Die Variabilität vegetativer und generativer Flechtenstrukturen und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik

Die Entstehung von Stützleisten in den Thalli von Cladonia chlorophaea und Cetraria islandica, sowie die Entwicklung sekundärer Soredien im Inneren der Podetien von Cladonia chlorophaea werden beschrieben. Gemeinsam mit anderen Entwicklungsvorgängen von Flechten zeigen die Beobachtungen eine sehr geringe Determination der Flechtengewebe. Die Struktur wird weitgehend durch die Funktion bestimmt, während gleichzeitig bestimmte ontogenetische Abläufe unveränderbar sind. Die Bedeutung dieser Erscheinungen für die Systematik wird diskutiert.     

Vergleichende Morphologie des Schmetterlingsrüssels und seiner Sensillen — Ein Beitrag zur phylogenetischen Systematik der Papilionoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera)

Comparative morphology of the butterfly proboscis and its sensilla — a contribution to the phylogenetic systematics of Papilionoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) The morphology of the proboscis was investigated in more than 70 European representatives of Papilionoidea using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The composition of the proboscis wall, its surface structures, as well as the shape and distribution of the different types of sensilla are compared. Special attention is given to the tip region and the diversity of the sensilla styloconica. Plesiomorphic features of the proboscis of Papilionoidea were found to include vertically extended exocuticular ribs composing the galeal wall, cuticular spines restricted to the ventral side of the proximal galea, and two rows of fluted sensilla styloconica restricted to the tip region. Apomorphic features of the proboscis in Papilionidae are three rows of small sensilla styloconica. The presence of cuticular spines all over the galeae was identified as an autapomorphy of Pieridae. Possible apomorphies of Nymphalidae are oblique exocuticular ribs of the galeal wall and the great number and length of the sensilla styloconica (significant at p < 0.01, t-test). A possible synapomorphy of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae are cuticlar spines up to the distal galeae. Distinct transformation series of sensilla styloconica give evidence that divergent evolutionary trends led from fluted shafts to a multitude of other shapes in Papilionidae, Nymphalidae (sensu lato), and Lycaenidae. Long smooth-shafted, club-shaped sensilla styloconica, bearing apical spines, are found in Nymphalinae, Apaturinae and Limenitidinae. Highly derived sensilla styloconica evolved in Heliconiinae and Melitaeini, which are arranged in only one row in both taxa. Their shafts are smooth, flattened and bear an excentral sensory cone. Further apomorphic character states are dented flutes which evolved several times, independently from each other in Satyrinae, Lycaeninae and Riodinidae. The results are discussed in a systematical context and provide the basis for a better understanding of the function of different morphological structures of the proboscis in feeding.     

Morphologie,Infraciliatur und Ökologie der limnischen Tintinnina: Tintinnidium fluviatile Stein,Tintinnidium pusillum Entz,Tintinnopsis cylindrata Daday und Codonella cratera (Leidy) (Ciliophora,Polyhymenophora)*

Synopsis. Structure, infraciliature, and ecology of 4 fresh-water Tintinnina were investigated. The lorica of Tintinnidium fluviatile is gelatinous, fragile, and contains some agglutinated material mainly of biologic origin. Its infraciliature consists of ? 10 kineties. with kinetosomes arranged in pairs. Only one basal body of a pair is ciliated, except for the uppermost 1–4 pairs which have 2 slightly elongated cilia. In Tintinnidium fluviatile. Tintinnidium pusillum, and Tintinnopsis cylindrata there are 2 prominent ventral organelles. The lorica of T. pusillum is gelatinous and coated with much agglutinated material of biologic and nonbiologic origin. Its infraciliature is similar to that of T. fluviatile, but the uppermost pair of kinetosomes has elongated cilia. The firm loricae of T. cylindrata and Codonella cratera are, built mainly of sharp-cornered structures. The infraciliature of T. cylindrata is composed of ? 10 kineties with kinetosomes not arranged in pairs. The infraciliature of C. cratera consists of ? 32 kineties, in some of which the kinetosomes are paired, e.g. ventral kinety, and in others not paired, e.g. cilia of the very prominent lateral field and of the other somatic kineties. The uppermost kinetosomes of each somatic kinety are paired and have elongated cilia. In addition, there is an unusual ventro-lateral kinety. The oral apparatus consists of adoral membranelles and a paroral membrane. The membranelles that enter the praecral cavity are very elongate, a feature perhaps unique to Polyhymenophora. The fibrillar system consists of a prominent praeoral ring formed by fibrils extending from the adoral membranelles. A finely meshed silverline system extends over the entire cell. A review of the ecology of the fresh-water Tintinnina indicated that water temperature seems to be the most essential ecologic factor. The systematic position of the Tintinnina is discussed in light of their infraciliature. It is concluded that these organisms are most closely related to Oligotrichina, and probably to Heterotrichina.     

