甘蔗组织培养中染色体数目变异的初步研究

本文通过甘蔗桂糖11号组培腋芽苗与其原种的染色体数目的比较,研究了腋芽苗染色体数目的变化情况。发现腋芽苗82％的细胞的染色体数目仍在其原种染色体数目变异的高峰之内。     

构建基于荧光多重cPCR的小鼠基因拷贝数检测方法

目的建立基于竞争性聚合酶链式反应(competitive polymerase chain reaction,cPCR)小鼠基因拷贝数变异(copy number variations,CNVs)的检测方法,用于检测野生小家鼠来源一号染色体替换系群体(population of specific chromosome 1 substitution strains,PCSSs)的CNVs。方法选取小鼠一号染色体上11个CNVs位点,及7、9和X染色体上各1个内对照位点,分别构建克隆质粒为竞争性粒模板,应用cPCR技术,建立荧光通用引物多重cPCR检测方法。结果多重cPCR方案适用于小鼠一号染色体上11个CNV位点的拷贝数检测,且能准确检测X染色体的拷贝数。结论实现小鼠快速、高通量的CNVs检测,可准确检测小鼠1号染色体中11个CNV位点的拷贝数变异。     

用FISH技术研究人类体外未受精卵的21号染色体非整倍体

采用荧光原位杂交技术,选用人类21号染色体端粒探针（21qter）,检测人类体外未受精卵的21号染色体非整倍体发生率,并比较非整倍体率与25－30岁和31－35岁这两个女性年龄组、IVF指征、超排方案之间的关系,在54个未受精卵中,正常21号单体30枚,二体16枚,三体4枚,缺体4枚,非整倍体率为44.4％（24／54）;25－30岁和31－35岁这两个年龄组、IVF指征、超排方案的患者的21号染色体非整倍体率之间的差异无显著性,卵母细胞21号染色体的非整倍性是造成体外受精失败的重要原因之一。     

人类21号染色体与疾病

21号染色体是人类染色体中最小的常染色体,由日本等13个国家的研究单位组成的国际基因组已完成了21号染色体的DNA序列分析,其99．7％的序列已被测定。21号染色体长臂（21q)DNA,由33546361bp组成,其中只剩下3个小的克隆裂隙和7个序列裂隙（约100kb)尚未确定,在21q,q的近着丝粒处有21q远,近区域存在很多重复序列。21号染色体有39个断裂点,原因是由于21号染色体与其他染色体发生相互易位、21号染色体内重排或受到辐射所致。人类21号染色体上的特异基因与小鼠16、17及10号染色体上的某些基因互为同质异构基因,显示了基因组在进化过程中的变异性和保守性,21号染色体基因密度较小,含有127个已知基因,98个预报基因和59个假基因,21号染色体与Down′s综合征,某些单基因遗传紊乱,某些复杂疾病（双相情感障碍、家族性复合高血脂症）、实体瘤及白血病的发生有关。     

三酶焦测序体系的建立及其在唐氏综合征快速诊断中的应用

为了避免四酶焦测序体系中由于三磷酸腺苷双磷酸酶(apyrase)造成的测序结果偏差, 文章建立了一种定量性能好的无三磷酸腺苷双磷酸酶的三酶焦测序体系。方法是将生物素修饰的DNA模板、荧光素酶和ATP硫酸化酶固定在磁性微球表面进行焦测序反应, 当加入一种dNTP进行焦测序反应完后, 采用磁性分离技术, 除去焦测序反应产生的ATP和剩余的dNTP, 然后加入另一种dNTP进行测序, 按同样的方法去除影响下一轮测序反应的成分, 实现循环测序。此体系能准确判读待测DNA的碱基序列, 且可定量测定单核苷酸序列多态性(SNP)中两种等位基因型的相对比值。文章成功检测了16例正常人和8例唐氏综合征患者样本中21号染色体上两个杂合率较高位点(rs1042917和 rs4818219)的等位基因型比值, 所得结果能够明确说明待测样本中来自于父方和母方的21号染色体数目是否相等。该法具有良好的定量性能, 适合于SNP等位基因型的定量分析, 可以用于唐氏综合征的快速检测。     

