神经网络优化非水相脂肪酶催化合成抗坏血酸油酸酯的条件研究

抗坏血酸油酸酯具有强抗氧化作用．为了获得脂肪酶催化合成抗坏血酸油酸酯的最适条件,主要研究了反应温度、脂肪酶量、油酸量对抗坏血酸油酸酯合成效果的影响．采用中心组合设计和动量梯度下降神经网络对反应条件网络进行训练仿真,并利用训练好的网络对催化酯化工艺条件进行预测．研究结果表明：经过训练的网络可以很好的模拟反应条件,得到了脂肪酶催化反应的最佳工艺参数．当抗坏血酸0．8g时,反应温度56℃,油酸量0．95g,固定化脂肪酶量0．74g,添加分子筛条件下,抗坏血酸油酸酯的转化率为46.5％．该方法为抗坏血酸酯化催化效果的预测提供了一条可行的途径．     

非水介质中脂肪酶催化亚油酸油醇酯合成的研究

利用实验室自制及购买的几种脂肪酶制剂催化的酯化反应来制备亚油酸油醇酯,其中本实验室制备的丝孢酵母脂肪酸酯化效果最好,作为进一步研究的实验用酶。以正己烷为反应溶剂,在微水系统中对影响亚油酸油醉酯合成的各种因素进行了研究,确定酯化反应合成的最适温度为３５℃,０～１００℃反应１０ｈ的酯化率均可达到９０％,最适酯化ｐＨ为８．０,最适底物浓度为０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,最适水含量为０．０５％,在选用的１１种有机溶剂中,以环己烷的酯化率最高,二甲亚砜最低。     

大孔树脂共吸附固定葡聚糖-脂肪酶催化合成香茅酯

以大孔树脂为载体对脂肪酶和葡聚糖进行共吸附固定,考察葡聚糖的共吸附对脂肪酶固定化效果的影响,并应用所得固定化酶在无溶剂体系催化合成月桂酸香茅酯。结果表明:在固定化过程中添加终质量浓度为0.75mg/m L的葡聚糖可提高固定化酶酶活回收率,使用该固定化酶在无溶剂体系催化月桂酸与香茅醇酯化,酶的催化效率及操作稳定性均有提高。在底物月桂酸与香茅醇物质的量的比为1∶1,加入1 U的固定化脂肪酶,在50℃时无溶剂体系中反应10 h,反应的酯化率达95.3%。添加终质量浓度为0.75 mg/m L的T-20及T-40(葡聚糖相对分子质量为2×10~4和4×10~4)制备的固定化酶可将到达95%酯化率的反应时间缩短至6 h,其中添加T-40的固定化酶经10次连续催化后,仍保持75%以上的催化活性。     

固定化脂肪酶催化聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯的合成

固定化假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｓｐ．）－１６１９脂肪酶催化脂肪酸和不同聚合度的乙二醇形成酯。其中以聚乙二醇４００（ＰＥＧ４００）的酯化率较高,Ｃ_１０－Ｃ_１８的饱和脂肪酸与ＰＥＧ４００反应的酯化率相仿。反应体系中,月桂酸与ＰＥＧ４００的摩尔比大于２∶１时有利于酯化反应,作用的最适温度为４０℃,最适Ｐｈ为６.０。在比较的３０种添加有机溶剂中,饱和烷烃,芳香烃能促进反应,使酯化率提高２０％左右。反应开始添加５μｌ水有利于酶的作用,外加水量超过适量时,随外加水量的增加酯化率下降。在由２.５ｍｍｏｌ月桂酸,１.２５ｍｍｏｌＰＥＧ４００,１０ｍｇ固定化脂肪酶（１００ｕ）,５ｍｌ己烷,５μｌ水组成的反应体系中,４０℃振荡反应２２ｈ,酯化率达４９.８％。经薄层色谱,气相色谱鉴定,产物为聚乙二醇４００月桂酸酯。     

