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1.
Genetic diversity benefits for social insect colonies headed by polyandrous queens have received intense attention, whereas
sexual selection remains little explored. Yet mates of the same queen may engage in sperm competition over the siring of offspring,
and this could confer benefits on queens if the most successful sire in each colony (the majority sire) produces gynes (daughter
queens) of higher quality. These benefits could be increased if high-quality sires make queens increase the percentage of
eggs that they fertilize (unfertilized eggs develop into sons in social hymenopterans), or if daughters of better genetic
quality are over-represented in the gyne versus worker class. Such effects would lead to female-biased sex ratios in colonies
with high-quality majority gynes. I tested these ideas in field colonies of Lasius niger black garden ants, using body mass of gynes as a fitness trait as it is known to correlate with future fecundity. Also, I
established the paternity of gynes through microsatellite DNA offspring analyses. Majority sires did not always produce heavier
gynes in L. niger, but whenever they did do so colonies produced more females, numerically and in terms of the energetic investment in female
versus male production. Better quality sires may be able to induce queens to fertilize more eggs or so-called caste shunting
may occur wherever the daughters of better males are preferentially shunted to into the gyne caste. My study supports that
integrating sexual selection and social evolutionary studies may bring a deeper understanding of mating system evolution in
social insects. 相似文献
2.
M. C. Lorenzi 《Insectes Sociaux》2003,50(1):82-87
Summary. Queens of the parasitic social wasp, Polistes atrimandibularis, temporarily mimic the odor of their host species, Polistes biglumis, but their offspring have parasite-specific odors. As a consequence, in parasitized colonies individuals with different odors co-inhabit the colony and host workers, who are responsible for colony defense, accept wasps with different odors. In order to verify whether this particular condition causes a change in recognition abilities of hosts, we tested nestmate/non-nestmate discrimination in field colonies invaded by social parasites (and in non-parasitized colonies as controls). Results show that parasitized colonies distinguish between nestmates and non-nestmates, distinguish their parasite queen from those that usurped alien colonies, and accept their parasite's non-mimetic offspring but make more recognition errors than non-parasitized colonies. The optimal acceptance threshold model predicts that when the frequency of encountering non-kin increases, residents become less permissive towards intruders. However, my data show that parasitized colonies are more permissive towards non-nestmates with respect to non-parasitized colonies but they are also more aggressive towards nestmates, suggesting that host workers' learning abilities are impaired. 相似文献
3.
The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is found in red and green color morphs. Previous work has suggested that the aphidiine parasitoid
Aphidius ervi Haliday preferentially attacks green pea aphids in the field. It is not clear whether these results reflect a real preference,
or some unknown clonal difference, such as in immunity, between the aphids used in the previous studies. We used three susceptibility-matched
pairs of red and green morph pea aphid clones to test for preferences. In a no-choice situation, the parasitoids attacked
equal proportions of each color morph. When provided with a choice, A. ervi was significantly more likely to oviposit into colonies formed from green morphs when the neighboring colony was formed from
red morph aphids. In contrast, red morphs were less likely to be attacked when their neighboring colony was of the green morph.
By preferentially attacking green colonies, A. ervi may reduce the likelihood of intraguild predation, as it is suggested that visually foraging predators preferentially attack
red aphid colonies. Furthermore, if this host choice behavior is replicated in the field, we speculate that color morphs of
the pea aphid may interact indirectly through their shared natural enemies, leading to intraspecific apparent competition. 相似文献
4.
Summary The biology of the invasive Polistes dominulus and the native P. fuscatus was compared at a field site in Rochester, Michigan over a two-year period. Colonies nesting semi-naturally in plywood nestboxes were studied using videography, extensive surveys, and colony-specific marking of gynes.Both single- and multiple-foundress colonies of P. dominulus were significantly more productive than comparable colonies of P. fuscatus. The disparity in productivity was significantly more pronounced in single-foundress colonies than in multiple-foundress colonies. P. dominulus had significantly shorter larval and pupal development times than P. fuscatus, which allowed P. dominulus to produce its first workers about a week earlier than P. fuscatus. P. dominulus had a number of additional advantages over P. fuscatus that contributed to its productivity including (1) significantly less parasitism by Strepsiptera, (2) significantly greater probability of renesting after predation by raccoons, (3) significantly lower usurpation pressures, and (4) possibly longer foraging days . The recovery of colony-marked foundresses indicated that gynes of P. dominulus suffered significantly greater mortality than gynes of P. fuscatus during winter diapause and that foundresses of both species were equally, strongly philopatric.P. dominulus is likely replacing P. fuscatus in many areas of southeastern Michigan via indirect or exploitative competition. The two species may be competing for nest sites.Received 7 July 2003; revised 10 October 2003; accepted 3 November 2003. 相似文献
5.
