广东省主要水系外来水生动物初步调查

【背景】广东省是我国遭受外来生物入侵最严重的地区之一,许多外来水生动物在广东省的河流均有分布,但有关其具体分布和数量缺乏系统研究。【方法】通过野外调查的方式对广东省鉴江、韩江、潭江、西江、北江、东江等水系的外来水生动物的分布和数量进行了初步调查,并对调查到的外来水生动物的生态学特征和入侵机制进行了初步研究。【结果】共调查到13种外来水生动物,包括巴西龟、尼罗罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、下口鲶、革胡子鲶、食蚊鱼、麦瑞加拉鲮、露斯塔野鲮、斑点叉尾鮰、大口黑鲈等11种脊椎动物和福寿螺、克氏原螯虾2种无脊椎动物;其中以福寿螺、巴西龟和3种罗非鱼的分布最为广泛。【结论与意义】几种外来水生生物主要通过水产养殖、观赏渔业和生物防治引种入侵;典型的"R"策略者、对环境具有较强耐受力的生物、杂食性鱼类更容易成功入侵。     

水生动物虹彩病毒的分子生物学

近年来在世界范围出现的由虹彩病毒感染引起的水生动物高发病率和高死亡率现象给水产业造成了重大经济损失,引起了病毒学家们的热切关注,根据ICTV第七次报告,虹彩病毒科(Iridoviridae)分为4个属,包括感染脊椎动物的蛙病毒属(Ranavirus)和淋巴囊肿病毒属(Lymphocystivirus),以及感染无脊椎动物的虹彩病毒属(Iridovirus)和绿虹彩病毒属(Chloriridovirus).       

光照对水生动物行为的影响

水生动物的行为受外界环境因素的影响很大,光作为自然界中重要的生态因子,对动物行为的影响极为明显。对于光照的变化,动物能调节自身作出适当的行为反应。本文主要对国外这方面的研究报道作了总结。１光照对水生动物趋光行为的影响动物的趋光性与其视力有关,因而在不...     

水生动物抗菌肽及其基因工程研究

抗菌肽是一类具有杀菌作用的免疫活性物质,是动物非特异性免疫系统的重要组成部分。水生动物抗菌肽的种类丰富,生化组成和分子结构多样,具有重要的研究价值和应用前景。本文介绍了2大类主要的水生动物(甲壳类和鱼类)的抗菌肽的种类和结构特点、基因克隆和体外表达、分子文库建立以及转抗菌肽基因动物的研究进展,并展望了其作为新型绿色、安全、环保的饲料添加剂的应用前景。     

水体污染与水生动物

水体污染必然影响水生生态系统的结构和功能,揭示水体污染与水生动物的相互关系具有十分重要的意义。本文从3个方面论述了国内研究的新进展,介绍和讨论和有关利用水生动物进行生物监测、生态评价、生态毒理学的进展和废水处理及污水净化时对水生动物的作用等问题。     

水生动物体汞污染的生物学特征

汞是动物体非必需的重金属元素,它容易被动物体吸收和富集,不易被动物体排除,更不能被动物所分解,它可经由食物链（网）进行传递,对人体健康造成威胁。因此,汞对水生动物的污染早就引起人们的关注,二十世纪５０年代中期日本发生两千多渔民严重汞中毒（即“水俣病”...     

我国水生动物病毒病研究概况

80年代以来,我国水产业迅速发展,并且在农业产值中所占的比重逐年上升,已成为我国大农业的四大支柱产业(粮食、肉类、水产和禽蛋)之一。1998年,我国水产品年产量达3800万t,但令人遗憾的是水生动物疾病,尤其是因病毒引起的爆发性流行病明显增多,危害极为严重。水生动物分类地位相差甚远,除了鱼之外,还包括虾、贝等无脊椎动物和蛙、鳖等低等脊椎动物。自从Wolf分离到第一株鱼类病毒以来1,迄今见报道的鱼病毒已超过70种。       

AFLP技术及其在水生动物研究中的应用

AFLP技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型分子遗传标记技术,该技术在遗传多样性分析．遗传图谱构建以及遗传育种等方面均具有重要的作用。介绍了AFLP的发展背景、基本原理和特点．并对其在水生动物研究方面的应用情况进行了综述。     

MicroRNA参与水生动物环境污染物胁迫应答的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类由内源基因编码具有多种功能的短序列非编码RNA,miRNA参与生物体细胞凋亡、生长发育及代谢等多个生命活动.近年来已有研究表明当机体暴露于环境污染物(如重金属、有机污染物和新型污染物等)时,miRNA表达的改变可以影响靶基因的表达,进而调控生物机体对外源污染物胁迫下的毒性响应.综...     