无精和严重少精症患者的遗传缺陷分析——-附2例世界首报染色体异常核型

对217例无精和严重少精症患者外周血淋巴细胞染色体核型进行分析,并采用聚合酶链反应对7例Y染色体结构异常患者的AZFc区进行检测。发现187例无精症患者中检出异常核型77例（41.18%）（其中46,XY,t(6;14)(p21;p13),46,XY,t(8;12)(p21;q24)为世界首报核型）,主要涉及染色体异常（数目异常和结构异常）;染色体异态（Y染色体异态和9号染色体臂间倒位）及46,XX性反转;30例严重少精症患者中检出异常核型4例（13.33%）（结构异常和46,XX性反转）。由此可见,性染色体数目和结构异常是精子发生障碍的主要原因,其次常染色体的某些断裂点也可能影响精子发生。AZFc区的缺失与否与精子发生也有直接关系。     

染色体特异DNA文库的构建与鉴定

为构建人类21号染色体特异DNA文库, 以应用于人类遗传疾病的鉴定和研究, 文章采用循环温度梯度法溶解释放微分离的人外周血细胞21号染色体DNA, 将其进行简并寡核苷酸引物PCR(Degenerate oligo nucleotide primer-PCR, DOP-PCR)扩增后, 利用100~500 bp和500~2 000 bp分段回收纯化的两种不同片段大小的DOP-PCR产物构建染色体特异DNA文库, 并分别采用荧光原位杂交(Florescence in situ hybridization, FISH)和斑点杂交对DOP-PCR产物的来源和随机取样的文库克隆进行检测以评估所构建DNA文库的特异性。结果表明: 循环温度梯度法能有效溶解释放微分离的21号染色体DNA; 通过对DOP-PCR产物的分段回收纯化和克隆, 增加了大片段DNA的连接效率; 利用FISH技术和斑点杂交双重鉴定实验证明了文库的特异性, 从而构建了21号染色体特异的DNA文库, 并建立了构建染色体特异DNA文库及检测其特异性的方法, 为21号染色相关遗传疾病的鉴定和研究奠定了基础。     

用三色荧光原位杂交(Three-Color FISH)检测小鼠精子中染色体数目异常的研究

用小鼠X、Y和8号染色体特异的DNA探针,与经DTT（dithiotreitol）和LIS（lithium-3,5-diiodosalicylicacid）解聚的小鼠附单精子进行三色荧光原位杂交（fluoresceoceinsituhybridization,FISH）,以检测精子中的染色体数目异常,并与MMⅡ染色体分析比较．结果表明精子三色FISH具有以下优点和特点：（1）方法敏感稳定,且简便快速;（2）在每一个体至少分析10000尾精子的基础上计算非整倍体单,因此结果更为准确;（3）能检测多倍体即减数分裂停止的发生率及停止的时期;（4）不仅能测定发生于试数分裂Ⅰ（MI）的染色体分离异常,还能检测发生于减数分裂Ⅱ（MII）的不分离和丢失．并对探针的选用、分析标准的建立以及三色FISH用于精于染色体分析的必要性等进行了讨论．     

单染色体靶向富集方法的建立

靶向富集技术具有良好的均一性、特异性和灵敏性,只需较低的测序覆盖度即可满足后续的分析。该技术被广泛应用于特定位点重测序和染色体构象等研究。为了靶向富集测序文库中特定的染色体DNA片段,本研究以21号染色体为例,采用人胚肝二倍体细胞CCC-HEL-1建立了一种单染色体靶向富集方法。具体步骤如下：（1）首先将人正常核型二倍体细胞同步化到G2/M 期,制备染色体悬液;然后流式分选出21号单染色体。（2）采用多重退火环形扩增技术（MALBAC）对21号染色体DNA进行扩增;用扩增的DNA产物构建文库。（3）利用体外转录合成、生物素标记的RNA探针与文库进行液相杂交,捕获并验证捕获效率。荧光定量PCR检测结果证明,特定的21号染色体呈上百倍的富集,而靶标文库则富集了近60 倍。结果提示,特异单染色体靶向富集方法成功建立。该法不仅可实现任一单染色体的靶向富集,用于单条染色体功能组学研究,而且还可能用于查找特定疾病相关的染色体异常（如DNA突变、异位、重复及倒置等）,具有一定的实用意义。     