Inquilines, workerless social parasites, frequently show advanced adaptations to their parasitic life style that indicate
a long co-evolutionary history with their host. Ectatomma parasiticum, the first inquiline described in the poneromorph group, usurps established colonies of E. tuberculatum and produces only sexuals. In laboratory colonies, parasites were specifically attacked by the host workers, showing a failure
in their social integration. Social interactions were frequent between parasites and their hosts, especially antennation,
interpreted as attempts to promote colonial odor transfer. Inquilines destroyed eggs laid by the other queens (67 out of 209
eggs laid), including conspecific parasites, which is unusual. Such partial integration into the host colony and potential
parasite virulence argue for a recent evolution of social parasitism in E. tuberculatum. 相似文献
6.
Ant-gardens represent a special type of association between ants and epiphytes. Frequently, two ant species can share the
same nest in a phenomenon known as ‘parabiosis’, but the exact nature (i.e., mutualistic or parasitic) of this interaction
is the subject of debate. We thus attempted to clarify the mutual costs and benefits for each partner (ants and plants) in
the Crematogaster levior/Camponotus femoratus ant-garden parabiosis. The ants’ response to experimental foliar damage to the epiphytes and to the host tree as well as
their behavior and interactions during prey capture were investigated to see if the purported parasitic status of Cr. levior could be demonstrated in either the ant-ant or in the ant-plant interactions. The results show that both species take part
in protecting the epiphytes, refuting the role of Cr. levior as a parasite of the ant-garden mutualism. During capture of large prey Ca. femoratus took advantage from the ability of Cr. levior to discover prey; by following Cr. levior trails Ca. femoratus workers discover the prey in turn and usurp them during agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, the trade-off between the costs
and benefits of this association seems then to be favorable to both species because it is known that Cr. levior benefits from Ca. femoratus building the common carton nests and furnishing protection from vertebrates. Consequently, parabiosis can then be defined
as the only mutualistic association existing between ant species, at least in ant-gardens.
Received 31 August 2006 ; revised 8 December 2006 ; accepted 12 December 2006 相似文献
7.
Field observations and inoculation experiments revealed that Uromyces appendiculatus var. azukicola has an autoecious and macrocyclic life cycle and produces spermogonia, aecia, uredinia, and telia on Vigna angularis var. angularis and V. angularis var. nipponensis. From inoculation experiments, it was suggested that this rust fungus has different host relationships from other varieties. Morphological examinations revealed that the characteristics of urediniospores and teliospores are different among varieties, although aeciospores are morphologically similar to each other.Contribution no. 182, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Japan 相似文献
8.
M. Witek P. Skórka E. B. Śliwińska P. Nowicki D. Moroń J. Settele M. Woyciechowski 《Insectes Sociaux》2011,58(3):403-411
Maculinea butterflies are social parasites of Myrmica ants. Methods to study the strength of host ant specificity in the Maculinea–Myrmica association include research on chemical and acoustic mimicry as well as experiments on ant adoption and rearing behaviour
of Maculinea larvae. Here we present results of laboratory experiments on adoption, survival, development and integration of M. teleius larvae within the nests of different Myrmica host species, with the objective of quantifying the degree of specialization of this Maculinea species. In the laboratory, a total of 94 nests of four Myrmica species: M. scabrinodis, M. rubra, M.
ruginodis and M. rugulosa were used. Nests of M. rubra and M. rugulosa adopted M. teleius larvae more readily and quickly than M. ruginodis colonies. No significant differences were found in the survival rates of M. teleius larvae reared by different ant species. Early larval growth of M. teleius larvae differed slightly among nests of four Myrmica host species. Larvae reared by colonies of M. rugulosa which were the heaviest at the beginning of larval development had the lowest mean larval body mass after 18 weeks compared
to those reared by other Myrmica species. None of the M.
teleius larvae was carried by M. scabrinodis or M. rubra workers after ant nests were destroyed, which suggests a lack of integration with host colonies. Results indicate that Myrmica species coming from the same site differ in their ability to adopt and rear M. teleius larvae but there was no obvious adaptation of this butterfly species to one of the host ant species. This may explain why,
under natural conditions, all four ants can be used as hosts of this butterfly species. Slight advantages of particular Myrmica species as hosts at certain points in butterfly larval development can be explained by the ant species biology and colony
structure rather than by specialization of M. teleius. 相似文献
9.