水生动物药用资源及其食养食疗简析

中国水产资源丰富,水产品的生产量及消费量均位于世界前列,其中很多水产品可以当做药材使用。水生动物药食同源文化源远流长,例如《山海经》中就记载有可药用的水生动物27种。本文归纳常见水生动物类食物在中医视域下的性味主治、临床应用、饮食禁忌等,研究水生动物药食同源的作用,综合分析其中蕴含的保健养生特色,既有助于现代人了解水生动物的食养食疗、疾病的防治及相关合理应用,更有助于开发水生动物药物和功能食品,丰富现代生态渔业的建设。     

水产动物继饥饿或营养不足后的补偿生长研究进展

综述了水产动物继饥饿或营养不足后的补偿生长研究进展,其中包括补偿生长的程度、影响因素、生理学机制、补偿生长研究的实验设计、补偿生长过程中生长率和生化组成的变化及存在的问题和应用前景。     

Effects of the invasive duckweed Lemna minuta on aquatic animals: evidence from an indoor experiment

Abstract

Since effects of alien invasive free-floating plants can be relevant in aquatic ecosystems, we investigated the non-native Lemna minuta impact on four aquatic animal groups: Hydra vulgaris (Coelenterates), Asellus aquaticus (Arthropods), Gambusia affinis (Fish), Bufo bufo tadpoles (Amphibians). An indoor experiment was conducted keeping animals in water held in tanks with L. minuta mats of 0.5 (WI1), 1.5?cm thick (WI2) and without mats (WOU). Water parameters (DO, DO%, pH) and animal responses (survival rate, vitality) were measured every 48?h (0–288?h). Treatments with mats showed significant impacts on animals which were more severe with increasing mat thickness. Strong decreasing of oxygen and pH associated with mat occurrence had a large impact on animals. In WI2 all individuals died within 144?h (H. vulgaris, B. bufo within 96h), while in WI1 there was a higher survival rate and vitality (excluding B. bufo died within 96?h) and in WOU no deaths. This evidence suggests L. minuta thick mats (≥1.5?cm) could have a high impact on animal biodiversity, especially reducing oxygenation level in aquatic ecosystem.     

Amines and motivated behaviors: a simpler systems approach to complex behavioral phenomena

Recent investigations in invertebrate neurobiology have opened up new lines of research into the basic roles of behavioral, neurochemical, and physiological effects in complex behavioral phenomena, such as aggression and drug-sensitive reward. This review summarizes a body of quantitative work, which identifies biogenic amines as a pharmacological substrate for motivated behaviors in the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus. Specifically, this paper details progress that has (1) explored links between serotonin and an individuals aggressive state, and (2) demonstrated the existence of crayfish reward systems that are sensitive to human drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants. First, we summarize a set of experimental approaches that explore aggression in crayfish and the significance of aminergic systems in its control. Agonistic behavior in crustaceans can be characterized within a quantitative framework; different types of behavioral plasticity in aggressive behavior are in need of physiological explanation, and pharmacological intervention involving serotonergic systems bring about characteristic changes in behavior. A second set of experiments demonstrates that psychostimulants (cocaine and D-amphetamine) serve as rewards when an intra-circulatory infusion is coupled to a distinct visual environment. Work in novel model systems such as crayfish constitutes a useful comparative approach to the study of aggression and drug addiction.     

Serotonin and octopamine elicit stereotypical agonistic behaviors in the squat lobster Munida quadrispina (Anomura, Galatheidae)

Serotonin and octopamine have been implicated as modulators of posture and behavior in several crustaceans. Here we characterize the agonistic behaviors of normally interacting squat lobsters Munida quadrispina (Anomura, Galatheidae) and their responses to serotonin and octopamine injected into the ventral hemolymph sinus, in order to evaluate the potential roles of these amines in modulating agonistic behaviors. Normally interacting M. quadrispina do not develop lasting dominance hierarchies, although transient aggressive and submissive displays do occur. Injected serotonin elicits postures and behaviors in isolated individuals similar to those typical of aggressive, normally interacting animals. Injected octopamine can produce postures and behaviors typical of submissive animals, and elicits behaviors which imply a modulatory role for octopamine in tailflipping. The effects of both amines are reversible and dose dependent, and the dose-response curves parallel the normal progression of agonistic interactions. The social behaviors and reactions to injected serotonin and octopamine of M. quadrispina differ from those of lobsters and crayfish, indicating that interspecific differences in neuromodulation of behavior and motor output exist. Such differences have implications for the understanding of aminergic modulation of aggression and the evolution of aminergic modulation in crustaceans. Accepted: 22 June 1997     