染色体畸形变与膀胱癌发生发展的相关性研究

目的：通过荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）结合病理分级,探讨染色体畸形变与膀胱癌发生和发展的关系。方法：采用3、7、9、17号染色体着丝粒探针和9P16区带探针对105例膀胱癌复发患者尿液脱落细胞进行荧光原位杂交．观察膀胱癌复发患者中3、7、9、17号染色体的畸形变情况并分析其与患者临床和病理特征之间的关系。结果：105例膀胱癌复发患者中,3、7、9和17号染色体的非整数倍突变率分别是21．9％、29．5％、12．4％、和36．2％,与患者的性别、年龄无显著相关性（P〉0．05）。仅7号染色体畸变与膀胱癌的病理分级具有显著相关性[（P〈0．05）。结论：7号染色体畸形变与复发膀胱癌的病理分级显著相关。     

引物原位地高辛标记在绒毛细胞中快速检测Y染色体专性序列

本文报道了以人绒毛细胞为材料, 利用人类Y染色体特异片段的一对扩增引物Y~3|和Y~4|以地高辛(Digoxigenin)为标记物, 在玻片上进行细胞内引物原位延伸标记,进而快速检测Y染色体专性序列的实验结果。 Abstract:By using primers that generate DNA segments specific for the human Y chromosome,we have successfully carried out primed in situ Digoxigenin labeling at single-cell level on the glass slides.The extreme speed,simplicity and safey make it possible to be used to detect sex and diagnosis chromosome disorder.     

Nonradioactive in Situ Hybridization with Digoxigenin Labeled DNA Probes

Nonradioactive in situ hybridization techniques are becoming increasingly important tools for rapid analysis of the topological organization of DNA and RNA sequences within cells. Prerequisite for further advances with these techniques are multiple labeling and detection systems for different probes. Here we summarize our results with a recently developed labeling and detection system. The DNA probe for in situ hybridization is modified with digoxigenin-labeled deoxyuridine-triphosphate. Digoxigenin is linked to dUTP via an 11-atom linear spacer (Dig-[11]-dUTP). Labeled DNA probes were hybridized in situ to chromosome preparations. The hybridization signal was detected using digoxigenin-specific antibodies covalently coupled to enzyme markers (alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase) or to fluorescent dyes. Color reactions catalyzed by the enzymes resulted in precipitates located on the chromosomes at the site of probe hybridization. This was verified by hybridizing DNA probes of known chromosomal origin. The signals were analyzed by bright field, reflection contrast and fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that the new technique gives strong signals and can also be used in combination with other systems (e.g., biotin) to detect differently labeled DNA probes on the same metaphase plate.     

Assessment of aneuploidy for chromosomes 8, 9, 13, 16, and 21 in human sperm by using primed in situ labeling technique.

The incidence of aneuploidy was estimated for chromosomes 8, 9, 13, 16, and 21 in mature human spermatozoa by primed in situ (PRINS) labeling technique. This method allows us to perform a chromosome-specific detection by in situ annealing of a centromeric specific primer. A dual color PRINS protocol was adapted to human sperm. The decondensation and the denaturation of sperm nuclei were simultaneously performed by 3-M NaOH treatment. Double labeling of spermatozoa was obtained in <2 h. A total of 96,292 sperm nuclei were analyzed by two independent observers. The estimates of disomy were 0.31% for chromosome 8, 0.28% for chromosome 9, 0.28% for chromosome 13, 0.26% for chromosome 16, and 0.32% for chromosome 21. These homogeneous findings suggest an equal distribution of aneuploidies among autosomal chromosomes in males.     

