The meiofauna of artificial water-filled tree holes: colonization and bottom-up effects

The meiofaunal community of artificial water-filled tree holes was determined, and the bottom-up effects of different amounts of leaf litter on abundance and diversity were estimated. We assume a positive impact of leaf litter on meiofaunal abundances, species diversity, and trophic links. Plastic cups with different amounts of leaf litter were placed in a beech forest (Teutoburg Forest, Bielefeld, Germany) for 24 weeks. As early as 1 week later, the artificial tree holes were colonized by bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades, and nematodes. Rotifers were dominant throughout the experiment, followed by nematodes and tardigrades. The 29 nematode species that were identified included bacterial and hyphal feeders, with common species such as Plectus cirratus/accuminatus and Aphelenchoides parietinus predominating. Impacts of water volume (up to complete desiccation), pH, and O₂ on the meiofaunal community were not detected, whereas the addition of leaf litter resulted in bottom-up effects. Nematode abundance, especially that of bacterial feeders, and species number increased with increasing leaf input. The predatory nematode Prionchulus muscorum was found only in treatments containing high leaf content. Rotifer abundances were partly negatively affected by the amount of added leaves and, like tardigrades, showed a reversal in their correlation at higher leaf inputs. Our study revealed the fast colonization of small water bodies by meiofaunal organisms and the importance of passively distribution. Furthermore, the results provide a comparison with the meiofaunal community in lakes and soil.     

常绿阔叶林片段中木荷凋落叶分解速率及中小型土壤节肢动物群落的结构动态

2004年6月-2006年4月,选择浙、闽、赣交界山地的4个森林片段作为研究地点,并以浙西的古田山国家级自然保护区作为连续森林对照,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了不同常绿阔叶林群落优势种木荷凋落叶的分解速率及土壤节肢动物群落的结构和动态.结果表明：5个研究地共获土壤节肢动物1050个,分属8纲23目,其中鳞翅目、膜翅目、弹尾目和双翅目占个体总数的10%以上,为该地区的优势类群.片段化对群落物种组成的影响主要体现在稀有类群的差异上.不同分解阶段各种土壤节肢动物类群优势度因其功能的不同而各异.经过2年的分解,各研究地木荷凋落叶损失量为60%～70%,研究地凋落物中土壤节肢动物的各项多样性指标均有一定的变化,且与连续森林的变化规律不一致.     

长白山阔叶红松林主要树种凋落叶分解速率及其与叶性状的关系

阔叶红松林是我国东北地区地带性顶级森林群落,对维持区域生态系统稳定性具有重要作用。对阔叶红松林内主要树种凋落叶分解过程及影响因素进行研究,有助于增加长白山阔叶红松林生态系统的基础数据,为明确阔叶红松林的养分循环和物质流动提供依据。选取了长白山阔叶红松林内30个常见乔灌树种和16个凋落叶性状,采用野外分解袋法和室内样品分析等方法研究了长白山阔叶红松林内主要树种凋落叶分解速率及其与凋落叶性状的关系。1年的野外分解实验表明,30个树种的凋落叶重量损失率表现出较大差异。不同树种凋落叶的重量损失率在20.56%—92.11%之间,以红松(Pinus koraiensis)质量损失率最低,东北山梅花(Philadelphus schrenkii)质量损失率最高。不同生活型树种的凋落叶在质量损失率上存在显著差异,以灌木树种凋落叶的质量损失率最高,小乔木次之,乔木树种质量损失率最低。Olson模型拟合结果表明,不同树种凋落叶的分解速率k以红松最低,瘤枝卫矛(Euonymus verrucosus)最高,分别为0.24和1.64。不同树种分解50%和95%所需的时间分别在0.43—2.86年,1.83—...     

Mixing effects on litter decomposition rates in a young tree diversity experiment

Litter decomposition is an essential process for biogeochemical cycling and for the formation of new soil organic matter. Mixing litter from different tree species has been reported to increase litter decomposition rates through synergistic effects. We assessed the decomposition rates of leaf litter from five tree species in a recently established tree diversity experiment on a post-agriculture site in Belgium. We used 20 different leaf litter compositions with diversity levels ranging from 1 up to 4 species. Litter mass loss in litterbags was assessed 10, 20, 25, 35, and 60 weeks after installation in the field. We found that litter decomposition rates were higher for high-quality litters, i.e., with high nitrogen content and low lignin content. The decomposition rates of mixed litter were more affected by the identity of the litter species within the mixture than by the diversity of the litter per se, but the variability in litter decomposition rates decreased as the litter diversity increased. Among the 15 different mixed litter compositions in our study, only three litter combinations showed synergistic effects. Our study suggests that admixing tree species with high-quality litter in post-agricultural plantations helps in increasing the mixture's early-stage litter decomposition rate.     