Agonistic behavior of the crayfish Euastacus armatus and Cherax destructor

The intra- and interspecific agonistic behavior of Euastacus armatus and Cherax destructor from northeastern Victoria were examined. While the agonistic patterns of E. armatus appeared similar to those shown by most crayfish, individuals of C. destructor execute an unusual, highly stylized cheliped “punch” behavior during strong interactions, along with the other behaviors seen in many species. Juvenile C. destructor exhibited gregarious behavior, tending to co-occupy burrows and being physically near each other. Tests showed that the white chelipeds which are characteristic of mature E. armatus affect the outcome of aggressive interactions. When individuals had their chelipeds whitened, they won agonistic interactions more often. This result held for both intraspecific pairings and size-matched pairings with individuals of C. destructor. Individuals of C. destructor won the majority of size-matched pairings with non-whitened individuals of E. armatus.     

稻鸭共生对稻田水生动物群落的影响

通过稻田共生的田间试验,利用水生动物取样的方法,对稻鸭共生中稻田水生动物的种类及数量进行定性定量分析。结果表明:各类水生动物的种类数与水的动静有关,放鸭越多,种类数越少,水源区最少,为15种;且稻田水生动物种类出现频次的分布符合C.R aunk iaer频度定律。各类水生动物的数目和生物量均按水源区、对照区、少鸭区、多鸭区的顺序下降。用M arga lef多样性指数公式计算各处理的多样性指数,以对照稻田的多样性指数2.15为最高,水源区和放鸭的稻田均不高,放鸭越多,多样性指数越低。     

Signs of Anger: Representation of Agonistic Behaviour in Invertebrate Cognition

In this essay I shall examine the representation of aggression and its issues in the model animal, the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The Fruit Fly is the model animal for genetics and more recently neuroscience. On the basis of its behaviour conclusions are being drawn that will help in the development of new treatments for clinical entities like aggression and anxiety disorders—the author questions those findings and asks whether more should be done to focus on the actual biology and behaviour—the Umwelt, instead of trying to bridge the gulf between invertebrate and human behaviours.     

水生动物碳氮稳定同位素富集系数的整合分析

同位素富集系数即动物组织与其食物之间同位素丰度（δ）的差异值(Δ),是稳定性同位素技术应用于生态系统营养关系、食性和食物网研究的重要参数.不同生境条件下和不同物种之间的富集系数通常被认为是相对稳定的,但越来越多的研究发现,富集系数在不同类型动物之间存在明显差异而不是一个恒定值,尽管这一差异范围仍不清楚.本文进行了3种不同权重设置方式的整合分析,综述并比较了4类水生动物(硬骨鱼类、甲壳类、爬行类、软体动物)的碳氮稳定同位素富集系数.在Web of Science和CNKI数据库上搜索2014年底之前发表的论文,获得了42篇包含140个Δ¹³C的研究结果和159个Δ¹⁵N的研究结果.使用3种不同的加权方式进行3次独立整合分析,3种加权方式分别是以方差倒数作为权重、以样本量作为权重和相等权重.结果表明,整合分析统计结果十分稳健,不同权重设置的分析结果差异很小.水生动物碳稳定同位素富集系数(Δ^13C)总体平均值为1.0‰,其中,硬骨鱼类1.0‰,甲壳类1.3‰,爬行类0.5‰,软体动物1.5‰;氮稳定同位素富集系数(Δ¹⁵N)总体平均值为2.6‰,其中,硬骨鱼类2.4‰,甲壳类3.6‰,爬行类1.0‰,软体动物2.5‰.统计分析表明,硬骨鱼类、甲壳类、爬行类、软体动物之间的Δ¹³C没有显著差异,而Δ¹⁵N存在显著差异.因此,应用稳定性同位素技术研究水生动物营养关系、食性和食物网中碳富集系数可以选择总体平均值,而氮富集系数则应根据不同水生动物类型选取相应的系数值.     

微囊藻毒素对水环境的影响研究进展

微囊藻毒素是富营养化淡水水体中最常见的藻类毒素,是湖泊蓝藻产生的一类肽类毒素,它的产生受到藻类的遗传和环境因素的共同影响。由于其毒性大,分布广,结构稳定,从而成为水环境中的潜在危害物质。有关微囊藻毒素性质、毒理毒性、在环境中的迁移、转化以及控制预防已成为关注热点。在总结国内外研究的基础上,综述了微囊藻毒素的性质、产生机理以及其与水环境、水生生物(水生植物、鱼类、无脊椎动物)间的相互作用,讨论了微囊藻毒素对水生生物的影响以及水生生物对微囊藻毒素的降解作用,为水体中微囊藻毒素的防治提供科学的依据。