靶向M细胞的抗原递送¾¾增强黏膜免疫应答的关键策略

黏膜是阻止病原入侵的第一道防线,黏膜免疫系统在抵抗感染方面起着至关重要的作用。通过黏膜途径接种疫苗可以同时诱导黏膜和全身免疫反应,因此,理论上针对黏膜的免疫策略是最合理和有效的。但黏膜免疫系统的复杂性和屏障作用造成抗原诱导的免疫应答水平低下,制约了黏膜疫苗的发展。M细胞(Microfoldcells)是黏膜免疫系统所独有的,其具有捕获腔内抗原和启动抗原特异性免疫应答的功能。M细胞摄取抗原的多少直接关系到黏膜疫苗的免疫效力,而利用M细胞配体可将抗原靶向递呈给M细胞,从而实现高效的黏膜免疫应答。靶向M细胞的抗原递送策略及其应用可以提高黏膜免疫应答水平,促进黏膜疫苗的研制。尽管如此,要成功研制安全高效的黏膜疫苗,今后依然有漫长的路要走,这可能有赖于进一步探究M细胞的特性和功能及黏膜免疫机制。     

流感疫苗呼吸道黏膜免疫效应的研究进展

流感病毒通过感染呼吸道黏膜上皮细胞而入侵机体,呼吸道黏膜是机体最先接触大量病毒、细菌等吸入抗原的部位。呼吸道黏膜既可以在黏膜局部又可以引起全身对病原体感染的保护性免疫应答。近年来,随着呼吸道黏膜免疫疫苗的发展,诱导呼吸道黏膜的防御机制得到进一步深入研究。黏膜免疫分子、细胞在其中的作用逐步明确,又为黏膜免疫疫苗的发展奠定了基础。本文将从呼吸道黏膜免疫角度论述流感病毒呼吸道免疫防御机制及其滴鼻疫苗的应用。     

黏膜免疫:结核疫苗免疫的新途径

结核分枝杆菌主要是通过呼吸道传播,而机体的呼吸道黏膜免疫又是抵御从黏膜途径入侵的外来物质的第一道防线。因此,诱导有效的黏膜免疫应答对结核分枝杆菌感染的预防和治疗性疫苗的研制具有重要的价值。     

黏膜免疫与结核疫苗研发CSCD

结核病是全球重要的传染性疾病之一,在全球范围内保持着较高的发病率和死亡率。卡介苗是目前临床上唯一应用的结核疫苗,虽然对儿童有较好的保护作用,但对成人的免疫保护效果并不明显。研发新的结核疫苗对于结核病的防控具有重要的意义。由于结核病的致病菌结核分枝杆菌主要通过呼吸道传播,机体的黏膜成为抵御结核分枝杆菌的第一道防线。设计稳定高效的抗结核黏膜免疫疫苗是目前结核疫苗研究的新方向之一。选择合适的黏膜免疫途径、佐剂及抗原递送系统是黏膜疫苗研发成功的关键。本文对抗结核分枝杆菌的黏膜免疫应答作简短的概述,并重点阐明黏膜免疫在结核疫苗研发中的研究进展。     

黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展

佐剂对于增强疫苗的免疫效果以及改变免疫应答类型发挥着非常重要的作用。然而,在人用疫苗中可使用的佐剂数量有限,尤其是有效的黏膜免疫佐剂缺乏。黏膜免疫佐剂能有效提高抗原的免疫原性,减少抗原用量或免疫接种次数,促进抗原提呈细胞的提呈作用,从而增强特异性免疫应答;但黏膜免疫佐剂安全性、有效性、免疫效力仍未达到理想的效果,需进一步深入研究。就目前常用的几种黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展作一综述。     

活菌疫苗载体的研究与应用

目前在疫苗研究中,要求新型疫苗不仅能够激发高效持久的免疫应答,而且应易于接种、生产费用低。减毒或无毒的活微生物作为疫苗载体能够激起持久的系统和黏膜免疫反应,批量制备成本较低,且具有良好的安全性,近年来已成为疫苗研究领域的热点。本文综述了几种活菌疫苗载体,包括沙门氏菌、卡介苗、耶尔森菌等的研究状况及其在疫苗载体方面的应用。     

