An automated system for continuous measurements of trace gas fluxes through snow: an evaluation of the gas diffusion method at a subalpine forest site,Niwot Ridge,Colorado

An experimental system for sampling trace gas fluxes through seasonal snowpack was deployed at a subalpine site near treeline at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. The sampling manifold was in place throughout the entire snow-covered season for continuous air sampling with minimal disturbance to the snowpack. A series of gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ozone, volatile organic compounds) was determined in interstitial air withdrawn at eight heights in and above the snowpack at ~hourly intervals. In this paper, carbon dioxide data from 2007 were used for evaluation of this technique. Ancillary data recorded inlcuded snow physical properties, i.e., temperature, pressure, and density. Various vertical concentration gradients were determined from the multiple height measurements, which allowed calculation of vertical gas fluxes through the snowpack using Fick’s 1st law of diffusion. Comparison of flux results obtained from different height inlet combinations show that under most conditions fluxes derived from individual gradient intervals agree with the overall median of all data within a factor of 1.5. Winds were found to significantly influence gas concentration and gradients in the snowpack. Under the highest observed wind conditions, concentration gradients and calculated fluxes dropped to as low as 13% of non-wind conditions. Measured differential pressure amplitude exhibited a linear relationship with wind speed. This suggests that wind speed is a sound proxy for assessing advection transport in the snow. Neglecting the wind-pumping effect resulted in considerable underestimation of gas fluxes. An analysis of dependency of fluxes on wind speeds during a 3-week period in mid-winter determined that over this period actual gas fluxes were most likely 57% higher than fluxes calculated by the diffusion method, which omits the wind pumping dependency. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

季节性干旱对中亚热带人工林显热和潜热通量日变化的影响

植被与大气间的显热和潜热通量的日变化是大气过程和植被生理过程的显著标志。本研究利用ChinaFLUX千烟洲站典型的夏季雨热不同季的季节性干旱的试验条件,探讨了2003年季节性干旱对该生态系统显热和潜热通量日变化变异幅度和峰值时间的影响。研究表明：显热通量的日变化变异幅度年平均值为176 W/m2。潜热通量的日变化变异幅度年平均值为171 W/m2。显热通量到达日变化峰值的时间平均为11:57。全年潜热通量的日变化都在午后达到峰值,平均值为12:33。季节性干旱造成显热通量的日变异幅度明显增大,从144W m-2增加到321 W m-2。而潜热通量的日变异幅度明显降低,从324 W/m2减小到198 W/m2。,显热和潜热通量日变异幅度的相对变化明显增大,从-165 W/m2增加到76 W/m2,气温和饱和水汽压差是影响显热和显热日变异幅度及其相对变化的主要控制因素。干旱胁迫期,深层水对显热通量日变化变异幅度及其与潜热通量日变化变异幅度的相对变化的作用更显著,而潜热通量日变化变异幅度与气象要素关系不显著。季节性干旱造成显热通量日变化的峰值时间和显热和潜热通量日变化峰值时间的相对变化明显向下午偏移,显热通量日变化的峰值从上午11:31到中午12:17,相对变化从1小时到1小时20分钟。季节性干旱对潜热通量日变化峰值时间没有显著的影响。非干旱胁迫期,显热通量日变化峰值时间和显热及潜热通量日变化峰值时间的相对变化均与气温负相关,而干旱胁迫期,则与气温正相关。潜热通量日变化峰值时间与气象要素关系均不显著。该生态系统显热和潜热通量日变化峰值的相对变化主要受降水量的季节分配控制,在干旱胁迫期降水的作用更加明显。潜热和显热通量日变化峰值时间的相对变化总体上都受植被与大气间的耦合程度控制。     

农林复合生态系统与低层大气间的通量研究

根据近年在黄淮海平原大面积农林复合区的观测资料,采用简单的一维模型,讨论了此类复合系统与低层大气之间的热量、动量和水汽通量,比较了不同的结构林网形成的通量差异。结果表明,由于林冠层的摩擦作用,农林复合生态系统上空风速随高度增大较快,动量输送总是向下的。在层结稳定的夜间,其数值较大,而在湍流比较活跃的正午前后,由于垂直风切变减弱,动量输送也相应减小。夜间农林作物冠层的辐射冷却加强,近地层逆温梯度增大,加之作物冠层内部因辐射冷却而造成水汽凝结,冠层上部水汽大于冠层内部,此时热通量和水汽通量均向下。这一现象在白天日出后开始逆转,日出后,地面升温加快,并逐渐形成超绝热梯度,致使热量通量向上。此时农林作物蒸腾加剧,冠层高度范围内水汽含量增大,造成水汽向上输送。文中还讨论了一维模式的缺点,指出了进一步研究生态系统与大气相互作用的重要性.     

