低温下阻遏蛋白MogR对单增李斯特菌鞭毛形成的影响

【目的】单核细胞增生李斯特菌(简称单增李斯特菌) (Listeria monocytogenes, Lm)是食源性病原菌,可以引发李斯特菌病(listeriosis)。Lm能在低温下生长,对冷藏食品的安全构成严重威胁,并对人类健康造成潜在的危害。Lm能低温生长与抑制鞭毛基因表达以减少鞭毛的合成有关。MogR是Lm鞭毛基因转录的阻遏蛋白,在机体里或37 ℃环境下具有阻遏作用,Lm不产生鞭毛;然而,当Lm处于20-0 ℃时MogR无阻遏作用,Lm产生鞭毛。我们研究发现在4 ℃生长条件下Lm鞭毛合成减少,但具体的分子机制尚未明确。本文探究在4 ℃下Lm鞭毛合成少与MogR起阻遏作用的关系。【方法】以Lm ATCC 19115为亲本株,分别构建了MogR和鞭毛丝蛋白FlaA的缺失株ΔmogR和ΔflaA (作为无鞭毛对照株)及其回补株cΔmogR和cΔflaA,测定了菌株在4、28、37 ℃时的运动性、鞭毛产生情况和鞭毛基因表达量,并对所构建的菌株进行了4、28、37 ℃时生长曲线的测定。【结果】在4 ℃时,mogR缺失后,菌株运动性显著强于亲本株(P<0.01),鞭毛合成量显著多于亲本株(P<0.001),鞭毛基因转录水平显著高于亲本株(P<0.001);缺失株ΔmogR的生长能力显著弱于亲本株(P<0.05)。回补株cΔmogR的运动能力、鞭毛合成量和鞭毛基因转录水平与亲本株相比,无显著性差异。【结论】在4 ℃时,Lm鞭毛产量少与MogR对鞭毛基因起转录抑制作用有关,低温条件下Lm能生长繁殖与MogR对鞭毛基因表达的抑制作用有关。本研究结果为揭示Lm低温生长机制提供了新的信息。     

单增李斯特菌vip基因缺失

单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)是广泛存在于自然界及食物中的食源性致病菌,作为胞内寄生菌,它可以引起强烈的细胞免疫,是潜在的优良疫苗载体。vip是单增李斯特菌的毒力基因,与其侵袭能力密切相关。因此构建vip基因敲除株可为单增李斯特菌疫苗载体的研发打下重要基础。从单增李斯特菌EGDe基因组中扩增出vip基因上、下游序列,连接到穿梭载体pKSV7中得到敲除载体pKSV7-Δvip,将其以电穿孔的方式转入单增李斯特菌后,通过同源重组利用氯霉素和温度双重压力筛选得到vip基因的敲除突变株,并对敲除菌株的生长曲线进行分析发现vip敲除对细菌的生长没有显著影响,为进一步研究vip基因功能、单增李斯特的致病机制和疫苗载体的研发提供参考。     

单增李斯特菌毒力因子溶血素关键氨基酸位点在感染过程中的作用研究

【目的】探究单增李斯特菌溶血素O (listeriolysin O, LLO)中D3区域β8折叠片上第253位氨基酸(谷氨酰胺,Q)和第254位氨基酸(异亮氨酸,I)对单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)感染生物学功能的影响。【方法】构建LLO_Q253A和LLO_I254A突变蛋白的原核表达菌株,以及利用同源重组方法构建hly_Q253A和hly_I254A突变株;通过表达纯化突变蛋白,测定溶血活性;比较LLO第253位Q和第254位I均突变成丙氨酸(A)后,对细菌体外生长能力、黏附侵袭、胞内迁移和增殖能力的影响。【结果】相应位点突变后,LLO蛋白均能够正常表达。在pH 6.5条件下,所有突变蛋白和突变株的溶血活性丧失。然而,在pH 5.5条件下,LLO_I254A和hly_I254A恢复了溶血活性。与野生株相比,突变株的体外生长、黏附能力和胞内增殖能力均无明显差异;突变株的侵袭能力和胞间迁移能力显著低于野生株。【结论】本研究证实第253位Q和第254位I均突变成A后,单增李斯特菌在pH 6.5条件下丧失溶血活性,并降低了感染宿主细胞的能力,但具体机制还有待进一步探索。本研究为深入探究LLO结构对单增李斯特菌生物学功能的影响奠定基础,对单增李斯特菌点突变株的构建具有一定参考意义。     

