熟肉制品中金黄色葡萄球菌生长模型的建立

对不同温度下(10℃、15℃、25℃、30℃和37℃)熟肉制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的生长进行拟合。一级生长预测模型的建立采用SGompertz和Slogistic模型,由此获得恒定温度下的参数值(最大比生长速率:μ_(max)和延滞期:λ)。同时选用平方根模型(Square Root model)和二次多项式模型(Quadratic Polynomial model)对一级生长预测模型获得的μ_(max)和λ进行拟合,建立二级生长预测模型,并对模型的拟合度和可靠性进行评价。研究发现SGompertz模型可以更好地拟合熟肉制品中金黄色葡萄球菌在10℃~37℃下的生长;二次多项式模型是拟合温度与μ_(max)之间关系的最适模型;平方根模型是拟合温度与λ之间关系的最适模型。     

胰岛素及胰高血糖素对HepG2细胞载脂蛋白CⅢ受体功能的影响

为寻求一种可替代人肝细胞研究载脂蛋白（apolipoprotein, apo）CⅢ受体的生理模型,并探讨apoCⅢ受体的生理功能及其在内源性高甘油三酯血症发病机制中的作用,首先以¹²⁵I标记的人apoCⅢ为配体,利用放射性配体结合分析法观察了人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞是否有apoCⅢ受体存在.结果证实HepG2细胞上存在高亲和力的、可饱和的、特异的apoCⅢ受体结合位点,其受体的亲和力(K_d)和apoCⅢ受体结合容量(B_max)分别为(9.53±1.03)×10^-9 mol/L和(3.28±0.31) μg/g.随后又分别研究了胰岛素及胰高血糖素对HepG2细胞apoCⅢ受体功能的影响,结果表明：胰岛素可使HepG2细胞apoCⅢ受体结合容量（B_max）显著增加,但对受体的亲和力（K_d）无影响;胰高血糖素可使HepG2细胞apoCⅢ受体亲和力显著下降（即K_d值升高）,对受体的结合容量无影响.提示人肝apoCⅢ受体的功能可能受胰岛素及胰高血糖素的不同调节.     

改进指数模型对紫茉莉光合-光响应及CO2响应适用性研究

五种模型分别运用于紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的拟合,研究其光合效率参数的变化,探讨紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应的最适模型。结果表明:(1)紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应改进指数模型拟合R²均为0.999,拟合效果优于非直角双曲线、直角双曲线和直角双曲线修正模型。其饱和光强和最大净光合速率分别为797.299和7.879 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,饱和CO₂浓度和最大光合能力分别为1 264.447和16.783 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,均与实测值最接近;(2)五个模型拟合和预测的均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE),都是改进指数模型小于其他模型。改进指数模型为紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的最佳模型,实验结果可为紫茉莉的生理生态应用研究提供参考。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对大鼠大脑皮质细胞钙调素活性的影响

为了探讨胆囊收缩素(CCK)受体在中枢神经系统中的信号传递机制,观察了CCK₈和CCK_A受体拮抗剂L-364,718、CCK_B受体拮抗剂L-365,260对大鼠大脑皮质钙调素（CaM）活性的影响.结果表明：a.CCK₈对CaM活性的影响具有时间依赖性,15 min达到最高点后逐渐下降;b.CCK₈在10^－12～10^－7 mol/L范围内可刺激CaM活性的增加,超过10^－7 mol/L后,逐渐趋于饱和.c.CCK_A受体拮抗剂L-364,718、CCK_B受体拮抗剂L-365,260均可抑制10^－7 mol/L CCK₈引起的CaM活性的增加,但两者IC₅₀相差40倍,L-365,260在较低浓度时即能明显拮抗CCK₈引起的CaM活性变化.研究结果提示CCK₈可能通过CCK_B受体引起CaM活性变化,而CaM可能是CCK_B受体的重要信号传递机制之一.     

