Effects of endophyte fungal species and host plant genotype on the leaf shape and leaf area of endophyte-grass symbionts

Epichloë内生真菌感染能够影响宿主植物的生长发育, 但关于内生真菌感染对宿主植物叶形状和叶面积的研究很少。该研究以羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为实验材料, 采用长宽系数计算和扫描测定叶面积相结合的方法探究内生真菌种类和羽茅母本基因型对羽茅-内生真菌共生体叶形状和叶面积的影响。结果表明: 内生真菌感染与否、内生真菌种类和宿主母本基因型对反映叶形状的叶校正系数、叶片长度、宽度和长宽比均无显著影响, 经计算与验证, 确定了羽茅叶片的校正系数为0.594 9。采用该校正系数及叶长宽计算的叶面积与实测叶面积无显著差异, 且二者均未受到内生真菌感染与否、内生真菌种类或宿主植物母本基因型的显著影响。     

刈割干扰和养分添加条件下Epichloë内生真菌感染对羽茅所在群落多样性和生产力的影响

Epichloë内生真菌感染能够影响宿主植物的种内和种间竞争力, 但目前关于内生真菌感染对宿主植物所在群落多样性和生产力影响的研究较少。该研究以感染(E+)和不感染(E-)内生真菌的羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)及其原生境中常见的5种植物构建人工群落, 探究在不同养分水平和刈割条件下内生真菌对宿主植物群落的影响。结果表明: 内生真菌对宿主植物群落多样性的影响同刈割与否有关。在无刈割条件下, 内生真菌感染对宿主群落多样性无显著影响; 在刈割条件下, 内生真菌感染显著增加了宿主群落的多样性, 其原因在于内生真菌感染显著增加了群落中多度较小的冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)等的多度, 而显著降低了优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的多度。内生真菌感染对群落生产力未见显著影响。研究发现养分添加对内生真菌作用的影响只出现在宿主植物水平, 而对宿主植物所在群落未产生显著影响, 内生真菌对宿主羽茅的促进作用只出现在养分添加条件下。     

内生真菌对氮添加羽茅根际土壤特性和微生物群落的影响

内生真菌不仅能改变与其共生植物的生理和生长指标,还可通过宿主植物间接对土壤的理化性质和微生物群落结构产生影响。以天然禾草——羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为研究材料,探究在不同施氮水平下,内生真菌的种类对不同基因型的宿主植物根际土壤理化性质和微生物群落产生何种影响。结果表明,内生真菌侵染显著提高了羽茅根际土壤的pH值和微生物总量,但降低了土壤中真菌与细菌的比值。同时,土壤的pH值还受到了内生真菌种类的影响,其中感染Epichlo3 sibirica的羽茅根际土壤pH显著高于感染Epichlo3 gansuense-1的羽茅,而感染Epichlo3 gansuense-2的羽茅根际土壤pH与感染E.gansuensis-1、E.sibirica菌的羽茅相比没有显著差异。另外,内生真菌感染与否、内生真菌种类、施氮量以及宿主植物基因型对土壤总碳、总氮、微生物及碳矿化能力均无显著影响。     

不同传播方式的内生真菌感染对羽茅的生理生态影响

通过田间试验, 研究了垂直传播的Neotyphodium属内生真菌和水平传播的Epichloë属内生真菌对羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)生理生态的影响。结果表明: Neotyphodium属内生真菌感染对羽茅的株高和叶长有显著的正效应, 而Epichloë属内生真菌感染对羽茅株高和叶长的增益作用较少。感染Neotyphodium属内生真菌的羽茅最大净光合速率显著高于感染Epichloë属内生真菌的羽茅, Neotyphodium属内生真菌显著提升了羽茅的气孔限制值和水分利用效率, 而实验测定的第一年结果显示: Epichloë属内生真菌对羽茅的各个光合指标具有明显的负效应(胞间CO₂浓度除外)。Neotyphodium属内生真菌感染使得宿主植物积累的可溶性糖含量显著高于感染Epichloë属内生真菌的羽茅和不染菌的羽茅植株。感染Epichloë属内生真菌的羽茅中氮含量显著高于感染Neotyphodium属内生真菌的羽茅。总之, 内生真菌的传播方式是影响羽茅生理生态学特性的一个因素, 并且垂直传播的内生真菌对羽茅生长和生理特性的益处高于水平传播的内生真菌。     

