联合调控对中国红豆杉细胞关键酶基因表达的影响

红豆杉悬浮培养细胞可以持续提供抗癌药物紫杉醇及一些紫杉烷类。在中国红豆杉悬浮培养细胞中,云南紫杉烷C(Tc)是主要的紫杉烷。为了更理性地调控紫杉醇或有用紫杉烷的生产,有必要深入了解其生物合成过程。采用实时定量PCR(Real-time Quantitative PCR,即RQPCR)技术考察经调控后紫杉醇及紫杉烷代谢中关键酶基因—TASY,T5αH,TDAT,T10βH,TαH,T14βH表达水平的变化。在细胞培养的第7天和12天,分别以100μmol/L2,3-二羟丙基茉莉酸(DHPJA)诱导,同时在细胞培养第7天进行20g/L蔗糖饲喂、100g/LXAD-7HP的原位吸附。该联合调控处理使得细胞培养第30天时,Tc产量高达1517±37mg/L,是对照处理的11.1倍,是DHPJA重复诱导联合蔗糖饲喂处理的1.7倍。RQ-PCR结果显示:DHPJA的加入可使6个基因表达水平显著提高,但在12小时后快速下降,需补充DHPJA以再次提高基因表达水平。吸附剂同时引入会延缓基因表达水平的提高速度,但却能维持基因表达处于一个较高的水平,表现为在细胞培养中后期,基因表达水平将显著高于无吸附剂的调控体系。与13α-羟化相对应的TαH基因有所不同,吸附剂的存在更显著地抑制其表达,但仍有维持表达的功能。     

云南红豆杉紫杉烷2α-O-苯甲酰转运酶基因的克隆及定性

通过RACE技术,克隆了云南红豆杉紫杉烷2α-O-苯甲酰转运酶基因(TyTBT),该酶催化2-去苯甲酰-7,13-二乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ生成7,13-二乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,是紫杉醇合成途径中的关键酶之一.TyTBT基因cDNA全长1481 bp,含有1 320 bp的开放读码框,编码440个氨基酸的多肽,分子量为50 050 Da,等电点为6.17.氨基酸序列比对表明TyTBT同植物酰化酶家族的其它成员有较高的相似性,超过67%,同东北红豆杉和曼地亚红豆杉的紫杉烷2α-O-苯甲酰转运酶氨基酸序列的一致性和相似性达到最高,分别为95%和96%.广泛地比对分析证明这种较高的相似性在红豆杉属的其它酶家族中具有普遍性,进化树分析表明同东北红豆杉和曼地亚红豆杉的紫杉烷2α-O-苯甲酰转运酶(TBT)的相似性高于紫杉醇合成途径中的其它酰化酶.     

利用Bio-BglBrick方法表达紫杉醇生物合成酶

目的:进行紫杉醇药物生物合成前五步催化酶二磷酸盐合酶(GGPPS)、紫杉二烯合酶(TS)、紫杉二烯5α羟化酶(THY5α)、紫杉二烯5α-O-乙酰转移酶(TAT)和紫杉烷10β羟化酶(TDH)基因在大肠杆菌异源生物合成途径的组建及串联,实现单个表达及串联表达,并试图通过连续生物催化获得紫杉醇中间体紫衫二烯。方法:依据合成生物学中Brick基因组装方法,通过对载体pET30a的酶切位点进行定向改造,设计独特的BglⅡ/BamHⅠ和XbaⅠ/SpeⅠ串联表达盒,在大肠杆菌BM Rosetta(DE3)中表达产物。结果:设计多基因表达盒,实现紫杉醇药物生物合成前五步催化酶的单个表达,GGPPS和TS以及THY5α、TAT和TDH的串联表达。结论:利用BglBrick/BioBrick基因组装方法,可以实现紫杉醇生物合成催化酶的快速组装及后续表达。     

基于定量PCR技术探讨紫杉醇生物合成的限速步骤

次生代谢产物牛物合成受到发育和诱导的调控,本实验研究了组织分化和诱导处理对紫杉醇生物合成的影响,并采用定量PCR技术分析了紫杉醇生物合成不同阶段关键酶基因的动态表达特征。结果表明。紫杉醇主要分布在中国红豆杉（Taxus chinensis）树皮和根皮组织中,针叶内含量很少,催化紫杉醇功能官能团连接的关键酶摹因也主要定位在树皮和根皮组织巾;茉莉酸甲酯（MJ）和真菌诱导子F5分别提高了中国红豆杉悬浮培养细胞HG-1紫杉醇得率8倍和10倍,同时有效诱导紫杉醇生物合成基因的表达。发现催化紫杉醇侧链连接的基因与紫杉醇生物合成早正相关。结果表明。紫杉醇生物合成的限速步骤是催化功能官能团连接的步骤。     