涡度相关观测的太湖CH4通量数据插补方法评价

涡度相关法是在湖泊开展CH₄通量长期连续观测的重要方法。受到多种因素的影响,CH₄通量观测数据存在大量缺失。为重构完整的CH₄通量时间序列,就需要适宜的数据插补方法。本研究利用太湖涡度通量观测网络东部的避风港站点2014—2017年的常规气象数据及涡度相关观测的CH₄通量数据,在分析半小时尺度以及日尺度CH₄通量影响要素的基础上,测试了非线性回归法以及随机森林算法和误差反向传播算法在半小时尺度及日尺度上插补CH₄通量缺失数据的可行性。结果表明: 在半小时尺度上,避风港站生长季CH₄通量主要受到底泥温度、摩擦风速、气温、相对湿度、潜热通量和20 cm处水温的影响,非生长季主要受到相对湿度、潜热通量、风速、感热通量和底泥温度的影响,而在日尺度上CH₄通量主要受潜热通量和相对湿度的影响。在对CH₄通量缺失数据的插补中,随机森林模型在所有时间尺度上都表现为最佳的插补性能,其中,将日序、太阳高度角、底泥温度、摩擦风速、气温、20 cm处水温、相对湿度、气压和风速作为输入变量的随机森林模型更适用于半小时尺度缺失数据的插补;将日序、底泥温度、摩擦风速、气温、20 cm处水温、相对湿度、气压、风速和向下短波辐射作为输入变量的随机森林模型更适用于日尺度缺失数据的插补;整体上,插补模型对日尺度缺失数据的插补优于半小时尺度。     

热带季节雨林林冠碳通量不同校正方法的比较分析

利用西双版纳热带季节雨林2003年3月1～9日的CO₂和水汽通量数据,比较了不同校正方法的差异.结果表明,对季节雨林林冠碳通量观测数据进行校正是必要的,但不同校正方法所起的作用有所差异;昼间WPL校正的作用最大,虚温校正的作用最小;t检验证明,经WPL修正后的碳通量值与基准值、无显著差异;聚类分析表明,进行自然风3次旋转校正有利于数值精度的提高.夜间是自然风旋转校正的贡献最大、虚温校正贡献最小;t检验表明,经过WPL修正和平面旋转校正及其组合得到的碳通量值与基准值均有显著差异;而经包含有自然风旋转校正处理后的碳通量值与基准值均无显著差异;聚类分析表明,经过自然风坐标旋转后,再进行WPL修正,有利于数值精度的提高.     

On-line heat flux measurements improve the culture medium for the growth and productivity of genetically engineered CHO cells

With the increasingly competitive commercial production of target proteins by hybridoma and genetically engineered cells, there is an urgent requirement for biosensors to monitor and control on-line and in real time the growth of cultured cells. Since growth is accompanied by an enthalpy change, heat dissipation measured by calorimetry could act as an index for metabolic flow rate. Recombinant CHO cell suspensions producing interferon-γ were pumped to an on-line flow calorimeter. The results showed that an early reflection of metabolic change is size-specific heat flux obtained from dividing heat flow rate by the capacitance change of the cell suspension, using the on-line probe of a dielectric spectroscope. Comparison of heat flux with glucose and glutamine fluxes indicated that the former most accurately reflected decreased metabolic activity. Possibly this was due to accumulation of lactate and ammonia resulting from catabolic substrates being used as biosynthetic precursors. Thus, the heat flux probe is an ideal on-line biosensor for fed-batch culture. A stoichiometric growth reaction was formulated and data for material and heat fluxes incorporated into it. This showed that cell demand for glucose and glutamine was in the stoichiometric ratio of ∼3:1 rather than the ∼5:1 in the medium. It was demonstrated that the set of stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction were related through the extent of reaction (advancement) to overall metabolic activity (flux). The fact that this approach can be used for medium optimisation is the basis for an amino-acid-enriched medium which improved cell growth while decreasing catabolic fluxes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Strategies for measuring and modelling carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems

Continuous and direct measurements of ecosystem carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes can improve our ability to close regional and global carbon and hydrological budgets. On this behalf, an international and multidisciplinary group of scientists (micrometeorologists, ecophysiologists and biogeochemists) assembled at La Thuile, Italy to convene a workshop on ‘Strategies for Monitoring and Modelling CO₂ and Water Vapour Fluxes over Terrestrial Ecosystems’. Over the course of the week talks and discussions focused on: (i) the results from recent field studies on the annual cycle of carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) the problems and pitfalls associated with making long-term flux measurements; (iii) alternative methods for assessing ecosystem carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes; (iv) how direct and continuous carbon dioxide and water vapour flux measurements could be used by the ecological and biogeochemical modelling communities; and (v) if, how and where to proceed with establishing a network of long-term flux measurement sites. This report discusses the purpose of the meeting and summarizes the conclusions drawn from the discussions by the attending scientists. There was a consensus that recent advances in instrumentation and software make possible long-term measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems. At this writing, eight research teams have conducted long-term carbon dioxide and water vapour flux experiments and more long-term studies are anticipated. The participants advocated an experimental design that would make long-term flux measurement valuable to a wider community of modelers, biogeochemists and ecologists. A network of carbon dioxide and water vapour flux measurement stations should include ancillary measurements of meteorological, ecological and biological variables. To assess spatial representativeness of the long term and tower-based flux measurements, periodic aircraft-based flux experiments and satellite-based assessments of land cover were recommended. Occasional cuvette-based measurements of leaf-level carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes were endorsed to provide information on the biological control of surface fluxes. They can also provide data to parameterize ecophysiological models. Flask sampling of stable carbon isotopes was advocated to extend the flux measurements to the global scale.     

亚热带毛竹林生态系统能量通量及平衡分析

利用开路涡度相关系统和常规气象观测仪器,对亚热带(浙江省)毛竹林生态系统2011年的净辐射、显热通量、潜热通量、土壤热通量以及气温、地温、降雨量等气象要素进行了连续观测,定量分析了毛竹林生态系统能量通量的变化和各能量分量的分配特征,并计算了能量闭合度以及波文比。结果表明:毛竹林全年净辐射为2628.00 MJ/m2,显热通量为576.80 MJ/m2,潜热通量为1666.77 MJ/m2,土壤热通量为-7.52 MJ/m2,土壤为热源,各能量分量季节变化明显,日变化基本呈单峰型曲线变化。显热通量占净辐射的22.0%,潜热通量占63.4%,毛竹林生态系统潜热通量为能量散失的主要形式。波文比逐月变化规律不明显,波动较大,在0.07—1.77之间变化,能量平衡比率法得出毛竹林年能量闭合度为0.85,月平均闭合度为0.84,能量闭合度高于线性回归法计算结果,但仍有15%的能量不闭合。     

Addressing the influence of instrument surface heat exchange on the measurements of CO2 flux from open-path gas analyzers

There is a growing concern in the flux community that using the eddy covariance method with open‐path CO₂ analyzers often leads to measurements of an apparent ecosystem CO₂ uptake during off‐season periods, especially in cold climates. Such uptake has not been observed when measurements were made with closed‐path analyzers, chambers, or profile methods, suggesting it is an artifact due in some way to the use of open‐path analyzers. In this study, a series of laboratory tests and field experiments were conducted to determine the magnitude of the instrument surface heat exchange in the open path and its relationship with the measured CO₂ flux. Results showed that (1) the surface of an open‐path instrument became substantially warmer than ambient due to electronics and radiation load during daytime, while at night, radiative cooling moderated temperature increases in the path; (2) high‐frequency temperature measurements inside the path were correlated with vertical wind speed producing sensible heat flux inside the instrument path exceeding the ambient heat flux by up to 14%; (3) enclosing the open‐path instrument eliminated the sensible heat flux in the path, and caused measured CO₂ flux to match a closed‐path reference; (4) using sensible heat flux measured directly inside the open path in the WPL term instead of the ambient sensible heat flux also led to a match in CO₂ flux between open‐path instrument and closed‐path reference; and (5) correcting previously collected open‐path CO₂ flux data was possible by estimating the instrument heating effect with a semi‐empirical model using standard weather variables. Results showed that all proposed techniques led to a significant reduction in apparent CO₂ uptake during off‐season periods and to a reduction of the underestimation of CO₂ release in other periods. Close agreement between the open‐path measurements and closed‐path references was achieved in all cases.     