内生真菌感染对宿主羽茅及邻生植物抗病性的影响

Epichloë内生真菌能够影响宿主植物的抗病性, 但目前关于内生真菌感染对宿主邻生植物抗病性影响的研究很少。该研究首先调查了内蒙古呼伦贝尔天然草地中植物病害发生情况, 发现在常见牧草中禾本科植物病害最为严重, 其中感染内生真菌的羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)的总病情指数最低。进一步比较了与羽茅邻生及非邻生植物的病害差异, 结果显示羽茅显著降低了邻生羊草(Leymus chinensis)、狼针草(Stipa baicalensis)和冰草(Agropyron cristatum)的褐斑病病情指数。为探究羽茅对邻生植物病害的影响是否与其内生真菌有关, 分别从内生真菌发酵液、离体叶片和植株层面进行了室内验证试验。结果表明: 羽茅的2种内生真菌Epichloë gansuensis和Epichloë sibiricum发酵液显著抑制了新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotioru)和三叶草核盘菌(Sclerotinia trifoliorum)的生长; 对于离体叶片, E. gansuensis和E. sibiricum显著减小了宿主叶片受4种病原真菌侵染后的病斑长度。在新月弯孢和根腐离蠕孢的植株接种条件下, 内生真菌显著降低了宿主羽茅及邻生植物羊草的病害程度。该研究首次发现并验证了羽茅内生真菌对邻生禾草抵御褐斑病有一定的增益作用。     

感染羽茅的香柱菌属内生真菌对丛枝菌根真菌孢子萌发的影响

内生真菌与丛枝菌根(AM)真菌是构成草原生态系统的重要组成部分.内生真菌会抑制其宿主植物的AM真菌侵染率.本研究以感染2种香柱菌属内生真菌[Epichloё gansuensis(Eg)和E. sibirica(Es)]的天然禾草羽茅为供试材料,进行体外纯培养的内生真菌培养滤液、感染内生真菌的羽茅叶片(包括鲜叶和枯叶)浸提液,以及根系分泌物对摩西球囊霉(Gm)和幼套球囊霉(Ge)2种AM真菌孢子萌发影响试验.结果表明: 香柱菌属内生真菌的培养滤液会显著抑制2种AM真菌孢子的萌发,而感染香柱菌属内生真菌的羽茅根系分泌物只对Ge孢子萌发有显著抑制作用,且上述抑制作用与内生真菌种类无关;鲜叶浸提液对Gm和Ge的孢子萌发率均无显著影响,而枯叶浸提液对Ge的孢子萌发有显著抑制作用.在自然生态系统中,香柱菌属内生真菌通常存在于宿主植物体内,可能通过影响宿主植物的根系分泌物来影响AM真菌孢子的萌发.     

内生真菌对羽茅抗病性的影响

为探讨不同种类内生真菌对宿主植物羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)抗病性的影响, 以感染不同内生真菌的天然禾草羽茅为实验材料, 进行了体外纯培养的内生真菌、感染内生真菌的离体叶片和在体叶片对3种植物病原真菌的抑菌实验。结果表明: 体外纯培养条件下, 分离自羽茅的内生真菌Neotyphodium sibiricum、Neotyphodium gansuensis和Epichloë gansuensis对新月弯孢霉(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和枝孢霉(Cladosporium sp.)等3种病原真菌都具有抑制作用, 其中N. sibiricum的抑制作用最强, 对新月弯孢霉、根腐离蠕孢和枝孢霉的抑菌率分别为47.8%、40.1%、39.4%; 内生真菌培养滤液也可以有效抑制这3种病原真菌的孢子萌发, 其中N. gansuensis的抑制作用最强, 新月弯孢、根腐离蠕孢和枝孢霉的孢子萌发率分别为9.8%、8.7%、8.5%。对于离体叶片, N. sibiricum和N. gansuensis感染可以有效降低叶片受3种病原真菌侵染后的病斑数和孢子浓度, 其中N. sibiricum对根腐离蠕孢的抑制作用显著高于N. gansuensis, 而E. gansuensis只降低新月弯孢和枝孢霉侵染的病斑数以及枝孢霉侵染的孢子浓度。在体条件下, 内生真菌均可以显著降低病原真菌侵染羽茅后的病斑数、病斑长度和孢子浓度, 其中E. gansuensis的抑菌作用趋于最弱, 而N. sibiricum的抑菌作用趋于最强。     

不同传播方式的内生真菌感染对羽茅的生理生态影响北大核心CSCD

通过田间试验,研究了垂直传播的Neotyphodium属内生真菌和水平传播的Epichloё属内生真菌对羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)生理生态的影响。结果表明:Neotyphodium属内生真菌感染对羽茅的株高和叶长有显著的正效应,而Epichloё属内生真菌感染对羽茅株高和叶长的增益作用较少。感染Neotyphodium属内生真菌的羽茅最大净光合速率显著高于感染Epichloё属内生真菌的羽茅,Neotyphodium属内生真菌显著提升了羽茅的气孔限制值和水分利用效率,而实验测定的第一年结果显示:Epichloё属内生真菌对羽茅的各个光合指标具有明显的负效应(胞间CO2浓度除外)。Neotyphodium属内生真菌感染使得宿主植物积累的可溶性糖含量显著高于感染Epichloё属内生真菌的羽茅和不染菌的羽茅植株。感染Epichloё属内生真菌的羽茅中氮含量显著高于感染Neotyphodium属内生真菌的羽茅。总之,内生真菌的传播方式是影响羽茅生理生态学特性的一个因素,并且垂直传播的内生真菌对羽茅生长和生理特性的益处高于水平传播的内生真菌。     