人类口服病毒疫苗的研究进展

研制能同时诱导有效黏膜免疫和系统免疫的疫苗是预防黏膜感染病原体的理想目标。消化道具有许多产生黏膜免疫的位点,包括口腔、胃和小肠等。理想的口服病毒疫苗不仅能诱导较好的局部及远端黏膜免疫,也能产生较好的系统免疫,而且还因为具有无痛接种、可自行服用等优势而备受关注。由于人消化道环境及黏膜免疫的复杂性,目前成功上市的人口服病毒疫苗仅限于3种减毒活疫苗。本文将从消化道黏膜免疫的特点、当前口服病毒疫苗种类及研究现状、口服病毒疫苗所面临的挑战等方面进行综述,期望对我国人口服病毒疫苗的研究和开发提供参考和借鉴。     

流感新型黏膜疫苗的研究

目的评价PorA、PorB和Class4对流感裂解疫苗的免疫增强作用,从中挑选出最有效的流感黏膜佐剂,为发展流感黏膜疫苗提供理论基础。方法流感三价裂解抗原按比例与PorA、PorB和Class4非共价结合,滴鼻免疫Balb／c小鼠3次,采取间接ELISA检测血清特异性IgG抗体及抗体亚型,检测鼻咽、肺、小肠和阴道冲洗液中IgA效价,采用血凝抑制试验检测血清中HAI效价。结果PorB重组蛋白佐剂组较无佐剂的流感裂解抗原组在提高小鼠早期免疫应答的同时诱导较强的系统免疫应答和黏膜免疫应答;PorA组也有黏膜佐剂的功能,但和无佐剂的流感裂解抗原组相比,差异无统计学意义。结论在蛋白体的三分子中,以PorB为佐剂的流感黏膜疫苗不仅提高了抗原的系统免疫应答,而且诱导了较强的小鼠呼吸道、生殖道的局部黏膜免疫应答,为流感黏膜疫苗的研制奠定了理论基础。     

乳酸乳球菌作为黏膜免疫活载体疫苗传递抗原的研究进展

乳酸菌是人和动物肠道内的常见细菌,被公认为安全级(generally recognized as safe,GRAS)微生物。近年来,对于乳酸菌作为宿主菌表达外源蛋白或抗原的研究取得了一定进展。乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)是乳酸菌的代表菌种,以其生长迅速、易于操作等优点成为表达外源抗原,作为黏膜免疫活载体疫苗的理想菌株。随着对乳酸乳球菌基因工程的研究逐渐深入,已发展了一系列组成型和诱导型乳酸乳球菌表达系统以及蛋白定位系统。破伤风毒素片段C、布氏杆菌L7/L12蛋白等多种病原微生物抗原已成功在乳酸乳球菌中表达,并已证明部分重组乳酸乳球菌作为黏膜免疫疫苗可以同时刺激局部黏膜免疫应答和系统免疫应答。目前,如何使活载体乳酸乳球菌以最佳方式向黏膜免疫系统提呈抗原继而诱导有效免疫反应是该领域的研究热点,也是巨大挑战。实现外源抗原在乳酸乳球菌中的准确定位及与细胞因子的共表达是未来研究的重要方向之一。乳酸乳球菌作为黏膜免疫活载体疫苗传递外源抗原具有广阔的应用前景。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒黏膜疫苗

在以往的20年间,有关发展艾滋病疫苗的研究曾经进行了大量的工作,但进展不大,通常诱生基于抗包膜抗体的疫苗效果并不理想。目前一般认为,细胞免疫应答,特别是CD8细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)／抑制细胞和CD4辅助性T淋巴细胞在人类免疫缺陷病毒的控制上是必需的。因此能诱生细胞免疫应答的疫苗在控制人类免疫缺陷病毒的播散上至关重要。本文阐述了有关黏膜疫苗的理论、艾滋病黏膜疫苗的种类以及经口免疫耐受性问题,并提出艾滋病应当视为一种自身免疫病。故抗炎症或免疫抑制药物应用似有其可取之处。     