原位吸附和茉莉酸甲酯联合使用显著提高中国红豆杉细胞云南紫杉烷c的生产

本实验所用的中国红豆杉细胞悬浮培养体系中,云南紫杉烷c(Tc)是主要的次生代谢产物,该化合物有类神经生长因子活性,提高其产量是进一步规模化生产的前提。本研究考察了原位吸附和茉莉酸甲酯(MJA)联合调控提高Tc产量的可能性。在培养的第7天加入浓度为100μmol/L的MJA虽然会使细胞的生物量下降10%～30%,但是单位细胞内Tc含量和Tc产量均有显著提高,分别是对照的3.6和3.3倍。吸附剂XAD-7在不同时间加入对Tc的合成影响显著。在培养的第7天同时加入100μmol/L的MJA和100g/L的XAD-7会使细胞生物量增加,Tc产量显著提高。培养到第21天,Tc产量达477.4mg/L,为对照的6.3倍,为只加MJA的1.9倍,其中94%的Tc被树脂吸附。实验结果表明,在MJA诱导高表达的过程中,吸附剂XAD-7的加入使细胞内代谢产物外泌,浓度降低,减轻产物反馈抑制现象,从而大幅度提高代谢物产量,有较好的生产前景。     

从南方红豆杉中筛选和鉴定25株产紫杉烷的内生真菌

为从南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)中分离产紫杉烷的内生真菌,从其幼茎、树皮和叶片中分离纯化了491株内生真菌,经筛选获得25株内生真菌具有产紫杉烷的能力,其中,4株可产紫杉醇、巴卡亭Ⅲ和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,8株能产紫杉醇和巴卡亭Ⅲ,1株能产紫杉醇和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,1株能产巴卡亭Ⅲ和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ,6株仅产紫杉醇,5株仅产巴卡亭Ⅲ。根据内生真菌的来源,幼茎中有11株产紫杉烷的内生真菌,叶片中有9株,而树皮中仅有5株。这些菌株的紫杉醇、巴卡亭和10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ产量分别为0.64~9.87、0.48~3.42和0.20~1.00μg L~(–1)。因此,南方红豆杉中具有紫杉烷类代谢途径的内生真菌来源广,数量多,是研究真菌中紫杉烷类化合物代谢途径的良好材料,也为紫杉烷类抗癌药生产提供了潜在的真菌种源。     

红豆杉分子生物学研究进展

红豆杉作为抗癌药物紫杉醇的药源植物得到了国际上的广泛关注。本文综述了近年来国内外关于红豆杉分子生物学方面的研究进展,主要包括编码紫杉醇生物合成的紫杉二烯合成酶、羟基化酶、酰基转移酶等功能基因以及相关转录因子编码基因的分离克隆、表达转化的研究,红豆杉遗传多样性、紫杉醇含量相关的分子标记研究,红豆杉谱系地理学的研究以及解析紫杉醇合成分子机理的红豆杉转录组和代谢组研究等;最后对当前研究的不足和对今后利用分子手段研究红豆杉的发展前景进行了展望。     

外显子拼接法克隆紫杉烷2α-羟基化酶基因与生物信息学分析

紫杉烷2α-羟基化酶是形成紫杉醇核心骨架的羟基化反应关键酶之一,以taxusin作为底物进行氧化生成2α,7β-dihydroxytaxusin.利用蔓地亚红豆杉的总DNA为模板,采用PCR技术克隆出紫杉烷2α-羟基化酶的DNA序列,利用在线比对和生物学软件分析其内含子,采用外显子拼接法克隆出紫杉烷2α-羟基化酶基因的cDNA序列.测序结果表明该基因含有1个1 488 bp的开放阅读框,编码495个氨基酸的多肽;同源性比较分析结果表明,其碱基序列及氨基酸序列与已经报道的加拿大红豆杉的紫杉烷2α-羟基化酶基因的一致性为分别为98%和89%.利用SWISS-PROT、DNAMAN等生物信息学工具对其列进行了序列分析,为利用代谢工程的方法生产紫杉醇或其前体物质提供了分子基础.     