Fungi on Leaf Blades of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> in a Brackish Tidal Marsh: Diversity,Succession, and Leaf Decomposition

Although fungi are known to colonize and decompose plant tissues in various environments, there is scanty information on fungal communities on wetland plants, their relation to microhabitat conditions, and their link to plant litter decomposition. We examined fungal diversity and succession on Phragmites australis leaves both attached to standing shoots and decaying in the litter layer of a brackish tidal marsh. Additionally, we followed changes in fungal biomass (ergosterol), leaf nitrogen dynamics, and litter mass loss on the sediment surface of the marsh. Thirty-five fungal taxa were recorded by direct observation of sporulation structures. Detrended correspondence analysis and cluster analysis revealed distinct communities of fungi sporulating in the three microhabitats examined (middle canopy, top canopy, and litter layer), and indicator species analysis identified a total of seven taxa characteristic of the identified subcommunities. High fungal biomass developed in decaying leaf blades attached to standing shoots, with a maximum ergosterol concentration of 548 ± 83 μg g^–1 ash-free dry mass (AFDM; mean ± SD). When dead leaves were incorporated in the litter layer on the marsh surface, fungi experienced a sharp decline in biomass (to 191 ± 60 μg ergosterol g^–1 AFDM) and in the number of sporulation structures. Following a lag phase, species not previously detected began to sporulate. Leaves placed in litter bags on the sediment surface lost 50% of their initial AFDM within 7 months (k = −0.0035 day^–1) and only 21% of the original AFDM was left after 11 months. Fungal biomass accounted for up to 34 ± 7% of the total N in dead leaf blades on standing shoots, but to only 10 ± 4% in the litter layer. These data suggest that fungi are instrumental in N retention and leaf mass loss during leaf senescence and early aerial decay. However, during decomposition on the marsh surface, the importance of living fungal mass appears to diminish, particularly in N retention, although a significant fraction of total detrital N may remain associated with dead hyphae.     

不同泥沙埋深对几种一年生草本枯落物分解及养分动态特征的影响

为探究三峡消落带泥沙淤积条件下一年生草本枯落物的分解及养分变化特征,通过模拟实验,采用分解袋法,研究不同泥沙埋深对4种一年生草本分解及养分动态的影响。所选择的三峡消落带4种一年生优势草本植物包括马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、稗(Echinochloa crusgali)、狼杷草(Bidens tripartita)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum),设置了无掩埋(0 cm)、中度掩埋(5 cm)和深度掩埋(10 cm)3个泥沙掩埋深度,试验周期为180 d。结果表明:(1)在整个实验期间,4种一年生草本枯落物的分解速率均呈现先快后慢的特点,与0 cm泥沙埋深处理相比,5、10 cm埋深下4种一年生草本枯落物的分解速率均显著降低;(2)在分解结束时,4种一年生草本枯落物C含量变化不大,P元素处于释放状态,而在泥沙掩埋下N元素处于富集状态;(3)除马唐和稗枯落物的P含量变化外,4种一年生草本枯落物C、N、P含量均表现为0 cm掩埋处理显著低于5、10 cm处理组;相反,4种一年生草本枯落物K含量则表现为0 cm掩埋处理显著高于5、10 cm处理组。研究表明...     

The use of meiofauna in freshwater sediment assessments: Structural and functional responses of meiobenthic communities to metal and organics contamination

Because soft sediments are often hotspots of chemical contamination, their assessment can aid in identifying the causes of environmental stress and the implementation of measures to improve the health of the respective ecosystems. Achieving a “good ecological status” of surface waters, as required by the European Water Framework Directive, strongly depends on recognition of the chemical status of sediments. Meiobenthic organisms are important, but widely neglected components of the ecologically relevant fauna of a wide variety of ecosystems. In the present study, microcosms containing freshwater sediments were used to investigate the effects of eight different metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in single and mixed applications, on natural meiofaunal assemblages. Structural (abundance and biomass) and functional (secondary production) parameters of the investigated assemblages were measured as ecologically relevant endpoints. Their sensitivity in revealing both the differential effects and the responses of meiofaunal taxa was evaluated to assess the general suitability of meiofauna and, in particular, of individual tested taxa, as bioindicators of soft sediment contamination. Structural parameters were found to be more valuable indicators than functional measurements, with more pronounced effects observed on the taxon level than on total meiofauna. Among the meiofaunal taxa considered in this study, nematodes were of particular utility as early indicators of chemical stress in freshwater soft sediments. Overall, this study provides new insights into the impact of toxicants on soft freshwater sediments and demonstrates the suitability of meiofaunal communities, especially nematodes, in assessing contamination of this ecosystem.     

