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1.
山东沂源猿人化石   总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8  
本文记述了山东省沂源县骑子鞍山出土的一件人类头盖骨残片和七枚牙齿化石。它们的形态特征与北京猿人相似,在分类系统上应属直立人,与人类化石伴生的哺乳动物群的性质与周口店动物群相同,地质时代为中更新世。  相似文献   

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3.
刘武  吴秀杰  邢松 《人类学学报》2019,38(4):473-490
以往,在东亚大陆发现的更新世中期人类化石被分别归入直立人和古老型智人。这种分类的主要依据是化石形态特征以及年代。魏敦瑞对周口店第一地点人类化石研究描述的一些头骨、下颌骨和牙齿特征通常被作为判定直立人的标准。根据这些化石的年代分布,一般将30万年前的中更新世晚期作为划分直立人与古老型智人的大致年代界限。近20年来,在非洲、欧洲和东亚新发现了一些更新世中期人类化石,目前古人类学界对中国更新世中期人类化石特征及演化有了与以往不同的认识。最近对大荔、许家窑、盘县大洞、许昌、华龙洞等人类化石的研究显示,近30万年以来东亚大陆人类演化呈现复杂的多样性,将这一时期人类全部归入古老型智人难以准确反映更新世中期中国古人类演化模式及规律。本文结合近年中国更新世中期人类演化研究进展,选择部分具有演化及分类价值的形态特征,分析这些特征在更新世中期中国古人类化石的表现特点。在此基础上,对更新世中期中国古人类演化模式做了尝试性探讨。本研究发现,周口店、和县、沂源、南京等中更新世早期人类化石呈现有较多的区域性特征,形态特征表现相对稳定;而大荔、金牛山、许家窑、许昌、华龙洞、马坝、盘县大洞等中更新世晚期人类在化石形态特征表现复杂多样,变异范围大。此外,在这一时期人类化石上发现较多与生存活动、健康、环境适应有关的证据。根据这些发现,作者认为中国中更新世早期组人类演化以形态连续性为主;进入中更新世晚期,中国古人类演化区域性特征减弱,演化模式以多样性为主。一系列新的化石发现和研究证据提示中更新世晚期东亚大陆可能生存有不同的古人类成员。根据目前掌握的化石形态和年代证据,大约30万年前是中国更新世中期演化变化关键时间节点。  相似文献   

4.
HDP1 is an archaeological and faunal site located on the Hoedjiespunt peninsula at Saldanha Bay, South Africa, that has recently yielded fossil human remains. Artefacts from the associated archaeological deposits are identified as being Middle Stone Age. U series analysis of capping calcretes and analysis of the foraminifera and fauna associated with the human fossils indicate an age for the deposit in excess of 74,000 years before present, and it most probably dates to around 300,000 years before present. The fossil human teeth from in situ deposits at Hoedjiespunt are described and found to be large by comparison with modern humans but smaller than the known upper dentitions of southern African “archaic” Homo sapiens. The Hoedjiespunt molars are found to be morphologically within the range of variation observed in the teeth of modern Homo sapiens. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

5.
脑膜中动脉的形态变异及其在人类进化上的意义   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
对现代人、直立人、早期智人、晚期智人脑膜中动脉前支和后支压迹的形态的观察和对比发现:从直立人到现代人脑膜中动脉管径从粗到逐渐变细,分枝从简单到逐渐复杂,前支趋向于增大,后支趋向于缩小,呈现出一定的规律性,有地域性差异。作者认为脑膜中动脉的这种分布形式间接地反映了直立人向智人演化及现代人类形成过程中,大脑各部分比例的变化和功能的日益复杂对供血需求的影响。在研究颅骨与大脑之间的关系上及脑演化上,脑膜中动脉有一定的意义。  相似文献   

6.
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The impressions of middle meningeal arteries were observed and compared to study the morphological variation and temporal changes. The specimens used include either skull or endocasts of 45 Homo erectus, 15 archaic Homo sapiens, 18 Late Homo sapiens and 62 modern humans. The results obtained are asfollows. Form Homo erectus to modern humans the diameter of middle meningeal arteries decreased, the pattern of ramifications becames more complex, the diameter anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery tends to increase and posterior branch tends to decrease. So, from the early hominids to modern humans the ramification of middle meningeal arteries becomes gradually shrink on the area other than the parietals. The present study also indicate that the morphological characteristics of human middle meningeal arteries have certain geographical variations. The anthor believes that the morphological patterns of the middle meningeal arteries found in present study reflect the increasing of blood requirements of different brain components in changing proportion and sophistication of cerebral function during the evolutionary process from Homo erectus to modern humans. The middle meningeal artery plays important role in the study of relationship between skull and brain, and brain evolution.  相似文献   