Pseudacanthotermes spiniger and P. militaris are two African fungus-growing termites (Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) which may become pests in disturbed agrosystems where
they often live in sympatry. To study their development and their reproductive strategies, colonies of both species were reared
in the laboratory for 20 and 17 years, respectively, after their foundation from reproductive pairs. The first steps of development
were in great part similar in both species, although P. spiniger favoured the defence during the juvenile period, while P. militaris tended to favour a rapid development. While P. spiniger colonies did not produce alates until year 7 of colony life, P. militaris colonies were able to produce a fertile progeny 4 years after their foundation. In contrast, major soldiers were more rapidly
differentiated in the incipient colonies of P. spiniger. Dispersal flights occurred every year for 10 years in P. spiniger. In P. militaris, dispersal flights did not occur regularly although alates appeared yearly. The annual number of alates produced by P. spiniger increased with the colony age to reach a maximum of 25,000 individuals and global production of alates was estimated at ca.
150,000 individuals in the life of a colony. The longevity of P. spiniger and P. militaris colonies was around 20 years. These species were shown to be reproductively isolated by multiple pre-mating mechanisms. While
chronological differences in dispersal flights contribute to reproductive isolation of the two species, the non-viability
of experimental hybrid colonies also indicates the involvement of post-mating mechanisms of isolation. 相似文献
10.
The position of the cleavage furrow (random or otherwise) was studied on cultured L-929 (NCTC, clone 929) and CHO cells. CHO cells were seeded uniformly on the surface of Petri dishes; L-929 cells were grown as colonies so that migrating cells could be watched. Cell behavior was registered by time-lapse imaging.
Two parameters were analyzed on captured images: the angle between the cell polarization axis and cleavage furrow and the
angle between the cell polarization axis or cleavage furrow and the horizontal axis of the image field. It was shown that
the position of CHO cells in the dish plane and the value of the angle between the cell polarization axis and the cleavage furrow were random.
The L-929 cells migrating from the colony were orientated such that their polarization axis was directed to the colony center and the
cleavage furrow was perpendicular to this axis. The nonrandom position of cultivated cells during mitosis and their cleavage
furrow during the telophase are discussed. 相似文献
11.
In this paper we analyze emigration from nests by the polydomous ant Cataglyphis iberica. Social carrying of workers of this species between different nests of the colony is frequent. In Bellaterra (Barcelona,
NE Spain), we monitored field emigration of C. iberica by noting for each nest the migratory behavior of C. iberica workers and, when the nests were attacked by another ant species, Camponotus foreli, we noted the number of C. foreli workers involved in the attacks. Emigration of C. iberica from nests was highly variable. We suggest the main factor determining emigration by this species was attack by workers of
C. foreli, so emigration from C. iberica nests was much faster when harassment by C. foreli increased. The system of multiple nests of C. iberica enables this species to abandon attacked nests and to reinstall their population in other nests of the same colony. This
reduces risk to the colonies because the route between the different nests is well known by transporter workers. 相似文献
12.
Karin Sonntag Brigitte Ruge-Wehling Peter Wehling 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,96(3):297-305
A method for isolation and shoot regeneration from electrofused protoplasts of L. angustifolius and L. subcarnosus was developed. Viable protoplasts were isolated from leaves of in-vitro grown seedlings at an average yield of 6 × 105 protoplasts g−1 fresh weight. Liquid and agarose solidified B5 media were used for protoplast culture. In the liquid-culture system, all
tested media, VKM, P1 and KM8p, were applicable for inducing cell division (84% of all tested petri dishes at four weeks)
and colony formation. Media containing additional carbohydrates were suitable to produce compact calli with green and brown
pigmentations in different combinations. Analysis of callus with molecular markers allowed to identify six somatic hybrids.
However, none of the parental-protoplast derived cell colonies could develop shoots. This is the first report on protoplast
fusion of L. angustifolius and L. subcarnosus with subsequent shoot regeneration. 相似文献
13.