在无溶剂系统中固定化脂肪酶合成聚乙二醇400月桂酸酯

在无溶荆反应系统中,研究了固定化假丝酵母(Candida sp)-1619脂肪酶催化合成聚乙二醇400(PEG400)月桂酸酯的酯化条件。在反应过程中不断脱水和使月桂酸的量高于化学计量值的方法,使酯化率明显提高。分批补加PEG₄₀₀使产量进一步增加。在5．0mmol月桂酸．2．5mmolPEG400,20mg同定化脂肪酶(200u),O．2ml水组成的反应体系中,40℃,锥形瓶敞口振荡反应48h。醑化率达91％;在负压条件下反应．酯化率达98．9％;反应体系中月桂酸的董增加到6．0mmol时,PEG₄₀₀完全被酯化。用己烷提取产物的收率为95％．通过薄层色谱鉴定酯化产物为双酯。     

生物法合成维生素C棕榈酸酯

研究了不同的脂肪酶在有机溶剂体系中催化合成L-维生素C棕榈酸酯的反应。针对维生素C在有机溶剂中溶解度较低这一问题,对催化合成维生素C棕榈酸酯反应的脂肪酶和反应介质进行比较,同时对影响合成维生素C棕榈酸酯反应的因素（温度、底物浓度、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶量等）进行探讨,优化了反应条件：在10mL的丙酮中,1.094g棕榈酸与0.107g维生素C在酶量为20％（W/W, 固定化酶/维生素C）的固定化脂肪酶催化下,初始含0.4nm分子筛20%,温度为60℃,转速为200r/min,反应48h转化率可以达到80%,产物维生素C棕榈酸酯的浓度可达20g/L。     

壳聚糖固定化德氏根霉脂肪酶的研究

研究了壳聚糖吸附和戊二醛交联对脂肪酶固定化条件,在室温条件下将0．4g酶粉溶于pH6．0缓冲液中,加入10g壳聚糖,摇匀,再加入浓度为0．6％戊二醛交联6h,得到固定化酶,酶活力回收率约为54．2％。固定化酶的半失活温度比游离酶的高,半失活温度由游离酶的47℃提高到100℃,最适反应温度由40℃上升至80℃,最适pH由6下降到5．5,固定化酶K’m值由游离酶的Km 50mg／mL增加到56mg／mL。该固定化脂肪酶用于酯的合成;在80℃条件下经过10批次连续水解植物油反应,固定化酶的活力仍保持在82．6％以上。     

离子液体中固定化脂肪酶催化拆分（±）-薄荷醇

以自制的平均粒径为4．5um磁性高分子微球为载体,采用离子交换法固定化Candida rugosa脂肪酶,催化（±）-薄荷醇的酯化反应,以考察反应时间、pH、反应温度、水活度等因素对酶的固定化以及酯化反应的影响。在固定化反应150min、pH5．0、酯化反应温度30℃、固定化酶的水活度为0．78的条件下,所制备的固定化脂肪酶在离子液体[bmim]PF6中催化拆分（±）-薄荷醇的效果最佳,与游离酶相比固定化脂肪酶的立体选择性有很大的提高,对映体过量率可达93％,对映体选择值为35。     

高分子载体固定化酵母脂肪酶的研究

合成了一系列丙烯酸甲酯－双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯－双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、苯乙烯－双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯交联共聚物作为固定化酵母脂肪酶的载体,比较了这些载体固定化酵母脂肪酶催化橄榄油水解反应的效果,结果发现疏水性较强的苯乙烯－双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯交联共聚物固定化酵母脂肪酶的效果最好．比较了酵母脂肪酶溶液和苯乙烯－双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯文联共聚物固定化酶催化橄榄油水解反应的最适ｐＨ值、最适离子强度、最适温度和Ｋ＿ｍ值．同时考察了苯乙烯－双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯交联共聚物固定化酶在有机溶剂中催化十六酸戊酯合成反应的活力．     

离子液体中固定化脂肪酶催化拆分（±）-薄荷醇

以自制的平均粒径为4．5um磁性高分子微球为载体,采用离子交换法固定化Candida rugosa脂肪酶,催化（±）-薄荷醇的酯化反应,以考察反应时间、pH、反应温度、水活度等因素对酶的固定化以及酯化反应的影响。在固定化反应150min、pH5．0、酯化反应温度30℃、固定化酶的水活度为0．78的条件下,所制备的固定化脂肪酶在离子液体[bmim]PF6中催化拆分（±）-薄荷醇的效果最佳,与游离酶相比固定化脂肪酶的立体选择性有很大的提高,对映体过量率可达93％,对映体选择值为35。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.