Redefinition of the Urostylidae (Ciliophora,Hypotrichida) on the Basis of Morphogenetic Characters*

SYNOPSIS Examination of stained specimens (protargol and nigrosinbutanol) of hypotrich ciliates during division allows understanding of morphogenesis of buccal structures and cirri. Midventral, frontal, and transverse cirri in both proter and opisthe of Urostyla marina differentiate from a longitudinal series of numerous oblique ciliary streaks in a manner similar to that of Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsii. Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. This pattern differs markedly from that in Amphisiella, Kahliella, Paraholosticha, and Paraurostyla, in which the fronto-ventral and transverse cirri arise from a series of fewer (2–5) ciliary streaks in a longitudinal or fan-like array. Rows of marginal cirri in U. marina arise independently, as in Urostyla grandis. On the basis of comparisons of both structural and morphogenetic features of this and other hypotrichs, the family Urostylidae is redefined to contain Urostyla (type), Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsis, Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. Other genera formerly contained in the families Holostichidae and Urostylidae are placed in synonymy, assigned to other families, or held in uncertain familial relationship pending their rediscovery and further investigation.     

The flora of the early Miocene Brandon Lignite, Vermont, USA. VIII. Caldesia (Alismataceae)

Caldesia, a genus of aquatic monocotyledons, is represented by four living species, which are widely distributed in the temperate and tropical Old World. The genus has an extensive Oligocene through Pleistocene fossil record in Eurasia. We survey the morphology of the extant and fossil fruits of the Alismataceae, and provide a detailed review of the morphology and anatomy of living and fossil Caldesia fruits. The latter exhibit substantial similarity, making the recognition of separate species on the basis of fruit morphology difficult. We erect the new species Caldesia brandoniana from the Early Miocene Brandon Lignite of Vermont primarily on the basis of its geographic isolation; careful revision of all fossil fruiting material of Caldesia might require placement of the Brandon specimens in a more inclusive form species. Together with leaves of Caldesia from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho, this occurrence indicates that Caldesia was in the New World as recently as the Early Miocene.     

Taxonomic revision of the Mediterranean Plakina Schulze (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha)

Only three species of the sponge genus Plakina Schulze have been described from the Mediterranean since 1880, in spite of a large amount of allegedly intraspecific variability in morphological characters. However, recent genetic studies based on electrophoretic techniques have revealed extensive cryptic speciation in north-western Mediterranean Plakina , demonstrating that most of this variation was interspecific rather than intraspecific. We describe in detail the morphology and anatomy of four new species of Plakina from the Mediterranean– P. crypta, P. weinbergi, P. endoumensis and P. jani –of which the latter two were discovered through allozyme electrophoresis. Plakina monolopha Schulze and P. trilopha Schulze are redescribed, and their morphological and geographical limits are discussed along with those of P. dilopha Schulze. Accurate analysis of the internal anatomy and of the shape and ramification pattern of lophose spicules in scanning electron microscopy provides new, powerful morphological criteria for species discrimination in Plakina. More widespread use of such new taxonomic characters should provide evidence against the alleged cosmopolitanism of some Plakina species, thus generating an increase in estimates of the biodiversity of plakinids.     

Osmophore structure and phylogeny of Cirrhaea (Orchidaceae,Stanhopeinae)

Phylogenetic relationships and osmophore evolution of six Cirrhaea spp. were studied. Floral morphology was analysed using fresh flowers, and osmophore anatomy was determined on the basis of fixed flowers. Phylogenetic relationships of Cirrhaea were inferred on the basis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), matK and trnL‐F regions using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Floral morphology and osmophore structure vary among species. All Cirrhaea osmophores have a secretory epidermis without papillae. Cirrhaea is monophyletic and includes three subclades: (1) C. dependens/C. nasuta, with a secretory cylindrical protuberance at the base of the labellar midlobe; (2) C. fuscolutea/C. longiracemosa, with a secretory tissue at the base of the shell‐shaped midlobe; and (3) C. loddigesii/C. seidelii with secretory tissue on the inner surface of the lateral lobes. The features of the flowers and osmophores in Cirrhaea spp. extend our knowledge of the diversity of secretory structures in Stanhopeinae, and demonstrate that floral morphology reflects phylogenetic relationships in Cirrhaea. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 369–383.     

