Public Memory and the Search for Power in American Historical Archaeology

How Americans remember the past is often reinforced by landscapes, monuments, commemorative ceremonies, and archaeology. These features and activities often help to create an official public memory that becomes part of a group's heritage. I suggest that public memory can be established by (1) forgetting about or excluding an alternative past, (2) creating and reinforcing patriotism, and/or (3) developing a sense of nostalgia to legitimize a particular heritage. These categories are not mutually exclusive, and the lines that separate these categories may not always be well defined. I show how post–Civil War American landscapes, monuments, and commemorative activities helped to reinforce racist attitudes in the United States that became part of the official memory. African Americans have struggled to revise the official memory of the Civil War, although the power to change this memory has been situational and not always successful, [commemoration, memory, material culture, historical archaeology, landscapes]     

Implementing the EU-IUU Regulation: Enhancing Flag State Performance Through Trade Measures

The European Union Regulation on Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing, aimed at excluding illegally caught fish from its market, is a comprehensive instrument with strict control measures and the possibility of trade sanctions. It has been criticized as being ineffective due to regulatory shortcomings and a lack of enforcement. This article offers an alternative perspective, focusing on the dynamic relationship between soft and hard forms of enforcement. The regulation has produced important results in the fight against IUU fishing by promoting improved flag state performance.     

Heritability of polychotomous characters

Characters with phenotypic expression consisting of a response in one of several mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories are considered. Formulae relating heritability in the discrete, outward scale to heritability in underlying normal and exponential scales are presented. For the normal case with two response categories, results reduce to the well-known formula for heritability of binary traits.     

Role of the cell surface in bacterial mating: requirement for intact mucopeptide in donors for the expression of surface exclusion in R+ strains of Escherichia coli.

Two derivatives of the F-like R factor R1drd19 carrying mutually exclusive resistance determinants were used to study the role of the mucopeptide in the expression of conjugal functions. The use of metabolically active penicillin spheroplasts in R+ times R- matings had no effect on the ability of the cells to donate or accept a plasmid. However, in R+ times R+ matings it was found that surface exclusion was totally abolished if the donor, but not the recipient, was a spheroplast. This result implies that the traS gene, expressed by the excluding plasmid, is dependent for its action on an intact mucopeptide layer in the donor cell, and that this interaction is independent of the transfer ability of the excluding plasmid.     

Simplifying a life cycle assessment of a mobile phone

Purpose

The possibilities for full life cycle assessment (LCA) of new Information and Communication Technology (ICT) products are often limited, so simplification approaches are needed. The aim of this paper is to investigate possible simplifications in LCA of a mobile phone and to use the results to discuss the possibilities of LCA simplifications for ICT products in a broader sense. Another aim is to identify processes and data that are sensitive to different methodological choices and assumptions related to the environmental impacts of a mobile phone.

Methods

Different approaches to a reference LCA of a mobile phone was tested: (1) excluding environmental impact categories, (2) excluding life cycle stages/processes, (3) using secondary process data from generic databases, (4) using input-output data and (5) using a simple linear relationship between mass and embodied emissions.

Results and discussion

It was not possible to identify one or a few impact categories representative of all others. If several impact categories would be excluded, information would be lost. A precautionary approach of not excluding impact categories is therefore recommended since impacts from the different life cycle stages vary between impact categories. Regarding use of secondary data for an ICT product similar to that studied here, we recommend prioritising collection of primary (specific) data on energy use during production and use, key component data (primarily integrated circuits) and process-specific data regarding raw material acquisition of specific metals (e.g. gold) and air transport. If secondary data are used for important processes, the scaling is crucial. The use of input-output data can be a considerable simplification and is probably best used to avoid data gaps when more specific data are lacking.

Conclusions

Further studies are needed to provide for simplified LCAs for ICT products. In particular, the end-of-life treatment stage need to be further addressed, as it could not be investigated here for all simplifications due to data gaps.     