Calculating CO2 and H2O eddy covariance fluxes from an enclosed gas analyzer using an instantaneous mixing ratio

Eddy covariance flux research has relied on open‐ or closed‐path gas analyzers for producing estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O). The two instruments have had different challenges that have led to development of an enclosed design that is intended to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses of both traditional designs. Similar to the closed‐path analyzer, the enclosed design leads to minimal data loss during precipitation events and icing, and it does not have surface heating issues. Similar to the open‐path design, the enclosed design has good frequency response due to small flux attenuation loss in the short intake tube, does not need frequent calibration, has minimal maintenance requirements, and can be used in a very low power configuration. Another important feature of such a design is the ability to output instantaneous mixing ratio, or dry mole fraction, so that instantaneous thermal and pressure‐related expansion and contraction, and water dilution of the sampled air have been accounted for. Thus, no density corrections should be required to compute fluxes during postprocessing. Calculations of CO₂ and H₂O fluxes via instantaneous mixing ratio from the new enclosed CO₂/H₂O gas analyzer were tested in nine field experiments during 2009–2010 in a wide range of ecosystems and setups. Fluxes computed via a mixing ratio output from the instrument without applying density corrections were compared to those computed the traditional way using density corrections. The results suggest that with proper temperature, water vapor, and pressure measurements in the cell, gas fluxes can be computed confidently from raw covariance of mixing ratio and vertical wind speed, multiplied by a frequency response correction. This has important implications for future flux measurements, because avoiding hourly density corrections could have the advantages of increasing flux measurement quality and temporal resolution, reducing the magnitude of minimum detectable flux, unifying data processing steps, and assuring better intercomparison between different sites and networks.     

Long-term measurements of boreal forest carbon balance reveal large temperature sensitivity

We present results from two years’ net ecosystem flux measurements above a boreal forest in central Sweden. Fluxes were measured with an eddy correlation system based on a sonic anemometer and a closed path CO₂ and H₂O gas analyser. The measurements show that the forest acted as a source during this period, and that the annual balance is highly sensitive to changes in temperature. The accumulated flux of carbon dioxide during the full two-year period was in the range 480–1600 g CO₂ m^–2. The broad range is caused by uncertainty regarding assessment of the night-time fluxes. Although annual mean temperature remained close to normal, the results are partly explained by higher than normal respiration, due to abnormal temperature distribution and reduced soil moisture during one growing season. The finding that a closed forest can be a source of carbon over such a long period as two years contrasts sharply with the common belief that forests are always carbon sinks.     

玉米农田水热通量动态与能量闭合分析

 基于锦州农田生态系统野外观测站玉米农田涡度相关系统近2年的水热通量观测数据，分析了玉米农田水热通量的日际、年际变化特征及其能量 平衡状况。结果表明： 1）玉米农田水热通量日变化与年变化均呈单峰型二次曲线，峰值出现在12∶00～13∶00左右，与净辐 射的日变化、年 变化同步，潜热通量最大可达到655 w•m^－2（出现在2004年7月8日1 3∶00），显热通量最大值大约为369 w•m^－2（出现在2004年5月31日13∶ 00）。2）玉米农田水热通量强度与局地的环境条件密切相关：显热通量与大气压的年变化呈负相关，潜热通量与气温年变化呈正相关。水热通 量受降水的影响较大，对降水的反应较敏感。其中，潜热通量(LE)不仅与降水的强度有关，而且随着降水的季节分布的不同而出现不同的响应 ，即使同样量级的降水在夜间与白天对LE的影响也是不同的。3）玉米农田通量观测呈现能量不闭合现象，主要原因可能是未包含0～5 cm土壤 热储量与冠层热储量，造成大约15.5%的能量损失。     

土壤-植物-大气连续体水热、CO2通量估算模型研究进展

土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)水热、CO2通量的准确估算对理解陆地和大气的物质和能量交换过程有着重要意义.重点阐述了基于过程的土壤-植物-大气连续体水热、CO2通量模型,综述了统计模型、综合模型及基于遥感的模型的发展过程.其中水热通量统计模型包括基于温度和湿度以及基于温度和辐射的方法;CO2通量统计模型包括基于气候因子或蒸散因子以及基于光能利用率的方法.水热通量过程模型包括大叶、双源、多源和多层的水热传输物理模型;CO2通量过程模型包括叶片尺度及由大叶、双叶和多层方法扩展到冠层尺度的生理生态模型以及光合-蒸腾耦合模型.综合模型包括生物物理模型、生物化学模型和生物地理模型.统计模型形式简单,资料易得,对大范围的水热通量模拟具有指导意义;过程模型准确的揭示了水热和CO2通量传输的物理和生理过程,是大尺度综合模型的基础.未来生态系统水热、CO2通量估算模型将集成各种技术手段进行多尺度网络观测和大尺度机理模拟.     