M. J. Sommeijer L. L. M. de Bruijn F. J. A. J. Meeuwsen E. P. Martens 《Insectes Sociaux》2003,50(1):38-44
Summary. This paper is the report of a long-duration study of the production of gynes and males in Melipona stingless bees in Trinidad and Tobago, including a behavioural study of laying workers. In 167 brood samples (16342 pupae) of M. favosa, taken from 78 colonies in the natural environment over the years 1993-2001, workers represented 78.4% and males represented 17.3%. Gynes represented 5.1% of all female brood. Gyne proportion never exceeded 22.5%. Gynes were found to be common throughout the year. Like the gynes, males were present all year, but their occurrence varied over the months. Males were most common in the months of July and August. At the colony level male occurrence in the brood was characterized by very high values (maximum 74.2%), next to a frequent complete absence (in 26.5% of all samples). The finding of bout-like production of males at the colony level is supported by the observations on reproductive worker behaviour. The colonies appeared to be in different phases of male production. When male producing laying workers were present, they competed heavily for egg-laying opportunities. Various behaviours of laying workers and the queen are described and interpreted on the basis of reproductive competition and kin conflict theories. From these results, we conclude that in M. favosa, workers have a distinct influence on reproduction, including the production of gynes and males. 相似文献
14.
Within the bee family Halictidae there have been three origins of sociality. Although detection of origins and reversal from
sociality requires phylogenetic studies, at a behavioural level a predisposition to sociality can be detected by analysis
of intra-specific interactions. We studied aspects of nesting biology and behavioural interactions in Lasioglossum (Lasioglossum) majus, a poorly known halictine inhabiting temperate regions of Europe, which is suspected to be solitary. Nests were found to
be largely used by one female, but some were shared by more than one individual. These few nests, whose entrances were very
close to each other, were found to be connected underground. A few individuals were observed to enter in a nest where a female
was waiting, behaving as a guard and allowing the incoming bee to enter the nest. By use of circle-tube experiments, the behavioural
repertoire exhibited by females during encounters was assessed. Levels of withdrawal and cooperative events were comparable
with those observed in other solitary nesting species, but aggressive events were very rare, as in several observed communal
species. We conclude that L. (L.) majus females, despite general solitary nesting, possess behavioural components enabling them to adopt, probably in high nest-density
areas, nest-sharing strategies. A similar kind of local social polymorphism has been observed in two other species of the
subgenus Lasioglossum, but these are the first data available on a European species and the first record of subterranean connections among nests
of halictid bees. 相似文献
15.
Eotetranychus carpini (Oudemans) is an important pest of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in southern Europe. This mite is also found on a number of different plants, including Carpinus betulus L., which commonly occurs in stands and hedgerows bordering vineyards, where it may serve as a potential mite reservoir.
The economic importance of this pest has motivated a number of studies aimed at investigating whether the mites found on V. vinifera and C. betulus are conspecific. The results obtained to date have been inconclusive. In this study, we used biological and molecular approaches
to investigate this issue. First, we conducted host-switch experiments to test the ability of E. carpini to develop on an alternative host plant, using mite populations originally collected on either C. betulus or V. vinifera plants from the same area. Second, we investigated DNA-based differentiation using nucleotide sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2
region of the ribosomal DNA of individual E. carpini from the populations examined in our host-plant experiments. We also analyzed sequences of individuals collected in other
regions (Italy and Slovenia) to estimate species variation. The results from our host-switch experiments suggest the differentiation
of mites collected on the two hosts. Mites collected from C. betulus did not survive and reproduce on V. vinifera and vice versa. Our molecular work revealed significant genetic differentiation between the mites collected from the two
hosts, but no evidence of genetic variation among specimens collected from the same host species. Our results indicate the
existence of host races of E. carpini. 相似文献
16.
N. C. Chapman P. Nanork M. S. Reddy N. S. Bhat M. Beekman B. P. Oldroyd 《Insectes Sociaux》2008,55(4):382-386
When a honey bee colony becomes queenless and broodless its only reproductive option is for some of its workers to produce
sons before the colony perishes. However, for this to be possible the policing of worker-laid eggs must be curtailed and this
provides the opportunity for queenless colonies to be reproductively parasitized by workers from other nests. Such reproductive
parasitism is known to occur in Apis florea and A. cerana. Microsatellite analyses of worker samples have demonstrated that the proportion of non-natal workers present in an A. cerana colony declines after a colony is made queenless. This observation suggests that queenless A. cerana colonies may be more vigilant in repelling potentially parasitic non-natal workers than queenright colonies. We compared
rates of nestmate and non-nestmate acceptance in both queenright and queenless A. cerana colonies using standard assays and showed that there is no statistical difference between the proportion of non-nestmate
workers that are rejected in queenless and queenright colonies. We also show that, contrary to earlier reports, A. cerana guards are able to discriminate nestmate workers from non-nestmates, and that they reject significantly more non-nestmate
workers than nestmate workers.
Received 25 February 2008; revised 21 May 2008; accepted 25 June 2008. 相似文献
17.