修剪节位及修剪时期对四季蜜芒枝条生长及反季节开花的综合效应

五种模型分别运用于紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的拟合,研究其光合效率参数的变化,探讨紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应的最适模型。结果表明:(1)紫茉莉的光合—光响应及CO₂响应改进指数模型拟合R²均为0.999,拟合效果优于非直角双曲线、直角双曲线和直角双曲线修正模型。其饱和光强和最大净光合速率分别为797.299和7.879 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,饱和CO₂浓度和最大光合能力分别为1 264.447和16.783 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,均与实测值最接近;(2)五个模型拟合和预测的均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE),都是改进指数模型小于其他模型。改进指数模型为紫茉莉光合—光响应及CO₂响应曲线的最佳模型,实验结果可为紫茉莉的生理生态应用研究提供参考。     

人血浆HDL对动脉粥样硬化家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体活性影响的研究

高胆固醇饲料喂养造成的动脉粥样硬化(As)模型家兔通过静脉注射人血浆HDL制剂,观察HDL对As家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体活性的影响.结果发现,摄取高胆固醇饲料的As家兔,其肝细胞膜LDL受体K_d值虽无明显变化但B_max值显著减小（P＜0.01,与正常对照组比较);注射HDL制剂后,As家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体K_d值仍无明显改变,但B_max值却显著回升（P＜0.01,与高脂组比较).表明人血浆HDL具有增加As家兔肝细胞膜LDL受体活性的作用.     

氮沉降和刈割条件下羊草光响应模型比较及响应特性

草地覆盖全球陆地面积的40%左右,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。近年来,人类活动,如化石燃料燃烧和畜牧业的发展显著增加了氮在全球环境中的沉积。草地管理方式（如刈割）在介导氮沉降对草地植物的影响方面具有重要作用。因此,筛选合适的模型对光响应过程进行拟合并计算相关参数对研究植物光合特性具有重要意义。依托6种氮添加（NH₄NO₃）梯度和两种草原管理方式（刈割和不刈割）交互处理的野外控制实验,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统测定上述实验平台的优势种羊草（Leymus chinensis）的光合作用-光响应过程。采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型和直角双曲线修正模型4种光响应模型对羊草光响应曲线进行拟合,从参数拟合效果和模型拟合优度筛选氮添加和刈割条件下羊草的最佳拟合模型并分析羊草的光合特性。结果表明：指数模型对表观量子效率（α）、光饱和点（LSP）和最大净光合速率（P_nmax）具有较好的参数拟合效果,非直角双曲线模型的模型拟合优度最好。在所有处理中,羊草均未表现出明显的光抑制现象,具有一定的光合潜力和适应环境变化的能力。适度氮添加和刈割处理能提高羊草净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、P_nmax、α和LSP等,提升了羊草的光能利用率并拓宽了光强利用范围,但过度氮添加并不能进一步提高光合能力。综上,指数模型和非直角双曲线模型较适用于氮添加和刈割条件下羊草的光响应曲线拟合,施氮浓度为20 g N m^-2 a^-1并刈割是最有利于提高羊草光合能力的草原管理措施。探讨了不同氮添加浓度和刈割处理对优势种羊草的交互影响,从光合作用角度分析羊草的适应机制,将对未来全球氮沉降增加情况下的草地管理方案提供科学依据。     

内毒素休克大鼠肝线粒体质子跨膜转运的改变

用稳态荧光探针标记技术动态观察内毒素休克大鼠肝亚线粒体质子跨膜转运的变化.发现,休克5 h ATP、NADH和琥珀酸钠所致的9-氨基-6-氯-2-甲氧基吖啶(ACMA）最大荧光淬灭值（ΔA_max）显著低于对照组(P＜0.05)、最大荧光淬灭时间（T_ΔAmax）、半数荧光淬灭时间（T_1/2ΔAmax）非常显著延长(P＜0.01),肝线粒体质子跨膜转运能力下降;膜脂分子烃链和膜脂深层次流动性下降;线粒体膜PLA₂活性增加;血浆脂质过氧化产物MDA和线粒体MDA含量均显著增加.可能膜脂质过氧化和磷脂酶A₂的水解是引起内毒素休克肝线粒体质子转运功能改变的重要因素.     