感染内生真菌的羽茅对大针茅的化感作用

以羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为材料,采用室内生物测定法研究感染不同内生真菌的羽茅浸提液对大针茅(Stipa grandis)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对羽茅浸提液中的化学成分进行分析。结果表明:(1)内生真菌感染可缓解宿主羽茅对群落优势种大针茅的化感作用;(2)内生真菌感染对宿主羽茅化感作用的影响与内生真菌种类有关,具体表现为相比于未染菌羽茅,感染Epichloё gansuensis可显著缓解宿主羽茅对大针茅的抑制作用,而感染Neotyphodium sibiricum、Neotyphodium gansuensis有缓解羽茅对大针茅化感作用的趋势,但未达到显著影响;(3)羽茅浸提液中含有2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和硬脂酸甲酯等潜在化感物质,这4种物质相对含量的差异可能是不同内生真菌感染状态的羽茅产生不同化感效应的主要原因;(4)对羽茅浸提液中4种潜在化感物质的化感作用进行验证实验,结果表明,2,4-二叔丁基苯酚对大针茅的化感作用基本表现为低浓度无影响,高浓度抑制,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的化感作用表现为"低促高抑"的效应趋势,而邻苯二甲酸和硬脂酸甲酯对大针茅均表现出"剂量效应"的化感作用趋势,即4种潜在化感物质在高浓度时均可显著抑制大针茅的种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌对羊草生长的影响

该研究比较了摩西球囊霉(Glmous mosseae)和幼套球囊霉(Glmous etunicatum)两种丛枝菌根真菌和内生真菌单独及混合接种对羊草(Leymus chinensis)生长的影响。结果表明, 内生真菌对2种菌根真菌的侵染均无显著影响, 内生真菌可极显著增加羊草的分蘖数、地上生物量、总生物量。内生真菌与菌根真菌之间的相互作用因菌根真菌种类而不同, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响且和内生真菌之间也无明显的相互作用; 单独接种摩西球囊霉显著增加羊草的地上、地下和总生物量, 当其与内生真菌共同存在时, 二者之间存在一定的拮抗作用。冗余分析结果表明, 在内生真菌-AM真菌-羊草共生体中, 内生真菌对宿主植物生长的影响最大, 摩西球囊霉对宿主植物生长也有一定的贡献, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响。     

Plant population and genotype effects override the effects of Epichloë endophyte species on growth and drought stress response of Achnatherum robustum plants in two natural grass populations

Aims In cool-season grasses, systemic and vertically transmitted Epichlo? infections often provide a suite of benefits including increased growth, reproduction and competitive abilities. However, these effects of Epichlo? endophytes on their hosts often depend upon host and endophyte genotype and environmental factors.Methods Achnatherum robustum (sleepygrass) harbors at least two Epichlo? species within natural populations in the Southwest USA. We tested the effects of endophyte infection and species, host population and plant genotype (by experimentally removing the endophyte), and soil moisture (a key limiting factor) on growth and drought stress response of infected A. robustum plants from two populations (Weed and Cloudcroft) in the Sacremento Mountains of New Mexico, USA).Important findings Although the two populations harbor distinct Epichlo? species each with very different chemoprofiles, neither endophyte status (infected vs. uninfected) nor endophyte species affected most growth parameters at 8 or 25 weeks of the experiment, except for leaf length. In high water treatment, infected plants from the Weed population had longer leaf length compared with uninfected plants. In contrast, the population of origin affected all growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, length and width, tiller number and shoot and root biomass, as well as wilting time. Grasses from the Cloudcroft population generally showed greater growth than grasses from the Weed population. Endophyte infection did affect wilting time, with infection in the Weed population generally reducing time to wilting under low and high water, whereas infection in the Cloudcroft population reduced time to wilting only under high water conditions. Our results suggest that plant population and their associated plant genotypes may play a much larger role in endophyte–host grass interactions in varying environments than previously thought. Asexual Epichlo? species may be compatible with only specific host genotypes within populations such that the phenotypic effects due to population may be greater than phenotypic changes influenced by variation in the endophyte.     