Mucosal immunity and vaccination

Abstract The gut mucosal immune system is a critical component of the body's defense against pathogenic organisms, especially those responsible for enteric infections associated with diarrhoeal disease. Attempts to vaccinate against infections of mucosal tissues have been less successful than vaccination against systematic infections, to a large extent reflecting a still incomplete knowledge about the most efficient means for inducing protective local immune responses at these sites. Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominating immunoglobulin along mucosal surfaces, and SIgA antibodies generated in gastrointestinal, respiratory or genito-urinary mucosal tissues can confer protection against infections affecting or originating in these sites. An efficacious intestinal SIgA immunity-inducing oral vaccine against cholera has been developed recently, and development of oral vaccines against other enteric infections such as those caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella and rotaviruses is in progress as well. Based on the concept of a common mucosal immune system through which activated lymphocytes from the gut can disseminate immunity to other mucosal and glandular tissues, there is currently also much interest in the possibility of developing oral vaccines against infections in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. However, the large and repeated antigen doses often required to achieve a protective immune response still makes this vaccination approach impractical for many purified antigens. There is, therefore, a great need to develop strategies for enhancing delivery of antigen to the mucosal immune system as well as to identify mucosa-active immunostimulating agents (adjuvants). These and other aspects of mucosal immunity in relation to immunization and vaccine development are discussed in this short review article.     

Innate endogenous adjuvants prime to desirable immune responses via mucosal routes

Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious or immune related diseases, which has made remarkable contribution in human history. Recently increasing attentions have been paid to mucosal vaccination due to its multiple advantages over conventional ways. Subunit or peptide antigens are more reasonable immunogens for mucosal vaccination than live or attenuated pathogens, however adjuvants are required to augment the immune responses. Many mucosal adjuvants have been developed to prime desirable immune responses to different etiologies. Compared with pathogen derived adjuvants, innate endogenous molecules incorporated into mucosal vaccines demonstrate prominent adjuvanticity and safety. Nowadays, cytokines are broadly used as mucosal adjuvants for participation of signal transduction of immune responses, activation of innate immunity and polarization of adaptive immunity. Desired immune responses are promptly and efficaciously primed on basis of specific interactions between cytokines and corresponding receptors. In addition, some other innate molecules are also identified as potent mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on innate endogenous mucosal adjuvants, hoping to shed light on the development of mucosal vaccines.     

黏膜抗体在疫苗免疫效力评价中的前景

简单介绍目前疫苗效力检验的方法、黏膜抗体的功能及其在实验室疫苗效果效力评价中的应用,提出了黏膜抗体作为疫苗免疫效力试验的替代指标或免疫监测的主要抗体的建议。     

Recent findings on the structure and function of teleost IgT

As key effector molecules of jawed vertebrate’s adaptive immune system, immunoglobulins are produced by B lymphocytes, either as a secretory form (antibody) or as a membrane form (B cell receptor). Until recently, teleost fish B cells were thought to express only two classes of immunoglobulins, IgM and IgD. In addition, IgM in these species was thought to be the only immunoglobulin isotype responding to pathogens both in systemic or mucosal compartments. However, the unexpected discovery of IgT, a new teleost immunoglobulin unearthed in 2005, has provided for new opportunities to analyze further roles of teleost immunoglobulins in these two physiologically distinct compartments. The smoke about the potential function of IgT has cleared recently with the finding that this immunoglobulin appears to be specialized in gut mucosal immunity. Significantly, the new capability of measuring not only IgM but also IgT responses will greatly facilitate the evaluation and understanding of fish immune responses as well as the protective effects of fish vaccines. The purpose of this review is to summarize the molecular characterization of new IgT orthologs and subtypes in teleosts, as well as to describe the new findings concerning the protein structure of IgT, the B cells producing it, and its role in mucosal immunity.     