Single‐copy gene‐based chromosome painting in cucumber and its application for chromosome rearrangement analysis in Cucumis

Chromosome painting based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has played an important role in chromosome identification and research into chromosome rearrangements, diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities and evolution in human and animal species. However, it has not been applied widely in plants due to the large amounts of dispersed repetitive sequences in chromosomes. In the present work, a chromosome painting method for single‐copy gene pools in Cucumis sativus was successfully developed. Gene probes with sizes above 2 kb were detected consistently. A cucumber karyotype was constructed based on FISH using a cocktail containing chromosome‐specific gene probes. This single‐copy gene‐based chromosome painting (ScgCP) technique was performed by PCR amplification, purification, pooling, labeling and hybridization onto chromosome spreads. Gene pools containing sequential genes with an interval less than 300 kb yielded painting patterns on pachytene chromosomes. Seven gene pools corresponding to individual chromosomes unambiguously painted each chromosome pair of C. sativus. Three mis‐aligned regions on chromosome 4 were identified by the painting patterns. A probe pool comprising 133 genes covering the 8 Mb distal end of chromosome 4 was used to evaluate the potential utility of the ScgCP technique for chromosome rearrangement research through cross‐species FISH in the Cucumis genus. Distinct painting patterns of this region were observed in C. sativus, C. melo and C. metuliferus species. A comparative chromosome map of this region was constructed between cucumber and melon. With increasing sequence resources, this ScgCP technique may be applied on any other sequenced species for chromosome painting research.     

GLPp16/CSP17 探针在膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断中的应用

目的:探讨荧光原位杂交技术辅助诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌的可行性。方法:标记为17号染色体着丝粒及9号染色体p16位点9p21区带探针,采用荧光原位杂交技术(Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization FISH)对80例膀胱肿瘤患者尿液间期细胞核进行荧光原位杂交,以20例健康志愿者作为正常对照组,建立阈值。以术后病理结果作为诊断"金标准",对80例膀胱肿瘤患者同时行尿脱落细胞学检查,与FISH进行比较。结果:17号染色体和9p21的畸变率分别为57.5%和63.8%。17号染色体畸变率主要表现为多倍体,与膀胱癌的分级有显著相关性(P<0.01);9号染色体畸变率主要变现为染色体缺失,与膀胱癌分期分级均无相关性(P>0.05)。尿脱落细胞学灵敏度为12.2%,FTSH技术灵敏度为86.5%;两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:荧光原位杂交技术可以作为膀胱尿路上皮癌诊断的一项重要方法,并可能在预后判断中具有重要临床意义。     

Simultaneous detection of X- and Y-bearing human sperm by double fluorescence in situ hybridization

Double fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect sex chromosomes in decondensed human sperm nuclei. Biotinylated X chromosome specific (TRX) and digoxigenin-labeled Y chromosome specific (HRY) probes were simultaneously hybridized to sperm preparations from 12 normal healthy donors. After the hybridization, the probes were detected immuno-cytochemically, using two different and independent affinity systems. Ninety-six percent of the 12,636 sperm showed fluorescent labeling, of which 47.4% were haploid X and 46.8% were haploid Y. A frequency of 0.46% of XX-bearing sperm (0.28% disomic, 0.18% diploid) and 0.38% YY-bearing sperm (0.21% disomic, 0.17% diploid) was found. The overall proportions of X- and Y-bearing sperm in the ejaculates were 47.9% and 47.2%, respectively, which was not significantly different from the expected 50:50 ratio. In addition 0.21% of cells appeared to be haploid XY-bearing sperm, 0.62% were diploid XY-bearing cells, and 0.05% of cells were considered to be tetraploid cells. The application of double FISH to human sperm using X-chro-mosome and Y-chromosome probes has allowed a more accurate assessment of the sex chromosal complements in sperm than single FISH method and quinacrine staining for Y-bodies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Induction of small-segment-translocation between wheat and rye chromosomes

A new approach to produce wheat-rye translocation, based on the genetic instability caused by monosomic addition of rye chromosome in wheat, is described. 1 283 plants from the selfed progenies of monosomic addition lines with single chromosome of inbred rye line R12 and complete chromosome complement of wheat cultivar Mianyang 11 were cytologically analyzed on a plant-by-plant basis by the improved C-banding technique. 63 of the plants, with 2n = 42, were found containing wheat-rye translocation or substitution, with a frequency of 4. 91% . Compared with the wheat parent, other 32 plants with 2n = 42 exhibited obvious phenotypic variation, but their com-ponent of rye chromosome could not be detected using the C-banding technique. In situ hybridization with a biotin-la-beled DNA probe was used to detect rye chromatin and to determine the insertion sites of rye segments in the wheat chromosomes. In 20 out of the 32 variant wheat plants, small segments of rye chromosomes were found being inserted into dif     