前体、诱导子及抑制剂对紫杉烷生物合成的促进作用研究

研究了前体、诱导子和抑制剂对中国红豆杉细胞培养生产紫杉烷的促进作用。结果表明,向培养基中加入30mg/L 3-甲基－2－丁烯－1－醇,2mmol/L苯甲酸钠,10mg/L矮壮素,100μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯,0.1mmol/L丝氨酸,可以使紫杉醇含量增加1141.1%;加入0.1mmol/L苯甲酸钠,80μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯,0.1mmol/L丝氨酸可以使2α,5α,10β,14β－四乙酰氧基－紫杉－4（20）,11－二烯含量增加134.6%;25mg/L矮壮素,100μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯,0.5mmol/L丝氨酸可以使1β－羟基巴卡亭I含量增加95.2%;5mg/L3－甲基－2－丁烯－1－醇,10mg/L矮壮纱,40μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯,可以使14β-(2-甲基丁酰氧基）－2α,5α,10β－三乙酰氧基－紫杉－4（20）,11－二烯的含量增加76.4%。     

牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合酶和紫杉二烯合酶基因在灰盖鬼伞中的组合表达

紫杉二烯是紫杉醇合成途径中的前体物质。紫杉醇是红豆杉的一种重要的次级代谢产物,是一种重要的新型抗癌药物。然而,紫杉醇在植物中含量低且难提取,限制了高效应用。利用基因工程手段,借助担子菌类真菌灰盖鬼伞具有的内源类异戊二烯合成途径,构建含有牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸(Geranylgeranyl diphosphate,GGPP)合酶和紫杉二烯合酶的融合基因表达载体p Bg GGTS和独立表达盒表达载体p Bg GGg TS,并分别转入灰盖鬼伞LT2菌株中,经过选择性筛选、PCR鉴定、Southern blotting杂交验证,分别获得了5株融合表达的灰盖鬼伞工程菌和5株独立表达盒的灰盖鬼伞工程菌株。各随机挑选了1株工程菌株,分别提取菌丝体和发酵液分析。GC-MS分析表明,两种工程菌株与原出发菌株的菌丝提取物无明显差异峰,而与出发菌株的发酵液提取物相比,两种转基因灰盖鬼伞的发酵液中均出现了明显的差异峰,采用GC-MS特征质量离子分析方法判定为紫杉二烯,分别为44 ng/L(转化p Bg GGg TS)和30 ng/L(转化p Bg GGTS)。结果表明,通过在灰盖鬼伞融合基因或各自独立表达的形式共表达ggpps和ts基因,可以生物合成紫杉二烯。     

Significantly improved taxuyunnanine C production in cell suspension cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus chinensis</Emphasis> by process intensification of repeated elicitation,sucrose feeding,and in situ adsorption

A highly efficient process intensification strategy was developed to enhance the taxuyunnanine C (Tc) production in Taxus chinensis (T. chinensis) by combining repeated elicitation with a synthesized jasmonate analog, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl jasmonate (DHPJA), sucrose feeding and in situ adsorption. Suspension cultures of a high Tc-producing cell line of T. chinensis were supplemented twice, on day 7 and day 12, with 100 μM DHPJA. The cultures were also supplemented by feeding 20 g sucrose/l and 100 g Ambelite XAD-7/l on day 7. This strategy had a synergistic effect on Tc synthesis, causing a significant increase in the Tc yield to 1,715.13 ± 124.12 mg/l on day 21. The yield was 3.28-fold above that produced by repeated DHPJA elicitation combined with sucrose feeding. When XAD-7 was replaced by Amberlite XAD-7 HP, the result was slightly different. The highest Tc yield of 1,728.84 ± 50.37 mg/l was achieved on day 27. The Tc yield achieved here is greater than twice the highest yield reported previously, the sole reported taxoid production yield above the gram per liter level. Given the pharmaceutical importance of taxoids, the results of this study will greatly contribute to the potential industrial production of Tc and other taxoids by plant cell cultures.     