细菌性肠道传染病疫苗血清学评价研究进展

对于痢疾、伤寒、副伤寒和霍乱等肠道致病菌引起的肠道传染性疾病,其感染途径相同,感染机制相似,均能诱发肠道局部黏膜免疫反应。预防上述几种传染性疾病的疫苗,传统的评价方法是分析其肠黏膜分泌型IgA抗体水平。随着对上述几种肠道传染性疾病免疫学机制以及对感染者血清抗体水平与其肠黏膜抗体水平之间关系的深入研究,评价疫苗效力的方法逐渐改为测定血清抗体。对上述几种传染性疾病的感染机制以及血清学评价方法进行了综述。     

植物口服疫苗的动物和临床实验*

利用转基因植物生产亚单位疫苗用于口服主动免疫具有安全、廉价和方便等优点。植物可以正确地表达细菌和病毒抗原基因,对动物及人类的临床实验研究表明：食用表达某种抗原的转基因植物可在实验动物或人群体内激起系统免疫和粘膜免疫,产生相应的特异性抗体,这些结果表明了植物口服疫苗的可行性。此外,在治疗自身免疫疾病以及癌症等方面,植物口服疫苗也具有值得关注的作用。     

Modulation of immune responses following antigen administration by mucosal route

Most microbial infections are either restricted to the mucosal membranes or the etiologic agents needed to transit the mucosa. Thus, it is desirable to stimulate a mucosal response following vaccination, to block both infection and disease development. Attenuated vaccine carriers mimic natural infections, triggering also mucosal responses. Similar results can be achieved by administering antigens with appropriate adjuvants. However, the delivery of antigens per se is not sufficient to engender a protective response. A successful immunization requires the elicitation of an appropriate type of immune response (e.g. antibodies vs. cell-mediated immunity, Th1 vs. Th2 helper pattern). Therefore, a successful vaccination strategy demands the choice of adequate antigens, and their appropriate delivery and/or formulation to promote the required quality of immune response. Different strategies to optimize the immune responses elicited following vaccine administration by the mucosal route are discussed.     

新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗免疫效果的研究

鸡新城疫是由新城疫病毒引起的鸡的一种急性、烈性、高度接触性传染病,是危害养禽业的最严重疫病之一。控制新城疫最根本的措施是进行有效的疫苗接种,目前常用的疫苗是弱毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗,但二者在实际应用中均存在一定的局限性。口服微球疫苗可以诱导较强的粘膜免疫;同时还能够诱导产生系统的体液免疫和细胞免疫,已成为ND疫苗研究的热点。以壳聚糖为囊材,新城疫La Sota抗原液为芯材,戊二醛为交联剂,制备出新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗,通过了实验室安全检验和效力检验。将新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗与LaSota活疫苗和新城疫油乳剂灭活苗分别免疫SPF鸡,利用MTT、血凝抑制法(HI)和ELISA等分别检测不同疫苗免疫后的细胞免疫、体液免疫和粘膜免疫抗体IgA,并在当免疫鸡HI抗体降到23的情况下进行了攻毒试验。结果表明,新城疫壳聚糖微球疫苗安全性好,免疫后可刺激机体产生较强的细胞免疫、体液免疫和局粘膜免疫,具有较好的保护作用。     

The immune response of two microbial antigens delivered intradermally,sublingually, or the combination thereof

A key consideration to produce a successful vaccine is the choice of appropriate vaccination route. Though most vaccines are administered parenterally, this route is not effective in producing a robust mucosal or cell-mediated response. Intradermal and sublingual vaccinations have been explored recently as potential needle-free immunization strategies. We explored intradermal and sublingual routes as well as the combination of the two routes in eliciting both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Mice were immunized intradermally or sublingually with dmLT, a mutant of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin. A systemic IgG response is dominant in intradermal immunization while a mucosal IgA response is dominant in sublingual immunization. When routes were combined, a synergistic response was seen with high titers of anti-dmLT IgG and IgA. IpaB/IpaD antigens of Shigella flexneri type III secretion system, were admixed with dmLT as adjuvant and administered by each route alone or in combination. Again, the intradermal route elicited a systemic response while the sublingual route elicited a mucosal response. When combined, the routes produced a robust synergistic response to both antigens that exhibited a balanced Th1/Th2 response. These results provide a new potential needle-free immunization strategy that will benefit low income countries and increase compliance in industrial countries.