应用双色荧光原位杂交技术检测克氏综合征

探讨用双色荧光原位杂交技术（dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization,D-FISH）检测性染色体数目异常克氏综合征的应用价值,建立常规分裂期染色体和间期细胞FISH技术的实验方法。以Biotin标记的X染色体α-卫星DNA（pBamX7）探针和以Digoxigenin标记的Y染色体长臂末端重复序列（pY3.4）探针对19例克氏综合征标本同时进行外周血染色体及其间期细胞核的原位杂交,分别用Avidin-FITC和Rhodamine-FITC及其Anti-avidin进行信号的检测与放大,DAPI复染。于Olympus AX-70型荧光显微镜下,分别通过WIB、WIG及其WU滤光镜观察杂交信号及其染色体或间期核背景,并统计外周血中期染色体及其间期细胞核的杂交信号颗粒数量。在显微镜下可见以Biotin标记的pBamX7探针显示2个绿色杂交信号,以Digoxigenin标记的pY3.4探针显示1个红色杂交信号,染色体或间期核背景经DAPI复染显示蓝色;18例出现XXY杂交信号的细胞,染色体及其间期细胞核杂交平均出现率分别为95.89%和95%,明显大于正常对照标准值2.75%,证实核型为47,XXY,与染色体检测的结果一致;其余1例染色体核型检测为嵌合体,XXY杂交信号细胞出现率为92%,同时检出6.7%的XY杂交信号细胞（>正常对照标准值4.17%）。用FISH 技术检测性染色体数目异常克氏综合征具有快速、敏感度高、信号强、背景低、多色等优点,故FISH 技术在产前诊断检测领域中显示其重要的应用价值和发展前景。 Abstract:The objective of the work is to study the technique of dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization(D-FISH) and its application value in the diagnosis of sex chromosomal count abnormality Klinefelter syndrome and establish an experimental approach to metaphase chromosome and interphase nucleus FISH technique.Biotin labeled alpha satellite X-chromosome DNA(pBamX7) probe and Digoxigenin labeled Y-chromosome long arm terminal repetitive sequence (pY3.4) probe were hybridized with pre-treated slides of peripheral blood chromosome and interphase nucleus in 19 cases of Klinefelter syndrome specimens.After being washed,the slides were treated with Avidin-FITC,Rhodamine-FITC and Anti-avidin,amplified with an additional layer and counter-stained with DAPI in an antifade solution.The hybridization signals,chromosomal or interphase nucleus settings were observed respectively with WIB,WIG and WU filters under fluorescence microscope Olympus AX-70,and the number of metaphase chromosome and interphase nucleus in the peripheral blood was counted.It was observed under the microscope that the Biotin labeled pBamX7 probe showed 2 green hybridization signals and that the Digoxigenin labeled pY3.4 probe showed 1 red hybridization signal.Chromosome or interphase nucleus counter-stained with DAPI showed blue.The average signal rate of chromosome and interphase nucleus hybridization was 95.89% and 95% respectively,significantly higher than the normal control (2.75%).Karyotype 47,XXY was confirmed,which agrees with the chromosomal findings.One case showed mosaic nuclei.XXY chromosome hybridization signal rate was 92% and XY hybridization signal rate was 6.7%,higher than the normal control rate of 4.17%.FISH is a valuable technique in diagnosing sex chromosomal count abnormality Klinefelter syndrome with the merits of fast speed,high sensitivity,strong signal,low background and multiple color.Therefore,FISH technique can find wide application and potential in prenatal diagnosis.     

Specific cytogenetic labeling of bovine spermatozoa bearing X or Y chromosomes using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

X and Y specific probes were identified in order to apply the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique to bovine spermatozoa. For Y chromosome detection, the BRY4a repetitive probe, covering three quarters of the chromosome, was used. For X chromosome detection, a goat Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) specific to the X chromosome of bovine and goats and giving a strong FISH signal was used. Each probe labeled roughly 45% of sperm cells. The hybridization method will be useful for evaluating the ratio of X- and Y- bearing spermatozoa in a sperm sample and consequently can be used to evaluate the efficiency of sperm sorting by different techniques such as flow cytometry.