植物体内水分长距离运输的生理生态学机制

植物体内长距离水分运输是植物生理生态学研究中的一个重要问题,长期为植物生理学家和生理生态学家所关注。木质部探针技术的问世,掀起了近年来植物生理学界最为激烈的一场争论。提出了已经有100多年,风行40年的内聚力-张力(Cohesion-Tension, C-T)学说受到质疑。随后维护派和质疑派围绕木质部探针技术、压力室技术(C-T理论的主要支撑实验技术)的可靠性展开辩论。进一步从物理学原理和各种实验上就C-T理论的3个支柱(木质部导管或管胞中巨大的张力、沿树高的压力梯度、连续水柱)进行争论。这场争论似暂告一段落,C-T理论没有被推翻,但仍留有问题期待以后的研究。     

Infants prefer the faces of strangers or mothers to morphed faces: an uncanny valley between social novelty and familiarity

The ‘uncanny valley’ response is a phenomenon involving the elicitation of a negative feeling and subsequent avoidant behaviour in human adults and infants as a result of viewing very realistic human-like robots or computer avatars. It is hypothesized that this uncanny feeling occurs because the realistic synthetic characters elicit the concept of ‘human’ but fail to satisfy it. Such violations of our normal expectations regarding social signals generate a feeling of unease. This conflict-induced uncanny valley between mutually exclusive categories (human and synthetic agent) raises a new question: could an uncanny feeling be elicited by other mutually exclusive categories, such as familiarity and novelty? Given that infants prefer both familiarity and novelty in social objects, we address this question as well as the associated developmental profile. Using the morphing technique and a preferential-looking paradigm, we demonstrated uncanny valley responses of infants to faces of mothers (i.e. familiarity) and strangers (i.e. novelty). Furthermore, this effect strengthened with the infant''s age. We excluded the possibility that infants detect and avoid traces of morphing. This conclusion follows from our finding that the infants equally preferred strangers’ faces and the morphed faces of two strangers. These results indicate that an uncanny valley between familiarity and novelty may accentuate the categorical perception of familiar and novel objects.     

Is a unified concept of species in ornithology possible? (An opinion of a practicing taxonomist)]

An analysis of current publications on species problem reveals the radical discrepancy between the statements of species reality in nature and different number of these "realities" in light of different species concepts. It has been shown, that the only realities are populations, and "species" is only logical construct--the notion. A concept of species is a system of interconnected notions, where the main element--ontology of species has been always given a priori to the real biodiversity. For that reason every concept of species creates its own "virtual reality". Various concepts of species are not mutually comparable, and can not be criticized from each other's views and from position of "reality". Biological and Phylogenetic Species Concepts competing in ornithology exclude each other completely, and the unified concept of species is principally impossible. But as generally accepted species "standard" is needed, the unified convention of species must take the place of the various concepts of species.     

东亚和东南亚旧石器初期重型工具的类型学：评Movius的分类体系

实践证明,Ｍｏｖｉｕｓ在本世纪４０年代建立的东亚,东南亚旧石器分类体系有严重缺陷。经过厘定,目前在欧洲和非洲通用的吹斫器,手斧,薄刃斧,手镐,球状器和刮削器等分类概念,也适用于东亚,东南亚旧石器初期的重型工具工业。     

Kanengamah and Pohnpei's Politics of Concealment

Kanengamah is an abstract quality and a manner of behaving fundamental to social life on Pohnpei, in Micronesia's Eastern Caroline Islands. It entails the habit of concealment; most social interactions are conditioned by the expectation that all parties are engaged in dissembling. Kanengamah enables Pohnpeians simultaneously to exalt their leaders and to remain remarkably free from their authority. As a consequence, "hierarchical" and "egalitarian" social forms are interdependent rather than mutually exclusive categories.     

New blood group factors Es, Et and a new allele Ebdgjmt (E16) in the pig E blood group system

By immunizing a miniature sow a monovalent reagent (later designated anti-Es) was prepared, detecting an alternative antigen to the Ej. Blood group factors Ej and Es thus form the fifth genetically closed E subsystem. Analyses of selected raw sera containing anti-Ej led to the determination of a further Ej subgroup (designated Et) which is antithetical, mutually excluding with the blood factor Er. New blood factor Et is inherited by alleles Edeghjmnt (= E9) and (= E16). The investigation in pig breeds kept in CSFR indicated that allele Edeghjmnt occurs in Black and White Prestice breed (qE9 = 0.076 +/- 0.010) while allele Edeghjmnr (= E14) only in miniature pigs (qE9 = 0.147 +/- 0.011) and in wild pigs. In an élite herd of Swedish Landrace kept in CSFR a new complex allele Ebdgjmt (= E16) was found. Its frequency in the population studied was 0.058 +/- 0.022.     