桂林喀斯特石山50种常见植物叶片光合特性

选取桂林喀斯特石山生境中常见的50种植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片单位面积最大净光合速率（A_area）、单位质量最大净光合速率（A_mass）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、胞间/环境CO₂浓度比值（Ci/Ca）和蒸腾速率（Tr）等光合特性指标,探讨不同物种光合特性的差异以及光合特性之间的内在联系,以此探究不同植物适应喀斯特石山生境所表现出的光合生理特性。结果表明,50种植物叶片A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr的平均值分别为8.35 μmol m^-2 s^-1,110.98 nmol g^-1 s^-1,0.10 mol m^-2 s^-1,94.84 μmol/mol,0.57和2.37 mmol m^-2 s^-1;方差分析表明,不同物种之间在A_area,A_mass,Gs,WUE,Ci/Ca和Tr之间存在显著差异。Pearson相关性分析表明,表征50种常见植物叶片光合特性的6个指标相关性除Ci/Ca与A_area和A_mass,WUE与A_mass不一致外,其他指标两两之间相关性均表现为一致性,其中Gs与Ci/Ca呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析表明,在6个光合特性指标中,Gs和Ci/Ca可作为反映喀斯特石山植物适应生境的重要光合指标,主要表征对水分条件的敏感程度以及耐旱性强弱,同时反映了植物叶片光合速率大小,用于衡量植物对喀斯特生境的生理生态适应性。基于Gs和Ci/Ca进行聚类分析表明,50种植物划分为3类：即中等Gs较高Ci/Ca型,较低Gs较高Ci/Ca型和较低Gs,Ci/Ca型。本研究表明,喀斯特生境植物在生理生态方面所表现出的适应策略主要为对资源利用方式及抵御外界不利环境的适应策略,这为后续选择物种加速植被恢复演替进程提供了参考。     

西藏双须叶须鱼年龄与生长特点研究

双须叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus dipogon Regan）隶属裂腹鱼亚科（Schizothoracinae）叶须鱼属（Ptychobarbus）,是西藏特有经济鱼类,2016年被列入中国脊椎动物红色名录,必须加快推动该鱼的养护工作。2013年2~3月份及2014年2~6月份,在雅鲁藏布江谢通门段与支流拉萨河上游段采集1 030尾双须叶须鱼样本,以脊椎骨作为年龄鉴定材料进行年龄与生长特点研究,以期分析和评价该类群鱼类资源情况。研究结果如下：双须叶须鱼样本中最大年龄为49龄,最小年龄为4龄;体重与体长关系是样本总体W=4.4×10^-5?SL^2.7688、雌鱼W_♀=5.0×10^-4?SL^2.3474、雄鱼W_♂=2.8×10^-5?SL^2.8414;体长生长方程为雌鱼L_t（♀）=431.8［1-e^-0.19（t+1.19）］,渐进体长L∞_（♀）=431.8 mm,拐点年龄为3.3龄,雄鱼L_t（♂）=367.6［1-e^-0.42（t+3.37）］,渐进体长L∞_（♂）=367.7 mm;体重生长方程为雌鱼W_t（♀）=767.40［1-e^-0.19（t+1.19）］^2.3474,雄鱼W_t（♂）=545.02［1-e^-0.42（t+3.37）］^2.8414;群体异速生长指数b=2.768 8与匀速生长指数3存在显著性差异,即P<0.05。研究表明双须叶须鱼体趋向低龄化,应当予以充分关注。     

The clam sipho as indicator for growth indices in the soft-shell clam <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mya arenaria</Emphasis>

Due to the species’ deep burrowing behaviour, growth parameters of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria L. 1758 are difficult to estimate, especially in deeper habitats which are not directly accessible. In this study, we analysed 192 specimens of M. arenaria and found, contrary to results of most other studies that the sigmoid Gompertz growth model (GGM) is appropriate to describe the growth. Predictions from this model confirm the finding of a life span up to 8 years and as a consequence of this, a maximum shell-length of 60 mm. Individual growth rates calculated from the first deviation indicate a nearly exponential growth in young individuals. The relationship between the clam sipho-width and age, shell-length and biomass conform to the GGM. This is a new approach to assess growth of M. arenaria and to solve practical problems that arise in field studies.     

Critical evaluation of the VSC model for tip growth

The vesicle supply centre (VSC) model (Bartnicki-Garcia et al., 1989) for hyphal tip growth is powerful because it can model diverse developmental morphologies and predicts cellular organization based in current cell biology. It predicts that tip growth results from the random distribution of cell surface synthesizing vesicles from a point in the tip, the VSC, which determines their pattern of impact and fusion at the plasma membrane. We derive equations for tip-high gradients of vesicle fusions, generated by mechanisms not related to a supply centre, which create typical hyphal morphologies. These equations direct the conceptual basis for tip growth to vesicle fusion gradients, presumably mediated by a putative membrane skeleton associated with the plasma membrane. We also show that the organization and behaviour of motile organelles in growing hyphal tips of the oomycete,Saprolegnia ferax, argue against the presence of an apparatus capable of generating the distribution of vesicles postulated by the VSC model. We conclude that the VSC model is unlikely to describe the mechanistic basis of tip growth inS. ferax, and therefore, at best, it is not universally applicable.     