The role of microarthropods and nematodes in decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem

Summary We sampled the soil microarthropod community monthly in the oak-mesquite sand hill ecosystem. Small fungiphagous prostigmated mites (pyemotids, lordalychids and tarsonemids) that dominated the soil fauna in winter were replaced by large predaceous mites (rhodacarids and laelapids) in summer and autumn.We compared organic matter loss and microarthropod and nematode populations in shinnery oak (Quercus harvardii) using insecticide and untreated litter in fiberglass litterbags.Microarthropods extracted from litterbags showed a seasonal pattern similar to the soil cores except that collembolans and psocopterans were abundant in the litter and not in the soil cores. Numbers of free living nematodes were consistently greater than from untreated litter. The ratio of non-stylet to stylet bearing nematodes extracted from litter decreased from 4:1 in one month bags to 0.8:1.0 in the one year bags. Laboratory experiments showed that rhodacarid mites fed voraciously on nematodes.Untreated litter exhibited higher rates of organic matter loss than the insecticide treated litter; 20% and 35% respectively.We suggest that the abundant mesostigmatid mites prey on free living nematodes and that eliminating the predators allows the nematodes to overgraze the fungi and bacteria. The soil modifies the microclimate in buried litter allowing for higher biological activity, hence higher rates of decomposition.     

不同起源时间的植物叶凋落物在中亚热带的分解特性

选择9种起源时间不同的植物的凋落叶,采用分解袋法,在浙江千岛湖地区从2006年6月到2008年6月进行了分解试验,试图探索植物进化过程中凋落物分解特性的演变趋势.所选的9种植物分属于4个类群,按起源时间由早到晚依次为蕨类植物(芒萁和桫椤)、裸子植物(苏铁、水杉、杉木和马尾松)、双子叶植物(木荷和青冈)及单子叶植物(毛竹).每隔一个月取样,每种凋落物3次重复.结果表明:不同植物类群凋落物基质的氮(N)、木质素(Lignin)含量及Lignin/N比值与分解速率具有良好的相关性.起源时间越晚的植物凋落物的基质N含量越高,为单子叶植物>双子叶植物>裸子植物>蕨类植物.Lignin含量和Lignin/N比值的趋势一致,均为起源时间越晚而值越低,即蕨类植物>裸子植物>双子叶植物>单子叶植物.凋落物分解系数k值的范围在0.25～0.63之间,表现出毛竹>青冈>木荷>水杉>马尾松>杉木>苏铁>桫椤>芒萁的趋势.4个植物类群的凋落物分解速率的均值为单子叶植物>双子叶植物>裸子植物>蕨类植物.试验结果初步表明:植物凋落物分解的进化趋势是由分解缓慢逐渐演变为分解较快.     

Colonization of decomposing deciduous leaf litter by Testacea (Protozoa,Rhizopoda): Species succession,abundance, and biomass

Summary The colonization of leaf litter by testate amoebae in a cool temperate deciduous forest was studied over the first 60 months of decomposition. No colonization of fresh leaf litter by Testacea was recorded before the first spring thaw period. Colonization of aspen and balsam leaves was similar in terms of species and numbers of species, with the balsam litter being colonized by slightly fewer species. In the aspen litter bags, all the L-layer species were present after 18 months, and all the species recorded in all soil layers were found after 60 months. The proportion of species which constructed their tests from platelets rather than sediment was 70% of the total number of species for the first 36 months of colonization of both litter types. After 60 months, seven species comprised 70% of the total numbers of Testacea but only 33–38% of the total biomass. Significant, positive correlation existed between the dry weight loss of leaf litter and the total number of active Testacea, the total number of living Testacea, and the total number of species present. The prime limitations to testacean colonization of decomposing leaf litter appeared to be substrate quality, food supply and/or availability of test-building materials.     

