黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展

佐剂对于增强疫苗的免疫效果以及改变免疫应答类型发挥着非常重要的作用。然而,在人用疫苗中可使用的佐剂数量有限,尤其是有效的黏膜免疫佐剂缺乏。黏膜免疫佐剂能有效提高抗原的免疫原性,减少抗原用量或免疫接种次数,促进抗原提呈细胞的提呈作用,从而增强特异性免疫应答;但黏膜免疫佐剂安全性、有效性、免疫效力仍未达到理想的效果,需进一步深入研究。就目前常用的几种黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展作一综述。     

黏膜免疫与结核疫苗研发CSCD

结核病是全球重要的传染性疾病之一,在全球范围内保持着较高的发病率和死亡率。卡介苗是目前临床上唯一应用的结核疫苗,虽然对儿童有较好的保护作用,但对成人的免疫保护效果并不明显。研发新的结核疫苗对于结核病的防控具有重要的意义。由于结核病的致病菌结核分枝杆菌主要通过呼吸道传播,机体的黏膜成为抵御结核分枝杆菌的第一道防线。设计稳定高效的抗结核黏膜免疫疫苗是目前结核疫苗研究的新方向之一。选择合适的黏膜免疫途径、佐剂及抗原递送系统是黏膜疫苗研发成功的关键。本文对抗结核分枝杆菌的黏膜免疫应答作简短的概述,并重点阐明黏膜免疫在结核疫苗研发中的研究进展。     

流感疫苗呼吸道黏膜免疫效应的研究进展

流感病毒通过感染呼吸道黏膜上皮细胞而入侵机体,呼吸道黏膜是机体最先接触大量病毒、细菌等吸入抗原的部位。呼吸道黏膜既可以在黏膜局部又可以引起全身对病原体感染的保护性免疫应答。近年来,随着呼吸道黏膜免疫疫苗的发展,诱导呼吸道黏膜的防御机制得到进一步深入研究。黏膜免疫分子、细胞在其中的作用逐步明确,又为黏膜免疫疫苗的发展奠定了基础。本文将从呼吸道黏膜免疫角度论述流感病毒呼吸道免疫防御机制及其滴鼻疫苗的应用。     

黏膜免疫佐剂研究进展

免疫佐剂是加入疫苗制剂后能促进、延长或增强对疫苗抗原特异性免疫应答的物质。好的免疫佐剂可使少量的抗原诱导机体产生早期、高效和持久的免疫应答。本文主要就近几年国内外对黏膜免疫佐剂种类(主要包括细菌性物质、各种细胞因子、某些无机成分、可增强抗原呈递的相关载体)及作用机理的研究近况作一综述。     

吸入免疫研究进展

吸入能有效地诱导粘膜局部免疫和系统免疫应答,比其它途径更方便,更安全,成为当今免疫学研究的重点方向之一。本介绍了吸入免疫的基本情况、提高其效果的措施,以及吸入免疫的优缺点等应用方面的研究进展。     

重组腺病毒载体疫苗黏膜免疫机制与途径研究

腺病毒作为载体具有许多优点,因此被广泛地应用于体外基因转导、体内接种疫苗和基因治疗等领域。近年来,国内外学者已经构建了表达不同抗原的腺病毒载体,如人(猿)免疫缺陷病毒Gag,pol,Nef,Env,狂犬病毒糖蛋白,登革热病毒包膜蛋白,乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原,丙型肝炎病毒E1、E2、core、NS3,麻疹病毒核衣壳、凝血素,呼吸道合胞病毒糖蛋白,2型单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白B、炭疽杆菌保护性抗原等。其中有不少载体疫苗通过黏膜免疫接种,诱导机体产生具有保护作用的免疫反应。本文就重组腺病毒载体疫苗黏膜免疫机制和黏膜免疫途径的研究作一回顾。     

DNA疫苗的黏膜免疫

DNA做为一种新型的疫苗在免疫人和动物后可以引起强烈的体液免疫和细胞免疫.目前大多数DNA疫苗都是通过肌肉注射和基因枪肠道外途径免疫.然而通过黏膜途径免疫机体也可以得到有效的保护.现主要就DNA疫苗的黏膜免疫进展作一综述.     

黏膜免疫:结核疫苗免疫的新途径

结核分枝杆菌主要是通过呼吸道传播,而机体的呼吸道黏膜免疫又是抵御从黏膜途径入侵的外来物质的第一道防线。因此,诱导有效的黏膜免疫应答对结核分枝杆菌感染的预防和治疗性疫苗的研制具有重要的价值。     