Highly efficient strategy for enhancing taxoid production by repeated elicitation with a newly synthesized jasmonate in fed-batch cultivation of Taxus chinensis cells

A highly efficient bioprocessing strategy was developed for enhancing the production of plant secondary metabolites by repeatedly eliciting a fed-batch culture with a newly synthesized powerful jasmonate analog, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl jasmonate (DHPJA). In suspension cultures of a high taxuyunnanine C (Tc)-producing cell line of Taxus chinensis, 100 microM DHPJA was added on day 7 to fed-batch cultures with feeding of 20 g L(-1) sucrose on the same day. The synergistic effect of elicitation and substrate feeding on Tc biosynthesis was observed, which resulted in higher Tc accumulation than that by elicitation or sucrose feeding alone. More interestingly, both specific Tc yield (i.e., Tc content) and volumetric yield was further improved by a second addition of 100 microM DHPJA (on day 12) to the fed-batch cultures. In particular, with repeated elicitation and sucrose feeding the Tc volumetric yield was increased to 827 +/- 29 mg L(-1), which was 5.4-fold higher than that of the nonelicited batch culture. Furthermore, the above novel strategy was successfully applied from shake flask to a 1-L airlift bioreactor. A high Tc production and productivity of 738 +/- 41 mg L(-1) and 33.2 +/- 1.9 mg L(-1) d(-1), respectively, was achieved, which is higher than previous reports on Tc production in bioreactors. The results suggest that the aforementioned bioprocessing strategy may potentially be applied to other cell culture systems for efficient production of plant secondary metabolites.     

The kinetics of taxoid accumulation in cell suspension cultures of Taxus following elicitation with methyl jasmonate

Cell suspension cultures of Taxus canadensis and Taxus cuspidata rapidly produced paclitaxel (Taxol) and other taxoids in response to elicitation with methyl jasmonate. By optimizing the concentration of the elicitor, and the timing of elicitation, we have achieved the most rapid accumulation of paclitaxel in a plant cell culture, yet reported. The greatest accumulation of paclitaxel occurred when methyl jasmonate was added to cultures at a final concentration of 200 microM on day 7 of the culture cycle. The concentration of paclitaxel increased in the extracellular (cell-free) medium to 117 mg/day within 5 days following elicitation, equivalent to a rate of 23.4 mg/L per day. Paclitaxel was only one of many taxoids whose concentrations increased significantly in response to elicitation. Despite the rapid accumulation and high concentration of paclitaxel, its concentration never exceeded 20% of the total taxoids produced in the elicited culture. Two other taxoids, 13-acetyl-9-dihydrobaccatin III and baccatin VI, accounted for 39% to 62% of the total taxoids in elicited cultures. The accumulation of baccatin III did not parallel the pattern of accumulation for paclitaxel. Baccatin III continued to accumulate until the end of the culture cycle, at which point most of the cells in the culture were dead, implying a possible role as a degradation product of taxoid biosynthesis, rather than as a precursor.     

Novel chemically synthesized hydroxyl-containing jasmonates as powerful inducing signals for plant secondary metabolism

Novel hydroxyl-containing jasmonate derivatives were chemically synthesized and evaluated by bioassay as potential elicitors for stimulating the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. A suspension culture of Taxus chinensis, which produces a bioactive taxoid, taxuyunnanine C (Tc), was taken as a model plant cell system. Experiments on the timing of addition of jasmonates and dose response indicated that day 7 and 100 microM was the optimal elicitation time and concentration, respectively, for both cell growth and Tc accumulation. Tc accumulation was increased more in the presence of novel hydroxyl-containing jasmonates compared to that with methyljasmonate (MJA) addition. For example, addition of 100 microM 2,3-dihydroxypropyl jasmonate on day 7 led to a very high Tc content of 47.2 +/- 0.5 mg/g (at day 21), whereas the Tc content was 29.2 +/- 0.6 mg/g (on the same day) with addition of 100 microM MJA. Quantitative structure-activity analysis of various jasmonates suggests that the optimal lipophilicity and the number of hydroxyl groups may be two important factors affecting their elicitation activity. In addition, the jasmonate elicitors were found to induce plant defense responses, including oxidative burst and activation of L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Interestingly, a higher level of H(2)O(2) production and PAL activity was detected with elicitation by the synthesized jasmonates compared with that by MJA, which corresponded well to the superior stimulating activity in the former. This work indicates that the newly synthesized hydroxyl-containing jasmonates can act as powerful inducing signals for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plant cell cultures.