Effects of burial on leaf litter quality,microbial conditioning and palatability to three shredder taxa

Summary 1. Heterotrophic microorganisms are crucial for mineralising leaf litter and rendering it more palatable to leaf‐shredding invertebrates. A substantial part of leaf litter entering running waters may be buried in the streambed and thus be exposed to the constraining conditions prevailing in the hyporheic zone. The fate of this buried organic matter and particularly the role of microbial conditioning in this habitat remain largely unexplored. 2. The aim of this study was to determine how the location of leaf litter within the streambed (i.e. at the surface or buried), as well as the leaf litter burial history, may affect the leaf‐associated aquatic hyphomycete communities and therefore leaf consumption by invertebrate detritivores. We tested the hypotheses that (i) burial of leaf litter would result in lower decomposition rates associated with changes in microbial assemblages compared with leaf litter at the surface and (ii) altered microbial conditioning of buried leaf litter would lead to decreased quality and palatability to their consumers, translating into lower growth rates of detritivores. 3. These hypotheses were tested experimentally in a second‐order stream where leaf‐associated microbial communities, as well as leaf litter decomposition rates, elemental composition and toughness, were compared across controlled treatments differing by their location within the streambed. We examined the effects of the diverse conditioning treatments on decaying leaf palatability to consumers through feeding trials on three shredder taxa including a freshwater amphipod, of which we also determined the growth rate. 4. Microbial leaf litter decomposition, fungal biomass and sporulation rates were reduced when leaf litter was buried in the hyporheic zone. While the total species richness of fungal assemblages was similar among treatments, the composition of fungal assemblages was affected by leaf litter burial in sediment. 5. Leaf litter burial markedly affected the food quality (especially P content) of leaf material, probably due to the changes in microbial conditioning. Leaf litter palatability to shredders was highest for leaves exposed at the sediment surface and tended to be negatively related to leaf litter toughness and C/P ratio. In addition, burial of leaf litter led to lower amphipod growth rates, which were positively correlated with leaf litter P content. 6. These results emphasise the importance of leaf colonisation by aquatic fungi in the hyporheic zone of headwater streams, where fungal conditioning of leaf litter appears particularly critical for nutrient and energy transfer to higher trophic levels.     

Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Avicennia marina at Westernport Bay,Victoria, Australia

After 3 days in sea water, leaching losses caused a 13% reduction in the weight of new leaf litter of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., and a 20% reduction of N, 35–40% of P, 60–85% of K, 30–40% of Mg and 0–12% of Ca. In the field, leaf litter in litter bags lost 80–90% of its initial weight and 89–99% of its initial K, 90–95% of its Mg, 85–90% of its P, 70–80% of its Ca and 60–80% of its N after 230–270 days. During this same period, Avicennia fibrous- and main-root litter in bags buried at a depth of 10–15 cm lost an average of 10–15% and 60% of their initial weight, respectively. Fibrous roots lost 80% of their K, 40–50% of their P, 15% of their N, 10–15% of their Mg and 5–10% of their Ca. Elemental losses from main roots ranged from 90% for K to 30% for Mg, with P, Ca and N losses of 70, 70 and 50%, respectively. Litter decomposition curves for leaf litter and fibrous-root litter begun at different times were not significantly different. A study with unbagged leaf litter indicated that crabs ate about 50% of the litter retained in the mangrove zone. Unbagged litter not eaten by crabs lost weight more rapidly than bagged litter because it lost leaf fragments more readily as it aged. We estimate from our studies and field observations that about 40% of the leaf litter produced each summer is exported from the mangrove zone in the form of whole leaves, particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter. Root litter is neither exported from the mangrove zone nor eaten by crabs.     

砂质潮间带自由生活海洋线虫对缺氧的响应——微型受控生态系研究

以青岛砂质潮间带自由生活海洋线虫为研究对象,建立微型受控生态系,研究缺氧对海洋线虫群落结构和垂直分布的影响,以及环境复氧后海洋线虫群落的恢复能力。研究结果显示,海洋线虫是耐低氧的小型底栖动物类群,可通过垂直迁移来耐受缺氧造成的不利条件。但是,海洋线虫通过主动迁出而耐受缺氧条件的特性具有种的区别。研究中Pseudosteineria sp1、Rhynchonema sp1等海洋线虫通过向有氧环境的主动迁移耐受缺氧条件;Thalassironus sp1却可通过自身耐受机制抵御缺氧条件,在缺氧生境中仍能保持较高的丰度。此外,研究结果显示,当表层海洋线虫暴露于缺氧环境时,其总丰度显著降低,种类组成发生改变。Pseudosteineria sp1对缺氧环境较为敏感,可暂时性地离开沉积物进入水层;而沉积物溶解氧恢复正常后,该种可以重新回到沉积物中。Daptonema sp1成熟个体及其幼龄个体对缺氧均具有较高的耐受性,是缺氧群落的绝对优势种。D.sp3则表现出对缺氧环境较高的敏感性。环境恢复正常,线虫群落丰度及多样性增加,Neochromadora sp1和Spilophorella sp1等具有机会种的特点,首先表现出丰度和繁殖能力的增加。但是线虫群落种类组成在受测时间内并未能完全恢复,群落结构的恢复需要更长的时间。     