不同黏膜佐剂对猪丁型冠状病毒诱导小鼠免疫应答的影响

【目的】旨在为猪丁型冠状病毒(porcine deltacoronavirus,PDCoV)灭活疫苗黏膜免疫筛选理想佐剂,降低疫苗副作用。利用小鼠模型评价不同佐剂制备的PDCoV灭活疫苗对体液免疫、细胞免疫和黏膜免疫应答的影响。【方法】将甘露聚糖肽(PA)、CpGODN2395、单磷酰脂质A(MPLA)佐剂分别与IMS 1313、GEL02佐剂联合制备PDCoV灭活疫苗,经鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠;将ISA201佐剂制备的PDCoV灭活疫苗经皮下免疫BALB/c小鼠,将PDCoV灭活抗原经鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠作为对照,间隔14 d加强免疫一次。用ELISA方法检测小鼠血清、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IL-4、IFN-γ及粪便和BALF中sIgA表达水平;用MTT方法检测疫苗免疫后对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响;观察并记录小鼠免疫后的临床表现,HE染色方法观察免疫小鼠主要器官组织的病理学变化,评价疫苗的安全性。【结果】ISA201组小鼠BALF和血清中的抗体(IgG、IgG1)及IL-4表达水平相对较高,但IgG2a、IFN-γ和粪便中sIgA表达水平...     

佐剂的研究进展

介绍了佐剂的起源、分类,综述了几种常用佐剂的特点、应用范围、作用机制、优缺点及改进,并论述了佐剂应用机制的最新进展及新佐剂的发展方向。     

Flagellin expressed by live Salmonella vaccine strains induces distinct antibody responses following delivery via systemic or mucosal immunization routes

Salmonella flagellin, expressed as flagella in live attenuated vaccine strains, elicits distinct systemic (IgG) and secreted (IgA) antibody responses in mice following delivery via mucosal (nasal/oral) or parenteral (intraperitoneal (i.p.)) immunization routes. Reduced flagellin-specific antibodies were detected either systemically or locally following delivery of flagellated derivatives of aroA Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin SL1438 via the nasal route, the most effective mucosal site for activation of immune responses in mice. In contrast, flagellin represents the most potent Salmonella antigen for the generation of specific serum antibody (IgG) responses following i.p. inoculations. The distinct immunogenic properties of Salmonella flagellin could not be ascribed to deficient colonization, reduced invasive ability or loss of the flagellin expression by the flagellated vaccine strains.     

滴鼻免疫有效的诱导粘膜及系统免疫反应

为了探讨粘膜疫苗滴鼻免疫对小鼠不同粘膜部位和系统免疫部位的影响,将BALB/c小鼠随机分为三组,每组15只,FSM-2117或FS-5416 4×107cfu/只经滴鼻途径免疫小鼠,间隔两周,4次免后7天活杀,收集鼻咽、肺、肠、生殖道冲洗液和血清,ELISA法检测其中特异性抗福氏、宋内氏LPSIg和AIgG;分离NALT、鼻通道、脾、小肠PP淋巴细胞,细胞中加入全菌破碎抗原共培养,于不同时间取出细胞,提取RNA做RT-PCR.两株菌苗经鼻内免疫均诱发了鼻咽、肺、胃肠道和生殖道等不同粘膜部位及血清中特异性抗福氏、宋内氏LPSIgA、IgG的显著增加(P＜0.01);免疫动物的NALT、NP、PP结淋巴细胞在体外经抗原刺激后均在不同时间出现IFN-γ和IL-4mRNA的表达,而TGF-β mRNA的表达在免疫前后无明显变化.疫苗经鼻粘膜免疫可诱导不同粘膜部位及系统免疫反应的发生,鼻粘膜是一个安全有效的免疫途径.     

Modulation of immune responses following antigen administration by mucosal route

Most microbial infections are either restricted to the mucosal membranes or the etiologic agents needed to transit the mucosa. Thus, it is desirable to stimulate a mucosal response following vaccination, to block both infection and disease development. Attenuated vaccine carriers mimic natural infections, triggering also mucosal responses. Similar results can be achieved by administering antigens with appropriate adjuvants. However, the delivery of antigens per se is not sufficient to engender a protective response. A successful immunization requires the elicitation of an appropriate type of immune response (e.g. antibodies vs. cell-mediated immunity, Th1 vs. Th2 helper pattern). Therefore, a successful vaccination strategy demands the choice of adequate antigens, and their appropriate delivery and/or formulation to promote the required quality of immune response. Different strategies to optimize the immune responses elicited following vaccine administration by the mucosal route are discussed.     

Commensal Streptococcus mitis is a unique vector for oral mucosal vaccination

The development of vaccine approaches that induce mucosal and systemic immune responses is critical for the effective prevention of several infections. Here, we report on the use of the abundant human oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus mitis as a delivery vehicle for mucosal immunization. Using homologous recombination we generated a stable rS. mitis expressing a Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein (Ag85b). Oral administration of rS. mitis in gnotobiotic piglets resulted in efficient oral colonization and production of oral and systemic anti-Ag85b specific IgA and IgG antibodies. These results support that the commensal S. mitis is potentially a useful vector for mucosal vaccination.     

