA (2), rA (3), 2′-dA (4) [Fig. 1] in DMSO-d 6 at 500 MHz.
MOLECULAR MODELLING OF 2′-OH MEDIATED HYDROGEN BONDING IN RIBONUCLEOS(T)IDES BY NMR CONSTRAINED AM1 AND MMX CALCULATIONS
Published online:
07 February 2007 Figure 1. The schematic representation of the bias of the dymanic two-state pseudorotational equilibrium between the North-type (N, C2′-exo -C3′-endo) and the South-type (S, C3′-exo-C2′-endo) [3a] pseudorotamers of the sugar moeity for EtpA (1), 3′-dA (2), rA (3), 2′-dA (4) and torsion (Φ) around C2′/3′-O bond viz. Φ1 = ΦH2′?C2′?O?H and Φ2 = ΦH3′?C3′?O?H except in 1 where the torsion across C3′-O3′ bond is actually ?? [C4′-C3′-O3′-P]. 相似文献
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Abstract «Pinus mugo» Turra and «Pinus uncinata» Miller in Piedmont. Critical notes and distribution. — The Authors have carried on a research on the distribution of Pinus mugo Turra (sensu Fl. Eur.) and Pinus uncinata Miller in all Piedmont Alpes and, having observed the extreme variability of the characters which are employed in the keys of determination to differentiate these two species, they suggest other and more constant characters. These are:
Il Pinus Mugo Turra Ed Il Pinus Uncinata Miller in Piemonte. Note Critiche e Distribuzione
Published online:
14 September 2009Table 相似文献
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《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(4-7):1275-1278
Phenylalkyl modified phosphoramidites (alkyl chain length n = 1,2,3,5; Fig. 1) were synthesised and incorporated into a DNA hexamer (5′-d(GCCp-GCG); p = place of modification). The obtained diastereomeres were separated by RP-HPLC. After hybridisation with the complementary DNA strand Tm-value and thermodynamic data were measured. The stability of duplexes depends on the linker length and the absolute configuration of the backbone modified oligodeoxynucleotides (Rp, Sp).
PHENYLALKYL BACKBONE MODIFIED OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES, THEIR SYNTHESIS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE ALKYL CHAIN LENGTH
Published online:
07 February 2007 Figure 1. Structure of Rp- and Sp-configurated oligomers; synthesised phosphoramidites. 相似文献
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Existing risk assessment procedures for carcinogens are intended to be “conservative” in the uncertainty dimension—giving estimates that are expected to be higher than true risks for typical people. However, these procedures do not consider the likely variability in susceptibility among individual people. This paper updates previous estimates of the likely extent of this variability for metabolically activated, genetically-acting carcinogens based on recent information on human interindividual variability in metabolic activation, detoxification, and DNA repair. The resulting expected skewness of cancer risk distributions is estimated using Monte Carlo simulations of both variability and uncertainty.
Some risk management implications are:
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When evaluating the fairness of a particular risk distribution, managers need to gain familiarity with a three-dimensional characterization—X level of risk, for the Yth percentile individual (addressing variability) with Z degree of confidence (addressing uncertainty).
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To the extent that variability distributions are skewed (e.g., with a long tail extending to high values) population mean risks will tend to exceed risks for median individuals. Together with the skewness in uncertainty distributions, this implies that “expected value” estimates of aggregate population risks—the estimates of interest for cost benefit analyses—are likely to be closer to traditional upper confidence limit risk estimates than has often been assumed in the past.