Prepenetration and Penetration of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides into Guava Fruit (Psidium guajava L.): Effects of Temperature,Wetness Period and Fruit Age

In this study, we determined the influences of temperature, wetness period and guava fruit age on infection caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Optimal temperatures in vitro for germination, appressoria formation and melanization were 22.7, 20.6 and 23°C, respectively. In vivo, the optimal temperatures for germination and appressoria formation were 22.5 and 23°C, respectively. Values for germination, appressoria formation and melanization were higher as the wetness period increased. There was no difference in conidial germination and appressorial formation on fruit of different ages. On the surface of 10‐, 35‐ and 60‐day‐old fruit, despite the high percentage of appressorial formation, there was no development of the penetration peg. Penetration pegs were only observed on the 85‐ and 110‐day‐old fruit. Thickness of the cuticle, size and architecture of epidermal and parenchymal cells, as well as the content of phenolic compounds changed as the fruit ripened.     

On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 4. Probactrosaurus Rozhdestvensky, 1966

The genus Probactrosaurus was first established for material discovered by a joint Russian/Chinese expedition to the Chinese autonomous region of Neimongol (Inner Mongolia). Fossils were collected at a site named Maorty (= Maortu). Material attributable to ornithopod dinosaurs was considered sufficiently distinct to permit the definition of two species of the new genus: Probactrosaurus gobiensis and P. alashanicus. The former species was based on a considerable quantity of skeletal material, much of which is still to be found in the collections of the Palaeontological Institute (PIN), Moscow. The latter was based on far less well‐preserved specimens, including a holotype (a posterior skull roof) that can no longer be found in the collections of the PIN and which, along with other materials, was reportedly returned to the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Beijing. Some remnants of the original material attributed to P. alashanicus have been located in the PIN collections. Both taxa, established by A. K. Rozhdestvensky, are re‐described using all of the available material collected during the early Sino‐Soviet expeditions. Probactrosaurus alashanicus is considered to be a junior subjective synonym of P. gobiensis. Further comparisons are made with the recently described species Probactrosaurus mazongshanensis Lu, 1997. The latter does not appear to be referable to the genus Probactrosaurus. Probactrosaurus is a gracile ornithopod (ranging between 4 and 6 m in length). The skull is unadorned by any form of cranial crest; however, the premaxillary beak is deflected ventrally and the dentition is similar to that seen in more derived hadrosaurid ornithopods. The postcranial skeleton is notable for its gracility, in particular the elongate forearm and manus, and the retention of a small, conical pollex spine. Systematic analysis suggests that P. gobiensis is a derived non‐hadrosaurid iguanodontian ornithopod and the basal sister‐taxon to the clade Hadrosauridae. The phylogeny of currently known iguanodontians is reviewed. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 136 , 113–144.     

Der Zusammenhang zwischen Lokomotionsweise,Begattungsstellung und Penislänge bei Säugetieren1