A pea rust fungus, Uromyces viciae-fabae, has been classified into two varieties, var. viciae-fabae and var. orobi, based on differences in urediniospore wall thickness and putative host specificity in Japan. In principal component analyses, morphological features of urediniospores and teliospores of 94 rust specimens from Vicia, Lathyrus, and Pisum did not show definite host-specific morphological groups. In molecular analyses, 23 Uromyces specimens from Vicia, Lathyrus, and Pisum formed a single genetic clade based on D1/D2 and ITS regions. Four isolates of U. viciae-fabae from V. cracca and V. unijuga could infect and sporulate on P. sativum. These results suggest that U. viciae-fabae populations on different host plants are not biologically differentiated into groups that can be recognized as varieties.Contribution no. 184, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba, Japan 相似文献
18.
In order to understand better non-target effect and potential uses, the host specificity of two parasitoid species (Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes & Menezes and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard) (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for six mealybug species [Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Phenacoccus solani Ferris, Planococcus citri (Risso),Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret)] (all Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was studied through behavioral observations and laboratory rearing. The selected
mealybug species represent major subfamilies and tribes of Pseudococcidae. Except for F. virgata, all mealybug species induced examinations by Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope and L. dactylopii. Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope was specific to P. madeirensis, which was the only mealybug species selected for oviposition and suitable for complete development of the parasitoid. No
encapsulation of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in P. madeirensis was observed. Leptomastix dactylopii accepted multiple species for oviposition, with the ranking of species preference as P. citri > P. viburni > P. longispinus > P. solani > P. madeirensis. Only P. citri, P. longispinus and P. viburni supported the development of L. dactylopii. Parasitoids developing in P. longispinus and P. viburni suffered from high encapsulation rates, while no encapsulation was observed when developing in P. citri. The results of this study suggest that Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope is highly host specific. Leptomastix dactylopii, on the other hand, has a wider host range. The use of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in a mealybug biological control program is limited to P. madeirensis and L. dactylopii to P. citri. The results presented in this study also lead us to question the accuracy of the reported host range of L. dactylopii, which include all six mealybug species tested. 相似文献
19.
M. W. Brown 《BioControl》2011,56(1):65-69
The biological control of aphid populations may only be possible when natural enemies arrive soon after aphid colonization.
This study was done to identify how quickly adult Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) need to arrive at newly established spirea aphid [Aphis spiraecola Patch (Homoptera: Aphididae)] colonies on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) to provide population control. A total of 100 newly established spirea aphid colonies were caged in an experimental
apple orchard in West Virginia, USA. A single adult H. axyridis was added to each of ten caged colonies at day 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after caging. An additional ten caged colonies were
opened for exposure to natural levels of predation at each of the treatment intervals as a control. The single H. axyridis eliminated the aphid colonies significantly more quickly than natural predation for up to ten days after colony establishment.
The probability of an aphid colony producing alates was significantly lower in the presence of a single H. axyridis adult than when exposed to natural predation for the first ten days. Adult H. axyridis beetles are capable of completely controlling individual spirea aphid colonies on apple only if they are abundant enough
to find colonies within one week of colony establishment. 相似文献
20.
Forsgren E de Miranda JR Isaksson M Wei S Fries I 《Experimental & applied acarology》2009,47(2):87-97
Mites in the genus Tropilaelaps (Acari: Laelapidae) are ectoparasites of the brood of honey bees (Apis spp.). Different Tropilaelaps subspecies were originally described from Apis dorsata, but a host switch occurred to the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, for which infestations can rapidly lead to colony death. Tropilaelaps is hence considered more dangerous to A. mellifera than the parasitic mite Varroa destructor. Honey bees are also infected by many different viruses, some of them associated with and vectored by V. destructor. In recent years, deformed wing virus (DWV) has become the most prevalent virus infection in honey bees associated with V. destructor. DWV is distributed world-wide, and found wherever the Varroa mite is found, although low levels of the virus can also be found in Varroa free colonies. The Varroa mite transmits viral particles when feeding on the haemolymph of pupae or adult bees. Both the Tropilaelaps mite and the Varroa mite feed on honey bee brood, but no observations of DWV in Tropilaelaps have so far been reported. In this study, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to show the presence of DWV in infested
brood and Tropilaelaps
mercedesae mites collected in China, and to demonstrate a close quantitative association between mite-infested pupae of A. mellifera and DWV infections. Phylogenetic analysis of the DWV sequences recovered from matching pupae and mites revealed considerable
DWV sequence heterogeneity and polymorphism. These polymorphisms appeared to be associated with the individual brood cell,
rather than with a particular host. 相似文献