Vaccines, coming of age after 200 years

An overview on the short, only 200 years, past history and future expectations in the field of vaccines is presented. The focus is on development trends and potential rather than individual vaccines. While the first vaccines were a result of keen observation, the further development has been tightly dependent on the development of microbiology to provide both the knowledge basis and the technology for new vaccines for new purposes. The post-genomic era just starting therefore promises an exponential increase of vaccine research and new vaccines, both improved vaccines with a greater efficacy and less adverse effects to replace old ones and vaccines for prevention of diseases for which no vaccines exist. Furthermore, fully new applications to prevention or treatment of chronic diseases not traditionally associated with infections are expected.     

流感新型黏膜疫苗的研究

目的评价PorA、PorB和Class4对流感裂解疫苗的免疫增强作用,从中挑选出最有效的流感黏膜佐剂,为发展流感黏膜疫苗提供理论基础。方法流感三价裂解抗原按比例与PorA、PorB和Class4非共价结合,滴鼻免疫Balb／c小鼠3次,采取间接ELISA检测血清特异性IgG抗体及抗体亚型,检测鼻咽、肺、小肠和阴道冲洗液中IgA效价,采用血凝抑制试验检测血清中HAI效价。结果PorB重组蛋白佐剂组较无佐剂的流感裂解抗原组在提高小鼠早期免疫应答的同时诱导较强的系统免疫应答和黏膜免疫应答;PorA组也有黏膜佐剂的功能,但和无佐剂的流感裂解抗原组相比,差异无统计学意义。结论在蛋白体的三分子中,以PorB为佐剂的流感黏膜疫苗不仅提高了抗原的系统免疫应答,而且诱导了较强的小鼠呼吸道、生殖道的局部黏膜免疫应答,为流感黏膜疫苗的研制奠定了理论基础。     

Evaluation of a Liposome-Supplemented Intranasal Influenza Subunit Vaccine in a Murine Model System: Induction of Systemic and Local Mucosal Immunity

Abstract

This study reports on the mucosal immunoadjuvant activity of liposomes in an experimental influenza subunit vaccine administered intranasally (i.n.) to mice. Antibody responses induced by the i.n. liposomal vaccine were compared to those induced by an influenza infection or by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of subunit antigen alone, the conventional route of human flu vaccination. Negatively charged liposomes, but not positively charged or zwitter-ionic liposomes, coadministered i.n. with influenza subunit antigen, significantly stimulated systemic IgG levels and local antibody responses in pulmonary secretions, relative to the responses upon i.n. administration of subunit antigen alone. I.n. immunization with liposome-supplemented subunit antigen as well as s.c. immunization with subunit antigen alone or infection induced high levels of IgG antibodies in serum and pulmonary secretions, with a preferential induction of IgGl upon immunization and IgG2a upon infection. Both i.n. immunization with liposome-supplemented antigen and infection, but not s.c. immunization with subunit antigen alone, induced local secretion of S-IgA. At the same time, both IgA-and IgG-secreting cells appeared in (he lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes, suggestive of local antibody production. In conclusion, the liposomal adjuvant system, combined with a mucosal administration protocol, provides a promising strategy for induction of both systemic and local antibody responses against influenza virus.     

Recent advances in the generation of human monoclonal antibody

The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has now gained a niche as an epochal breakthrough in medicine. Engineered antibodies (Abs) currently account for over 30% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical trials. Several methods to generate human mAbs have evolved, such as (1) immortalization of antigen-specific human B cell hybridoma technology, (2) generation of chimeric and humanized antibody (Ab) from mouse Ab by genetic engineering, (3) acquisition of antigen-specific human B cells by the phage display method, and (4) development of transgenic mice for producing human mAbs. Besides these technologies, we have independently developed a method to generate human mAbs by combining the method of in vitro immunization using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the phage display method. In this paper, we review the developments in these technologies for generating human mAbs.     

Intranasal immunization with recombinant toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin B subunit protects rabbits against Vibrio cholerae O1 challenge

Intranasal immunization, a noninvasive method of vaccination, has been found to be effective in inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses. The present study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of intranasal immunization in inducing mucosal immunity in experimental cholera by subunit recombinant protein vaccines from Vibrio cholerae O1. The structural genes encoding toxin-coregulated pilus A (TcpA) and B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB) from V. cholerae O1 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli . Rabbits were immunized intranasally with purified TcpA and CtxB alone or a mixture of TcpA and CtxB. Immunization with TcpA and CtxB alone conferred, respectively, 41.1% and 70.5% protection against V. cholerae challenge, whereas immunization with a mixture of both antigens conferred complete (100%) protection, as assayed in the rabbit ileal loop model. Serum titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to TcpA and CtxB, and anti-TcpA- and anti-CtxB-specific sIgA in intestinal lavage of vaccinated animals were found to be significantly elevated compared with unimmunized controls. Vibriocidal antibodies were detected at remarkable levels in rabbits receiving TcpA antigen and their titers correlated with protection. Thus, mucosal codelivery of pertinent cholera toxoids provides enhanced protection against experimental cholera.