Categorical data analysis in experimental biology

The categorical data set is an important data class in experimental biology and contains data separable into several mutually exclusive categories. Unlike measurement of a continuous variable, categorical data cannot be analyzed with methods such as the Student's t-test. Thus, these data require a different method of analysis to aid in interpretation. In this article, we will review issues related to categorical data, such as how to plot them in a graph, how to integrate results from different experiments, how to calculate the error bar/region, and how to perform significance tests. In addition, we illustrate analysis of categorical data using experimental results from developmental biology and virology studies.     

Interpretation and Application of Article 298 of the Law of the Sea Convention in Recent Annex VII Arbitrations: An Appraisal

Article 298 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea allows state parties to exclude certain categories of disputes from the compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions. This provision serves as a “safety valve” by excluding sensitive issues mainly related to sovereignty. This article examines the three recent Annex VII Arbitral Awards (the South China Sea Arbitration; the Arctic Sunrise Arbitration; and the Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration) that assessed the interpretation and application of Article 298.     

Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations

Most mycorrhizas are 'balanced' mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco-heterotrophic plants have 'exploitative' mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant-fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant-fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non-host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are 'linear' or 'coiling', and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are 'epidermal' or 'cortical'. Subcategories of coiling VAM and epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus-controlled features result in 'morphotypes' within categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.     

Adaxial–abaxial polarity: The developmental basis of leaf shape diversity

Leaves of flowering plants are diverse in shape. Part of this morphological diversity can be attributed to differences in spatiotemporal regulation of polarity in the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) sides of developing leaves. In a leaf primordium, antagonistic interactions between polarity determinants specify the adaxial and abaxial domains in a mutually exclusive manner. The patterning of those domains is critical for leaf morphogenesis. In this review, we first summarize the gene networks regulating adaxial–abaxial polarity in conventional bifacial leaves and then discuss how patterning is modified in different leaf type categories. genesis 52:1–18, 2014. © 2013 The Authors. Genesis Published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.     

In Memoriam

A key element of the self‐critique in contemporary anthropology centres on the idea that categories such as culture and society have exaggerated human differences. This paper argues that the work of Anthony Cohen, which has attempted to frame “localities” as a new anthropological object, can be criticized on similar grounds. A close reading of Cohen's theoretical and ethnographic writings shows that the “anthropology of locality”, while claiming to be a critique of nationalhomogenization, in fact replicates ata lower level of scale features of the national units. Consideration of this particular example of the exaggeration of (local) difference, moreover, occasions reflection on the wider critique of generalization within anthropology.     

The animal cultures debate

Recent interest in animal cultures has been fuelled by high-profile reports of intra- and interpopulation differences in the behavioural repertoires of primates and cetaceans, consistent with the existence of socially learned traditions. Several studies have mapped spatial differences in behaviour, revealing a mosaic of behavioural phenotypes within species. The dominant current approach attempts to determine whether this is cultural variation by excluding asocial learning, ecological or genetic factors. However, claims of animal cultures remain controversial because such comparisons are subject to weaknesses; thus, new approaches to isolating the influence of culture on behaviour are required. Here we suggest that, rather than attributing behaviour to explanatory categories, researchers would often be better advised to partition variance in behaviour to alternative sources.     

Can species traits be used to predict marine macroalgal introductions?

Species traits which facilitate introduction and predominance have been quantitatively ranked using interval arithmetic to search for common patterns among 113 marine macroalgae introduced in Europe. Three main categories were used: dispersal, establishment and ecological impact. These were further subdivided into more specific categories, a total of 13. Introduced species were compared with the same number of native species randomized from the same families as the introduced. Invasive species (i.e. species having a negative ecological or economical impact) were also compared with non-invasive introductions, separately for the three algal groups. In many categories, as well as when adding all species, the introduced species ranked more hazardous than the native species and the invasive species ranked higher than the non-invasive ones. The ranking within the three main categories differed, reflecting different strategies between the species within the three algal groups. When all categories (excluding salinity and temperature) were summed, the top five risk species, all invasive, were, in descending order, Codium fragile spp.tomentosoides, Caulerpa taxifolia, Undaria pinnatifida, Asparagopsis armata and Grateloupia doryphora, while Sargassum muticum ranked eight and Caulerpa racemosa ten. Fifteen of the twenty-six species listed as invasive were among the twenty highest ranked.