利用模式生物线虫评价精对苯二甲酸废水的毒性

应用模式生物秀丽隐杆线虫,通过生命周期、半数致死天数、生殖速度、产卵数、头部摆动频率和身体弯曲次数等指标对精对苯二甲酸(PTA)废水毒性进行了研究.结果表明,与对照组相比,660 mg·L^-1 PTA废水暴露下的线虫生命周期有一定的延长,产卵时间延迟,头部摆动频率降低,身体弯曲次数减少(P<0.05),且PTA废水对线虫生殖能力的影响极显著(P<0.01),暴露于废水中的线虫产卵数大约只有正常产卵数的1/4.最敏感效应指标——产卵数,有望成为该类废水毒性预警预报的潜在生物标志物.     

单增李斯特菌LPXTG蛋白Lmo0880在感染致病中的作用

【目的】通过构建单核细胞增生李斯特菌(单增李斯特菌) LPXTG蛋白Lmo0880的基因缺失菌株和回补菌株,探究Lmo0880在细菌生长、细胞感染和宿主感染等方面发挥的作用。【方法】利用同源重组原理构建lmo0880的基因缺失株及回补株,比较野生株、缺失株和回补株在生长能力、细胞黏附与侵袭和胞内增殖能力等方面的差异,从而鉴定Lmo0880在单增李斯特菌感染宿主中的作用。【结果】缺失lmo0880基因后,单增李斯特菌在生长能力上无明显变化;对细胞的黏附能力无显著差异,但对细胞侵袭能力、胞内增殖能力、小鼠致病力和小鼠组织定殖能力显著降低。【结论】本研究阐明了单增李斯特菌LPXTG蛋白Lmo0880在细胞侵袭、胞内增殖和组织定殖等方面发挥的重要作用。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒流行株HLJ-01的分离鉴定及致病性分析

【背景】自2011年以来,猪伪狂犬病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)发生变异,经典的疫苗株已不能完全抵抗PRV变异株的感染,国内多个猪场出现伪狂犬病的暴发,PRV变异毒株开始在我国大规模流行。【目的】通过分离PRV流行变异毒株,并对其进行遗传进化和致病性分析,为PRV流行病学调查及疫苗研制提供实验数据。【方法】采集黑龙江某猪场感染PRV的脑组织病料,根据GenBank PRV gE和gB保守序列设计引物,进行PCR鉴定。通过对gE和gC基因进行序列测定和遗传进化分析。利用BHK-21细胞分离病毒,采用噬斑纯化方法对病毒进行纯化。通过电镜、间接免疫荧光对病毒进行鉴定,测定病毒生长曲线并进行致病性研究。【结果】经PCR和测序鉴定分离株为PRV流行株,将其命名为HLJ-01。遗传进化分析结果显示,该分离毒株与我国近几年分离的流行变异株位于同一分支;氨基酸序列分析结果显示,gE和gC存在国内流行变异株的特征序列,表明该分离毒株为流行变异株。生长曲线显示,分离株HLJ-01在感染48h时滴度最高(10^8.5TCID₅₀/mL)。电镜观察结果显示,病毒颗粒直径约150nm,呈球形,有囊膜,囊膜外有放射状纤突,呈现典型PRV病毒特征。动物感染实验结果显示,10^7.0TCID₅₀剂量感染组死亡率为100%;10^6.0TCID₅₀剂量感染组死亡率为80%;10^5.0TCID₅₀剂量感染组死亡率为60%。仔猪在接种病毒后均出现PRV感染的典型症状和病理变化,证实分离毒株对仔猪有较强致病力。【结论】分离获得一株猪伪狂犬病毒,经鉴定该分离株为流行变异株,而且具有较强的致病力,这为PRV流行病学分析及疫苗候选株的筛选奠定了基础。     