基于经验模型和机理模型的杉木人工林生物量估测对比研究

为了揭示间伐干扰下杉木人工林生物量的变化规律,研究利用江西省吉水县石阳林场的36块杉木人工林样地的实测数据和研究区气候数据,通过基于经验的引入地位指数(SI)的生物量生长方程组和基于机理的3-PG模型,模拟并预估林分生物量,分析在间伐和非间伐的情况下,不同立地的林分其生物量0-50a的变化。结果表明:(1)构建了生物量生长方程组,并在参数a、b、c中引入地位指数SI,发现改进后的模型对于基础模型拟合精度更高,且对数似然比检验表明,改进效果显著(P<0.05)。(2)通过对3-PG模型预测精度验证发现,预估值和实测值之间有很高的一致性,各因子的决定系数(R²)在0.65-0.96之间,其中,胸径和树高的R²均高于0.92;各因子的平均相对误差(MRE)不超过26%。(3)通过比较经验模型和机理模型的生物量预测发现,经验模型的预测误差MRE为16.50%,机理模型为23.52%,经验模型预估精度更高。进一步对未来预测对比分析表明,机理模型预估值高于经验模型。(4)两个模型模拟的杉木人工林生物量规律一致,即随着林龄的增加,杉木人工林林分总生物量均表现出先快速增加,后逐渐平稳的趋势;并且间伐不会改变这种趋势,但间伐林分在间伐后的生物量生长速率高于无间伐林分。此外,由于SI对经验模型影响显著,改进模型拟合效果更好,更具有生态学意义。参数化后的3-PG模型模预估精度较高,能够为江西杉木人工林生长规律研究提供依据。虽然经验模型和机理模型在对研究区杉木人工林生物量的预估上均具有较好的表现,但各具特点和局限性。经验模型参数较易获得,且经验模型预测生物量、林分胸高断面积和林分平均树高的R²、MRE均优于机理模型;但模型对于建模数据内的评价效果较好,对于建模数据外的应用具有局限性,即经验模型更适合模拟生长期间的某一阶段的林分生物量。机理模型虽然需要的参数较多,但是考虑了生态学原理,弥补了经验模型的不足,可较好解释和模拟环境因子对树木生长的影响,对校正数据之外生长阶段的林分生物量预测更有优势。     

A simulation model of root and shoot growth at different levels of nitrogen availability

Conclusions The model calculations correspond in a qualitative way rather well with experimental data and the model appears to be quite stable. This means that a) the division into three plant parts (growing and mature shoot parts and roots) and b) the mechanisms simulated (chemical conversions and transport processes) can form a good basis for describing plant growth.     

Ajmalicine production by cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus: from shake flask to bioreactor

The productivity of a cell culture for the production of a secondary metabolite is defined by three factors: specific growth rate, specific product formation rate, and biomass concentration during production. The effect of scaling-up from shake flask to bioreactor on growth and production and the effect of increasing the biomass concentration were investigated for the production of ajmalicine by Catharanthus roseus cell suspensions. Growth of biomass was not affected by the type of culture vessel. Growth, carbohydrate storage, glucose and oxygen consumption, and the carbon dioxide production could be predicted rather well by a structured model with the internal phosphate and the external glucose concentration as the controlling factors. The production of ajmalicine on production medium in a shake flask was not reproduced in a bioreactor. The production could be restored by creating a gas regime in the bioreactor comparable to that in a shake flask. Increasing the biomass concentration both in a shake flask and in a stirred fermenter decreased the ajmalicine production rate. This effect could be removed partly by controlling the oxygen concentration in the more dense culture at 85% air saturation.     

A mechanism for morphogen-controlled domain growth

Many developmental systems are organised via the action of graded distributions of morphogens. In the Drosophila wing disc, for example, recent experimental evidence has shown that graded expression of the morphogen Dpp controls cell proliferation and hence disc growth. Our goal is to explore a simple model for regulation of wing growth via the Dpp gradient: we use a system of reaction-diffusion equations to model the dynamics of Dpp and its receptor Tkv, with advection arising as a result of the flow generated by cell proliferation. We analyse the model both numerically and analytically, showing that uniform domain growth across the disc produces an exponentially growing wing disc.     