Intertidal zone of Svalbard

The meiobenthos was sampled at 119 localities along 1,500 km of Svalbard shores in the summers 1988–1993. The principal taxa were determined from 5-cm-long sediment cores collected during low tide on soft sediment shores. The density ranged from 0 to > 10,000 ind/10 cm². Nematoda was the most common and abundant taxon. Nematoda and Turbellaria, along with Oligochaeta and Harpacticoida, were typical and the most frequent set of taxa. The occurrence of meiofaunal taxa was weakly correlated with geographical area; the local habitat characteristics were decisive. The most abundant meiobenthos, with mean abundance >900 ind/10 cm² and the biomass about 0.34 g dry wt per 1 m2, was found on the western coast of South Spitsbergen.     

闽江河口湿地植物枯落物立枯和倒伏分解主要元素动态

采用分解袋法,对闽江河口湿地2种挺水植物——芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)花和叶枯落物的立枯和倒伏分解过程及C、N、P元素动态进行研究。结果表明:(1)立枯分解是2种湿地盐沼植物重要的分解阶段,干物质损失率在13.26%—31.89%之间。多项式模型能较好描述2种植物花和叶的枯落物分解残留率动态。(2)立枯分解阶段,芦苇花和叶的C含量主要为波动下降,互花米草较为稳定;倒伏阶段后期,2种植物都以升高为主。立枯分解阶段2种植物枯落物N含量略有下降,而倒伏阶段逐渐上升。分解过程中枯落物P含量的波动较大。(3)2种植物花和叶C、N的NAI值在分解过程中<100%。芦苇的花和叶中P的NAI值在立枯和倒伏分解阶段都经历了明显下降和升高的过程,而互花米草在立枯阶段变化不大,倒伏阶段下降较为明显。(4)与芦苇相比,互花米草的花和叶枯落物C库较高,N库较低,P库差异不大。     

巨桉凋落叶分解对菊苣生长及光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了巨桉凋落叶分解初期对菊苣幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响.试验设置A₁(30 g·pot^-1)、A₂(60 g·pot^-1)、A₃(90 g·pot^-1)和对照（CK）4个凋落叶水平,将各处理的凋落叶分别与12 kg土壤混合后装盆,播种菊苣.待A₃处理植株的第3片真叶完全展开后测定菊苣光合生理指标及相关生长指标.结果表明：巨桉凋落叶分解初期明显抑制了菊苣生物量积累、叶面积的增加及光合色素的合成,且随着凋落叶施入量的增加抑制作用加大;菊苣叶片胞间CO₂浓度增加,而净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著低于对照;随土壤中凋落叶含量的增加,除CO₂补偿点呈增加趋势外,其他光响应和CO₂响应的特征参数都呈明显下降趋势,并与对照差异显著.巨桉凋落叶分解过程中,其化感物质逐步释放并作用于受体植物,抑制其光合色素合成和光合作用,降低其环境适应能力,从而抑制菊苣的生长.     

Phosphorus dynamics during decomposition of mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) leaves in sediments

Rhizophora apiculata leaf litter decomposition and the influence of this process on phosphorus (P) dynamics were studied in mangrove and sand flat sediments at the Bangrong mangrove forest, Phuket, Thailand. The remaining P in the mangrove leaf litter increased with time of decomposition to 174% and 220% of the initial amount in the litter in sand flat and mangrove sediment, respectively, although about 50% of the dry weight had been lost. The incorporation of P into the litter was probably associated with humic acids and metal bridging, especially caused by iron (Fe), which also accumulated in considerable amounts in the litter (5-10 times initial concentration). The addition of leaves to the sediment caused increased concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphate (DRP) in the porewater, especially in sand flat sediment. The DRP probably originated from Fe-bound P in the sediment, because decomposition of buried leaf litter caused increased respiration and reduced the redox potential (E_h) in the sediments. Binding of P to refractory organic material and oxidized Fe at the sediment-water interface explains the low release of DRP from the sediment. This mechanism also explains the generally low DRP concentration in the mangrove porewater, the low nutrient content of the R. apiculata leaves, but also the higher total sediment P concentration of the mangrove sediment as compared to sediments outside the mangrove. Both the low release rates for DRP from the sediment and the accumulation of P associated with leaf litter decomposition tend to preserve P in the sediments.     