Penis length, copulation and locomotion: Their relationship to each other in Mammals A relationship between the mode of locomotion, copulatory position and length of the male copulative organ has been found in all groups of Mammalia. In this paper particular emphasis is given to the orders of the Testiconda, while the Testiphaena receive only brief account (for explanation of terms see Frey 1991 a). Results from my previous antomical study are utilized that are essential for assessing the respective modes of locomotion (Frey 1991b). Information on penis length and copulatory position are taken from the literature and evaluated. Small and middle-sized Testiphaena, which represent the majority of mammals, are capable of a dynamic sagittal bending in the trunk, which is evidenced both in the galloping mode of locomotion and in the usual mammalian copulatory position (mounting). A sagittal bending of the trunk enables the male to bring his genital region into close proximity of the female's genital opening. In this case, a short penis is sufficient to ensure sperm transfer. The construction of the trunk in the Testiconda (excepting the Hyracoidea) entirely or nearly entirely prevents the sagittal bending. This is largely due to rigidity of the lumbar region or insufficient (dynamic) muscular control. The immobilization and/or the functional weakness of the lumbar region are derived from different anatomical conditions. 1. Shortening of the lumbar region, e.g., Tachyglossidae, Elephantidae, Sirenia; 2. Tightening of the lumbar region by tendons and muscles, e. g., Macroscelididae, Cetacea; 3. Xenarthry of the lumbar vertebrae and a double connection of the pelvis on the vertebral column, e. e., Bradypodidae, Myrmeco-phagidae; 4. The lumbar region may be flexible but the hypaxial muscles too short and weak, e. g., Tenrecinae, Soricidae, Erinaceidae. Lumbar rigidity or insufficient muscular control in the lumbar region, resulting from any of these conditions, makes copulation difficult by restricting close approximation of the male and female genitals. Most Testiconda compensate for this by having a long penis. The same also applies for large-sized Testiphaena. Although these animals have retained the ability to gallop, the flexibility of their trunk is restricted and mostly localized in a single joint due to the great body mass and the constructive constraints necessary for increased stability. A long penis is not the only way to compensate for the absence of sagittal flexion. A phylogenetic change in the copulatory posture also solves the problem as seen in the Myr-mecophagidae and Bradypodidae (both Testiconda) which are equipped with a secondarily short-enedpenis. The permanently aquatic testicondid mammals (Sirenia and Cetacea) cannot copulate in the usual mammalian mount position. This is largely due to the phylogenetic reduction and reconstruction of the extremities as well as the secondary evolution of a powerful tail. Sagittal movements of the heavily musculated tail act upon the more or less rigid trunk to provide for a “rear drive” locomotion. Both a change in the copulatory position and a long penis were necessary for these aquatic mammals. The only Testiconda in which a marked dynamic sagittal flexibility of the trunk is developed -the Hyracoidea - are characterized by a short penis. On the whole, the relationship between the mode of locomotion, copulatory position and penis length within the mammalia is confirmed. A rigid lumbar region as opposed to a sagittally flexible, presumably represents the primitive condition among mammals. All Testiconda have     

Scale morphology of greater lizardfish Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) (Pisces: Synodontidae)

A comparative study comprising scale morphology and squamation of Saurida tumbil was conducted to identify the most useful scale and squamation characters within the different body regions and length groups and to clarify their significance for future systematic studies. The presence of the caudal pores is documented for the first time in teleosts. In addition, the presence of crenae and spines formed by posterior orientation and projection of circuli is recorded for the first time in a member of the Synodontidae. Scales of S. tumbil show some characters that are either never seen or they are exceedingly rare in scales of other teleosts. These are: two types of scalar denticles, denticles in the inter-circular area, and twin or Siamese scales. Several other scale characters have shown a consistent variation in different body regions and in fishes from different length groups. These are: focus position; bilobate rostral field edge; presence of three radii; long, narrow and separated crenae; papillae-form, crowded scalar denticles with posterior directed spines; the number of scale rows between anterior end of the dorsal fin and the lateral line.     

Morphology,Oviposition, and Embryogenesis in an Australian Population of Acrobeloides nanus

A population of Acrobeloides nanus in Australia is described and illustrated, based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Embryogenesis from egg laying to hatching is followed over a wide range of temperatures. At 15 C, hatching occurs in about 125 hours and at 35 and 37.5 C after about 40 hours. At 40 C, egg development ceases early in cleavage. The capacity of A. nanus to develop over such a range of temperatures, and its anhydrobiotic capabilities, are discussed in relation to its survival and wide distribution in Australia.     

Syndesmorion gen. nov.—A coenobial alga of Chlorococcalean affinity from the continental Permian-Triassic deposits of Dalongkou section, Xinjiang Province, China

Abundant algal remains, represented by at least five different types of coenobia, have been recovered from continental sediments of the upper lower Guodikeng Formation, from the North Limb of Dalongkou Anticline, Xinjiang Province, China. Some of these forms have been recognized in assemblages from lower Triassic sediments of Poland, Germany, and Australia. The preservation of the Chinese material shows that all these planar, coenobial morphotypes belong to one natural species within the Order Chlorococcales. They are assigned to the genus Syndesmorion gen. nov., type species S. stellatum (Fija?kowska) comb. nov. Algal remains, described as Bijugum by Wood and Turnau in 2001, from the Devonian of Poland are planer and have comparable elongate coenobia but lack star-shaped and reticulate coenobia of Syndesmorion gen. nov. and so the genera are maintained separately.     

A new species of Bembidion ( Ecuadion) from Ecuador (Coleoptera,Carabidae, Bembidiini), with a key to members of the georgeballi species group

A new species of ground beetle, Bembidion ricei, is described from the Andes mountains of Ecuador east of Quito. It belongs to the georgeballi species group of subgenus Ecuadion, and is most similar to Bembidion georgeballi. A key to the species of the group is provided.