7.
The state of information bearing on Homo erectus as developed since about 1960 is surveyed, with the resulting effects on problems. Definitions of H. erectus still rest on the Far Eastern samples (Chou-k'ou-tien/Java), and thus relate to late Lower to middle Middle Pleistocene material. Numerous important individual finds, however, have expanded the total: extension of the early and very early Sangiran material; very early to later in Africa, and relatively late in Europe. Datings remain uncertain or controversial within broad limits, but with some important successes and revisions. Discussion by authors of problems concerns degree of divergence among H. erectus populations and rate of evolutionary change; both appear relatively slight, but the data are inadequate for much present judgment. The apparent zone of transition to more advanced morphology (H. sapiens, sensu lato) by the late Middle Pleistocene better reflects signs of regional divergence. Some writers—not all—believe that even the earliest European fossils known (e.g., Petralona) had already advanced to a H. sapiens basic level, with later change in the direction of Neanderthals. A separate African phylum, from OH 9, is also suggested; recent Chinese finds may provide a third different post-erectus population before the Upper Pleistocene. Taxonomic expression of all this gives some problems.  相似文献   

8.
1989和1990年在湖北省郧县青曲镇曲远河口学堂梁子上相继发现两具远古人类的颅骨化石。伴生的哺乳动物化石已鉴定的有18种,其中大熊猫武陵亚种、桑氏鬣狗、爪哇豺、中国猴莫、云南马、小猪等具有鲜明的时代特色,表明该地点的时代属中更新世早期或稍早。两具颅骨的形态特征比较复杂,既有明显的直立人特征,又具有某些早期人的性状。综合观察分析,直立人的特征占主要,归入直立人范畴更合适,与中国已发现的人类化石比较  相似文献   

9.
南召发现的人类和哺乳类化石   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
本文记述的人类化石是一枚右下第二前臼齿,发现于河南省南召县鸡河右岸第二级阶地的堆积中。一起发现的哺乳类化石有剑齿虎、中国鬣狗、肿骨鹿、剑齿象、三门马和巨等二十一种。时代为中更新世。  相似文献   

10.
    
The Upper Pleistocene localities of Aduma and Bouri have yielded hominid fossils and extensive Middle Stone Age (MSA) archaeological assemblages. The vertebrate fossils recovered include parts of four hominid crania from Aduma and a complete right parietal from Bouri. Archaeological associations and radiometric techniques suggest an Upper Pleistocene age for these hominids. The more complete cranium from Aduma (ADU-VP-1/3) comprises most of the parietals, the occipital, and part of the frontal. This cranium is compared to late Middle and Upper Pleistocene hominid crania from Africa and the Middle East. The Aduma cranium shows a mosaic of cranial features shared with \"premodern\" and anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the posterior and lateral cranial dimensions, and most of its anatomy, are centered among modern humans and resemble specimens from Omo, Skhul, and Qafzeh. As a result, the Aduma and Bouri Upper Pleistocene hominids are assigned to anatomically modern Homo sapiens.  相似文献   

11.
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New fossil hominins associated with rich large mammal fauna and a few stone artifacts,were discovered from the Sunjiadong cave site during 2012 excavation season by the Luoyang Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute and the Luanchuan Heritage Management Centre. The geological age of the Luanchuan hominins is Middle Pleistocene according to the faunal assemblage. The six hominin fossils are identified as the follows: juvenile left maxillary fragment with upper M1,juvenile left mandible fragment with lower M1,and four isolated teeth identified as a left upper P2 germ,left lower M2 germ,right lower lateral adult I2,and juvenile M2. These isolated teeth represent three individuals,respectively age 6~7,age 11~12 and one adult. Dental development of the juvenile maxilla and mandible and two isolated tooth germs,which might all belong to the same individual,match dental development patterns in juvenile modern humans. The age of M1 emergence of the Luanchuan hominins was possibly six years old. Tooth size and morphology of the six teeth match Homo erectus from Zhoukoudian. The Luanchuan hominins,with typical regional dental traits,provide new fossil evidence for the continuity hypothesis of human evolution in East Asia.  相似文献   

12.
南京汤山古人类化石的发现及其意义   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
简述了南京汤山直立人头骨化石发现的经过j描述了头骨的形态特征;通过对比认为,汤山直立人头骨与北京周口店直立人的相近程度大于其与安徽和县直立人的相近程度;据共生的哺乳动物分析,汤山直立人的地质时代为中更新世晚期.  相似文献   