Tree growth and competition in a post-logging Quercus mongolica forest on Mt. Sobaek, South Korea

Secondary woodlands in South Korea cover most mountains from low to middle elevations. While general patterns of forest succession are well understood, little is known about mechanisms of stand recovery after disturbance. We examined the spatio-temporal variations in establishment, growth, size inequality, and mode of competition among trees in a 50-year-old post-logging Quercus mongolica-dominated stand. We further compared the growth and stem allometry of single trees, presumably of seed origin, with multi-stemmed trees resprouting from stumps. Q. mongolica formed the upper canopy 16–22 m tall, 88.3% of total stand basal area, and 36.2% of total stem density, with most trees established during the first post-logging decade (51.2% were resprouts). During the first three decades, the Q. mongolica recruits grew exponentially, and disproportionately more in diameter than few older reserved trees left after the last cutting. This substantially decreased size inequality. The reverse trend was observed from 1994 to 2004: larger trees grow more, indicating an increasing asymmetry of competition for light. Neighborhood analysis revealed that when target trees had more or larger neighbors, their exponential phase of growth was reduced and maximum size was decreased. After the 50 years of stand development, more than 70% of Q. mongolica showed growth decline as a result of competitive stress, and mortality was about 30%, concentrated in smaller size classes. Compared to single stems, resprouts within clones do not seem to compete less asymmetric as might be expected based on studies of clonal herbaceous plants and physiological integration within genets. As Q. mongolica was also negatively affected by competition from woody species currently prevailing in the lower tree stratum (Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Acer pseudosieboldianum), we predict the stand will become increasingly dominated by these more shade-tolerant trees.     

A mathematical model of pollen-tube penetration in apple styles

Cross-compatible pollen tubes were cultured in detached flowers of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Cox's Orange Pippin). Although the culture method was simple, the detached flowers proved to be adequate for our requirements, and after pollination they were incubated at 12 constant temperatures from 3·5° C to 33·5° C and sampled at intervals for microscopy. S-shaped growth curves (Gompertz function) were fitted to measurements of pollen-tube penetration within the styles, and each of the Gompertz parameters was expressed as a function of temperature. The model was defective at temperatures below 6° C, but a modification is described which improves this deficiency and yields a ten-parameter empirical model with temperature and incubation time as inputs, and pollen penetration as its output. An application of the model is described in which it provides a numerically integrated output of pollentube penetration from a series of temperature records. Potential uses for the model include predictions of pollen penetration for experimental use and testing for small differences in pollen-tube response to temperature, between cultivars, or between experimental treatments.     

Insight into the basis of root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana provided by a simple mathematical model

Plant organ growth changes under genetic and environmental influences can be observed as altered cell proliferation and volume growth. The two aspects are mutually dependent and intricately related. For comprehensive growth analysis, it is necessary to specify the relationship quantitatively. Here, we develop a simple mathematical model for this purpose. Our model assumes that the biological activity of a given organ is proportional to the cell number of the organ and is allocated into three aspects: cell proliferation, volume growth, and organ maintenance. We analyzed the growth of primary roots of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. in one tetraploid and four diploid strains using this model. The analysis determined various growth parameters, such as specific cost coefficients of cell proliferation and volume growth for each strain. The results provide insight into the basis of interstrain variations and ploidy effects in root growth.     

The influence of position on genet growth: a simulation of a population of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) genets under grazing

In a spatially explicit simulation model of vegetation dynamics (VegeTate), I labelled the initial mass of Pteridium aquilinum in each of 225 cells as a single, unique genet or clone. The physical environment was homogeneous and all genets shared the same phenotype. The aim was to discover whether and how the success of each genet was affected by its initial position relative to other genets and a competing grass species. In a scenario in which grazing generated a grass-bracken mosaic with complex spatial dynamics, the amount of growth of each genet ranged widely, from frequent extinction to mass increase by over 300 times. The main factor in the impact of position on genet growth was shown to be a benefit from the initial presence or proximity of a large mass of P. aquilinum. This was because a high density of P. aquilinum reduced local grazing intensity, allowing plant mass to accumulate and shifting the balance of competition in favour of P. aquilinum. Thus variations between cells in initial mass of P. aquilinum were greatly amplified. The implications of this amplification of initial differences between sites for population genetics are briefly discussed. Qualitative features of the spatial distribution of genets at the end of simulations matched reported observations on patchily distributed field populations of P. aquilinum. These features included dominance of a large population by a small minority of genets, widespread mixtures of a dominant genet and one or more subordinate genets, and the presence of patches of P. aquilinum formed both by agglomeration from neighbouring foci and by spread of dominant genets. Under less intense grazing, which allowed little or no development of vegetation mosaics, genet growth varied relatively little and initial variations in relative mass between genets were little changed. Based on this study, I hypothesize that any processes that generate non-linear spatial dynamics will also generate complex genet dynamics.