单核细胞增多性李斯特菌谷胱甘肽合成酶调控鞭毛形成研究

[目的] 本试验旨在构建单核细胞增多性李斯特菌谷胱甘肽合成酶基因gshF缺失株和互补株并研究其在细菌运动和鞭毛形成中的调控作用。[方法] 采用同源重组的方法构建得到gshF缺失株后,测定野生株及缺失株的运动性和体外生长能力;同时利用荧光定量PCR方法检测gshF缺失株中鞭毛相关基因转录水平的变化。[结果] 缺失gshF后细菌在体外培养基中的生长能力未受影响,但缺失株的运动性及鞭毛形成能力显著降低。此外,缺失株中鞭毛形成重要调控基因gmaR以及鞭毛结构元件基因flaA的转录水平显著低于野生株,而其他鞭毛相关基因的转录水平变化不明显。[结论] 研究首次表明单增李斯特菌谷胱甘肽合成酶通过调控鞭毛重要基因的转录进而影响细菌的运动性和鞭毛形成,研究有助于深入理解重要食源性胞内菌通过精确调控鞭毛形成以适应外界和宿主环境的分子机制。     

细菌与秀丽隐杆线虫之间互作关系的研究进展

秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)以其个体小、易培养、生活周期短等优势成为生物发育、衰老、神经及免疫相关机制研究的模式生物.它在实验室培养时主要靠饲喂大肠杆菌OP50,有报道,细菌及其代谢物对线虫的代谢、行为和寿命有至关重要的影响.因此,作为一个遗传模型,秀丽隐杆线虫可以帮助研究微生物与宿主相...     

野生蕨菜水提液对秀丽隐杆线虫生理作用的影响研究

探索了不同浓度蕨菜水提液对秀丽隐杆线虫整个生命周期生物学功能的影响,对蕨菜水提液的毒理性作出合理评价。实验以秀丽隐杆线虫为模式生物,通过给秀丽隐杆线虫喂食01 mL 6种不同浓度（00、02、04、06、08、10 g/mL）的蕨菜水提取液,观察不同浓度蕨菜水提取液对其生理指标（寿命、产卵数、运动性、细胞凋亡）的影响。研究结果表明：蕨菜能对秀丽隐杆线虫的生理指标产生较大影响,具体表现为随着蕨菜水提取液浓度增加,寿命逐渐缩短,产卵数逐渐减少,细胞凋亡数增加,三者均呈现出明显的浓度依赖性,而对运动性影响不大。     

秀丽隐杆线虫模型在阿尔茨海默病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病,该疾病的病理特征为老年斑（SPs）和神经原纤维缠结（NFTs）的存在。目前,阿尔茨海默病患病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,寻找完全治愈或延缓阿尔茨海默症发展的有效疗法和药物迫在眉睫。秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）的基因和神经元功能与人类具有高度同源性,可作为研究阿尔茨海默病发病机制研究的较好模型。本文综述AD的发病机制假说、秀丽隐杆线虫AD模型以及线虫模型在AD治疗中的应用进展,旨在为后续研究AD提供理论参考。     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Hydroxylation of steroids by Fusarium oxysporum, Exophiala jeanselmei and Ceratocystis paradoxa

The potential of Fusarium oxysporum var. cubense UAMH 9013 to perform steroid biotransformations was reinvestigated using single phase and pulse feed conditions. The following natural steroids served as substrates: dehydroepiandrosterone (1), pregnenolone (2), testosterone (3), progesterone (4), cortisone (5), prednisone (6), estrone (7) and sarsasapogenin (8). The results showed the possible presence of C-7 and C-15 hydroxylase enzymes. This hypothesis was explored using three synthetic androstanes: androstane-3,17-dione (9), androsta-4,6-diene-3,17-dione (10) and 3α,5α-cycloandrost-6-en-17-one (11). These fermentations of non-natural steroids showed that C-7 hydroxylation was as a result of that position being allylic. The evidence also pointed towards the presence of a C-15 hydroxylase enzyme.The eleven steroids were also fed to Exophialajeanselmei var. lecanii-corni UAMH 8783. The results showed that the fungus appears to have very active 5α and 14α-hydroxylase enzymes, and is also capable of carrying out allylic oxidations.Ceratocystis paradoxa UAMH 8784 was grown in the presence of the above-mentioned steroids. The results showed that monooxygenases which effect allylic hydroxylation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement were active. However, redox reactions predominated.