13.
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The establishment of the new species ‘Homo antecessor’ was mainly based on the remains of an immature individual ATD6-69,found at the TD6 litostratigraphic unit (LU) of the Gran Dolina site in the Sierra de Atapuerca—Burgos,northern Spain[1],along with cranial,mandibular and dental traits from other fossil hominid specimens recovered in the same level. TD6 LU was initially dated about 0.78 Ma[2] using ESR-U-series; but recent redatings,employing TL and IRSL methods,suggest that its age is between 0,9-0,95 Ma. It seems that there is general consensus that TD6 LU corresponds to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 25. TD6-69 specimen,a partial face with R P3,M1,and germs of M2 and M3; and L I2-M1,was found in the so-called “Aurora stratum”,~1.5 m below the Brunhes–Matuyama (B–M) geomagnetic boundary. This “stratum” was in fact,an excavation area of only 6 m2 for archaeological test pit purposes. There is no real basis,from an earnest stratigraphic point of view,to consider such sedimentary level as a new litostratigraphic unit and,therefore,“Aurora stratum” should be take into account as an informal archaeo-sedimentary small area whose name was established to gain public attention from the media.  相似文献   

14.
洛阳考古研究院2012年5月至10月在栾川孙家洞作抢救性发掘,于原生层位发现古人类化石,同时伴有大量哺乳动物化石,以及少量人工石制品。根据伴生动物群的初步鉴定,栾川古人类的生存时代为中更新世。6件古人类化石代表3个个体:1个成年人和2个未成年人,未成年人的牙齿生长发育阶段分别与6~7岁和11~12岁的现代青少年相当。栾川孙家洞古人类牙齿具有一定的原始性,明显区别于现代人,其形态大小位于周口店直立人牙齿的变异范围内,可归入直立人的形态范畴;同时具有东亚古人类及现代蒙古人群的地区性特征。基于幼年个体上下颌骨的牙齿发育,推测栾川古人类第一臼齿萌出年龄可能接近6岁,提示具有接近于现代人的牙齿生长模式和生活史特点。栾川中更新世古人类化石的发现为中国古人类连续演化假说提供了新证据。  相似文献   

15.
人属先驱种(Homo antecessor),是根据西班牙阿塔普尔卡Gran Dolina洞穴堆积中发现的人类化石厘定的。出产人类化石的地层年代测定距今约90万年到78万年之间。之所以定为先驱种,是因为最初研究者认为这个西班牙的古人类群是较晚的海德堡人(H. heidelbergensis)和尼安德特人的共同祖先(H. neanderthalensis),而在非洲和欧洲发现的海德堡人则已被认为是现代人的直接祖先。目前对先驱种的争论还没有明确的结论。之所以会形成这种局面,与\"先驱种\"模式化石的生物学年龄和保存状况有极大的关系。本文对当初厘定\"先驱种\"的头骨和面骨的11个特定性状做了一个系统的回顾,尤其是和各类南方古猿(Australopithecus和Praeanthropus),最早的人属成员能人种(H. habilis)和鲁道夫种(H. rudolfensis),人属匠人种(H. ergaster),以及人属直立人种(H. erectus)面部梨状孔周边和上颌骨功能区的特征的比较研究。这11个头面骨的特征包括:1)眶下骨骼的冠状面朝向、2)犬齿窝的存在、3)上颌骨下缘外侧端向下的转折切迹、4)弧状颧骨下缘、5)梨状孔外侧上颌骨的转折和朝向、6)梨状孔外缘和颧骨起点的相对位置、7)梨状孔下缘鼻棘和侧棘的位置和组合形态、8)颧骨和上颌骨结节、9)类现代人的骨表面重塑模式、10)突出的鼻骨、和11)颞骨的上凸的颞鳞上缘。结果表明\"先驱种\"的头面骨的定性特征没有特异性,其组合与周口店的直立人面部基本形态也非常相似,因而作者倾向于认为\"先驱种\"就是直立人种的欧洲变异群体。所谓\"人属先驱种\"可能只是广义的人属直立人种(H. erectus sensu lato)欧洲代表。目前的化石材料显示欧洲和亚洲的直立人种是非洲匠人种的演变而来。  相似文献   