Differential responses of ammonia/ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms in mangrove sediment to amendment of acetate and leaf litter

The effects of acetate and leaf litter powder on ammonia/ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms (AOMs) in mangrove sediment were investigated in a laboratory incubation study for a period of 60 days. The results showed that different AOMs responded differently to the addition of acetate and leaf litter. A higher diversity of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria was observed when acetate or leaf litter was added than the control. However, acetate and leaf litter generally inhibited the growth of anammox bacteria despite that leaf litter promoted their growth in the first 5 days. The inhibitory effects on anammox bacteria were more pronounced by acetate than by leaf litter. Neither acetate nor leaf litter affected ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community structures, but promoted their growth. For ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), the addition of acetate or leaf litter resulted in changes of community structures and promoted their growth in the early phase of the incubation. In addition, the promoting effects by leaf litter on AOB growth were more obvious than acetate. These results indicated that organic substances affect AOM community structures and abundances. The study suggests that leaf litter has an important influence on the community structures and abundances of AOMs in mangrove sediment and affects the nitrogen cycle in such ecosystem.     

干湿交替对科尔沁沙地人工林叶凋落物分解和养分释放的影响

在干旱/半干旱地区,土壤干湿交替现象非常明显.在全球气候变化背景下,预测未来科尔沁沙地的土壤干湿交替变化强度将进一步加剧.本研究采用室内原位土柱培养方法,模拟干湿交替对科尔沁沙地小叶杨和樟子松叶凋落物分解速率及养分释放的影响.试验设置3个处理:恒湿处理(CM)、轻度干湿交替处理(DW₁,10 d干燥+20 d湿润)和重度干湿交替处理(DW₂,20 d干燥+10 d湿润).整个培养试验共处理180 d,其中进行4次干湿交替循环处理,并在干湿交替处理结束后,将各处理置于相同土壤水分条件(60%田间持水量)延时培养60 d.结果表明: 小叶杨和樟子松叶凋落物分解及养分释放对干湿交替的响应一致.在干湿交替期间,DW₂处理显著抑制叶凋落物分解及叶凋落物C、木质素和总酚释放;与CM相比,DW₂处理叶凋落物质量、C、木质素和总酚残留率分别增加17.4%、23.8%、35.2%和32.7%,而干湿交替对叶凋落物N和P养分释放无显著影响.干湿交替处理结束和延时培养结束时,不同干湿处理叶凋落物分解及养分残留率的变化具有一致性.而延时培养期间DW₂处理凋落物分解速率、叶凋落物C和木质素释放加快,表明干湿交替对叶凋落物分解及养分释放具有短期延时效应.     

川西亚高山森林土壤动物对杨树和箭竹凋落物分解过程中微生物群落的影响

为了解凋落物分解过程中碎屑食物链土壤动物与微生物的相互联系,本研究以川西亚高山森林杨树和箭竹凋落叶为对象,通过原位控制试验,于2016年4月至2018年4月采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法,研究了土壤动物对两种凋落叶分解过程中微生物丰度、群落结构和多样性的影响.结果表明: 土壤动物的参与显著影响两个树种凋落叶分解过程中微生物PLFAs含量,降低了分解前240天的PLFAs含量,增加了分解360~480 d的PLFAs含量;土壤动物的参与降低了杨树分解过程中的真菌/细菌比值,增加了革兰氏阳性菌(G⁺)/革兰氏阴性菌(G^-)比值,对箭竹分解过程中真菌/细菌和G⁺/G^-比值的影响作用相反;两个树种凋落叶的微生物多样性和均匀性在分解的120 d和480 d维持着较高水平,在分解的360 d和720 d急剧降低,土壤动物的参与显著影响杨树凋落叶的微生物多样性和均匀性,但对箭竹影响不显著;土壤动物对凋落叶微生物PLFAs变化的影响随分解持续时间和树种变化存在差异.亚高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物与微生物群落的相互作用随季节和树种变化具有变异性.