Effect of different species of endophytes on fungal disease resistance of Achnatherum sibiricum

AimsAchnatherum sibiricum, a native grass species, is widely distributed in the steppe of Nei Mongol, China. In this study, three endophytic fungi, i.e., Neotyphodium sibiricum, N. gansuensis and Epichloë gansuensis, were isolated from A. sibiricum and examined the effect of the endophytes on the resistance of A. sibiricum to fungal disease.
Methods Three fungi: Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Cladosporium sp. were chosen as the target pathogens. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of endophytic inoculation of A. sibiricum on its pathogen resistance: 1) endophye in vitro, 2) inoculated detached leaves and 3) intact plants. They were infected with the three pathogens above mentioned, separately. Seven days later, inhibition rates, the number of lesions, lesion length and concentration of spores were measured.
Important findings The results showed that all endophytes significantly reduced the growth of pathogens fungi in vitro, and N. sibiricums had the strongest effect: its bacteriostasis rate to Curvularia lunata, B. sorokiniana and Cladosporium sp. were 47.8%, 40.1% and 39.4%, respectively. Culture filtration of three endophytes also effectively reduced pathogen spore germination, in which N. gansuensis showed the strongest impact. The germination rates of Curvularia lunata, B. sorokiniana and Cladosporium sp. were only 9.8%, 8.7% and 8.5%, respectively. Neotyphodium sibiricum and N. gansuensis could reduce lesion number and spore concentration of detached host leaves after the pathogens inoculation. Epichloë gansuensis reduced lesion number of detached leaves after inoculation with Curvularia lunata and Cladosporium sp., and decreased spore concentration of the pathogens fungi of Cladosporium sp. In the intact leaves, three endophytes reduced lesion number, lesion length and spore concentration as well after inoculation of the pathogens with those infected with N. sibiricum showing the strongest resistance, while with Epichloë gansuensis, the weakest resistance.     

Interaction between the endophytic fungus Epichloe bromicola and the grass bromus erectus: effects of endophyte infection, fungal concentration and environment on grass growth and flowering

Epichloe bromicola is an endophytic fungal species that systemically and perennially colonizes intercellular spaces of leaf blades, leaf sheaths and culms of Bromus grass species. E. bromicola causes choke disease in B. erectus, suppressing maturation of most, if not all, host inflorescences. In an investigation of the interaction between fungus and host, we used a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique to estimate the amount of fungal DNA, and thereby fungal concentration, in host plants. Fungal concentration was directly correlated with vegetative vigour of the plant, as measured by longest leaf length, number of tillers and vegetative above-ground biomass, suggesting that, during vegetative growth, the endophytic fungus is most beneficial for the plant when present in high concentrations. In contrast, the reproduction of the plant, as measured by the number of functional inflorescences, was inversely correlated with fungal concentration: the majority of infected plants, and all that were associated with high concentrations of fungi, were diseased. Thus, the benefit of endophyte infection for the plant is coupled with the disadvantages of infertility. Fungal concentration was shown to be at least in part genetically determined because fungal concentration differed significantly in different plant-endophyte genotype combinations (symbiotum). In a field experiment with normal and CO2-enriched environments, elevated CO2 levels favoured fungal reproductive vigour over host reproductive vigour, suggesting that these plant endophytes would be at a selective advantage in a corresponding environmental-change scenario. We conclude that a dynamic and complex relationship between fungal endophyte infection, fungal concentration, genotype and environment affects growth and fecundity of B. erectus and should contribute to the evolution of these plant-fungal interactions.     

氮磷施肥对拟南芥叶片碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

研究植物碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)化学计量特征, 有助于了解C、N、P元素的分配规律和确定限制植物生长的元素类型, 理解生长速率调控的内在机制。该研究基于盆栽施肥试验, 测定不同N、P供应水平下拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)叶片的生物量和C、N、P含量, 分析拟南芥的限制元素类型、验证生长速率假说、探讨N、P的内稳性差异和C、N、P元素间的异速生长关系。主要结果如下: 盆栽试验基质中限制元素是P, 施N过多可能引起毒害作用; 拟南芥的生长符合生长速率假说, 即随着叶片N:P和C:P的增加, 比生长速率显著减小; 叶片P含量存在显著的调整系数(3.5), 但叶片N含量与基质N含量之间无显著相关; 叶片N和P含量具有显著的异速生长关系, 但不符合N-P^3/4关系, 施P肥导致表征N、P异速生长关系的幂指数(0.209)显著低于施N肥处理(0.466)。该研究首次基于温室培养实验分析了拟南芥C、N、P的化学计量特征及其对N、P添加的响应, 研究结果将为野外研究不同物种、群落或生态系统的化学计量特征提供参考。