16.
刘武  吴秀杰 《人类学学报》2022,41(4):563-575
近年对许家窑、许昌、华龙洞、澎湖、夏河、哈尔滨等人类化石开展的系统研究,引发了学界对中更新世晚期人类演化及分类的不同认识。基于对相关中国人类化石形态特征的分析,作者提出这一时期中国人类化石形态特征表现为四种类型:1)以中更新世晚期人类共有特征为主;2)以原始特征为主;3)以现代特征为主;4)独特形态组合。多数化石形态特征表现为前三种类型,而许昌和许家窑这种以硕大的头骨和巨大颅容量构成的独特形态组合在其他同时期化石还没有发现。化石形态的多样性提示,不同类型的中更新世晚期中国古人类对现代人的形成贡献不同。作者认为在该时期的人类化石形态多样性规律还未阐明的情况下,将具有混合或镶嵌特征的相关人类化石归入分类地位不确定的人群较为合适。  相似文献   

17.
1964年在陕西公王岭发现的蓝田人头骨的形态比周口店直立人和印度尼西亚爪哇直立人原始,其厚重的骨壁及较小的脑量,落入了早期人属成员的变异范围。最新测年结果将蓝田人的生存年代从原先普遍接受的距今115万年提早到大约163万年前,接近能人和南方古猿生存年代变异范围的下限,蓝田人是迄今为止我国发现的有确定年代数据的最早的古人类化石。本文采用高分辨率CT技术对蓝田人的颞骨岩部进行了扫描,对骨性内耳迷路进行了3D虚拟复原,通过与和县直立人、欧洲古老型智人、早期人属成员、南方古猿非洲种、粗壮傍人和现代人内耳迷路的21项测量项目的对比和分析,结果显示蓝田人内耳迷路的测量数据与南方古猿非洲种最接近,其次为现代人和欧洲古老型智人,而与早期人属成员和粗壮傍人相差较大。主成分分析结果显示,蓝田人内耳迷路与早期人属成员、欧洲古老型智人、南方古猿非洲种及现代人都有重叠区域,距离最近的是南方古猿非洲种Sts 5,其次为和县直立人和南方古猿非洲种Sts 19,而与粗壮傍人距离较远。本文研究提供了中更新世中国古人类内耳迷路的形态数据,为进一步探讨蓝田人体质特征演化上的意义提供了参考资料。  相似文献   

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The morphological features of the Lantian skull found in Gongwangling,Lantian,in 1964,is more primitive than the Homo erectus fossils from Zhoukoudian and Java,Indonesia. The extraordinary thickness of the cranial wall and the rather small cranial capacity make Lantian fall into the variation range of early Homo. The newly dated Lantian fossil to ca. 1.63 Ma BP,close to the lower limit of Homo habilis and Australopithecus variation range is significantly older than the previously supposed date of 1.15 Ma BP. This new date now makes the Lantian the earliest fossil hominin in China. In this paper,we extracted and reconstructed the three-dimensional bony labyrinth image of Lantian’s petrous part of the temporal bone using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) technology. Comparison of this area with the Hexian Homo erectus,four Middle European Pleistocene archaic Homo,four early Homo,four Australopithecus africanus,three Paranthropus robustus and 26 modern humans using 21 measurement variables gives the following results. Measurements of the Lantian labyrinth have most in common with Australopithecus africanus,followed by modern humans and the Middle Pleistocene archaic Homo group. The Lantian specimen differs mostly with early Homo and Paranthropus robustus. According to the results of principal component analysis,the Lantian labyrinth overlaps with those of early Homo,the Middle Pleistocene archaic Homo group,Australopithecus africanus and modern humans. By cluster analysis,the nearest specimen to Lantian is Australopithecus Sts 5,followed by the Hexian Homo erectus and Australopithecus Sts 19,and far away from Paranthropus robustus. This study provides new data on the bony labyrinthine morphology of Middle Pleistocene Chinese human fossils,and supplies new references for exploring the Lantian physical features.  相似文献   

19.
与南京汤山直立人伴生的偶蹄类及其古环境浅析   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6  
董为 《人类学学报》1999,18(4):270-281
在汤山葫芦洞大洞发现的偶蹄类化石共有 4个科、 5个属种 ,其中化石毛冠鹿为首次在华东地区发现。除德氏水牛相似种以外 ,其它属种与周口店第 1地点的标本相比具有个体较大(如李氏野猪、葛氏斑鹿和肿骨鹿 )或形态较进步 (如李氏野猪、似德氏水牛 )。这些动物所反映的古环境为植被丰富 ,并以阔叶乔木和灌木为主 ,间有局部开阔草地。当时的年平均气温与现在相似 ,但冬季偏冷。  相似文献   

20.
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