Estimation of sensible heat,water vapor,and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes using the flux-variance method

This study investigated the flux-variance relationships of temperature, humidity, and CO(2), and examined the performance of using this method for predicting sensible heat (H), water vapor (LE), and CO(2) fluxes (F(CO2)) with eddy-covariance measured flux data at three different ecosystems: grassland, paddy rice field, and forest. The H and LE estimations were found to be in good agreement with the measurements over the three fields. The prediction accuracy of LE could be improved by around 15% if the predictions were obtained by the flux-variance method in conjunction with measured sensible heat fluxes. Moreover, the paddy rice field was found to be a special case where water vapor follows flux-variance relation better than heat does. However, the CO(2) flux predictions were found to vary from poor to fair among the three sites. This is attributed to the complicated CO(2) sources and sinks distribution. Our results also showed that heat and water vapor were transported with the same efficiency above the grassland and rice paddy. For the forest, heat was transported 20% more efficiently than evapotranspiration.     

Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat and CO2 at the WLEF-TV tower using SiB2.5

Three years of meteorological data collected at the WLEF‐TV tower were used to drive a revised version of the Simple Biosphere (SiB 2.5) Model. Physiological properties and vegetation phenology were specified from satellite imagery. Simulated fluxes of heat, moisture, and carbon were compared to eddy covariance measurements taken onsite as a means of evaluating model performance on diurnal, synoptic, seasonal, and interannual time scales. The model was very successful in simulating variations of latent heat flux when compared to observations, slightly less so in the simulation of sensible heat flux. The model overestimated peak values of sensible heat flux on both monthly and diurnal scales. There was evidence that the differences between observed and simulated fluxes might be linked to wetlands near the WLEF tower, which were not present in the SiB simulation. The model overestimated the magnitude of the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ in both summer and winter. Mid‐day maximum assimilation was well represented by the model, but late afternoon simulations showed excessive carbon uptake due to misrepresentation of within‐canopy shading in the model. Interannual variability was not well simulated because only a single year of satellite imagery was used to parameterize the model.     

Daily patterns of mixing and nutrient concentrations during early autumn circulation in a small sheltered lake

1. Autumn circulation in lakes is currently conceived to occur very rapidly, being controlled mainly by wind‐power dynamics, decreasing irradiance and heat flux. In addition, autumn mixing is usually related to nutrient redistribution in the vertical column, resulting in its overall increase. To test these assumptions, mixing and nutrient dynamics in a Spanish small, wind‐sheltered, mesotrophic, seepage lake were studied daily during autumn circulation. 2. The seasonal erosion of the pycnocline in Las Madres Lake was the outcome of vertical and horizontal exchanges of heat and matter. The overall mixing of the water column lasted 3 months, which was an unexpected period for a rather shallow lake. Two periods of mixing could be envisaged until full circulation was attained. First, a slightly faster period of pycnocline deepening than that predicted by the heat flux and wind stress model of Fisher et al. (1979) occurred for 41 days, mixing most of the water column down to within two meters of the bottom. Then a much slower process took place promoting frequent instability of the bottom layer and resulting in entire mixing in a further 52 days. 3. Vertically, the whole mixing process was a response to weak surface cooling, resulting from the mild air temperatures of the semiarid climate of the area, and weak wind stress, because of low wind fetch and high shelter. Horizontally, a gravity current transporting cold, denser water from western shallower areas of the lake and materials produced by the decomposition of organic matter of littoral origin may produce a bottom layer of increased density, thus impinging on vertical stability. Seepage inputs of water of roughly constant temperature might also have increased bottom density. Bottom density enhancement resulted in a double diffusion process. 4. Only in‐lake nitrogen content increased until full circulation was attained, whereas carbon showed no trend and phosphorus declined. External processes, such as seepage exchange and atmospheric deposition, coupled to internal processes, such as nitrification, oxidised phosphorus precipitation and complexation with organic carbon, might have been responsible for the areal nutrient patterns observed. 5. Our study demonstrates that current models of water column mixing and nutrient redistribution in lakes during autumn circulation must be improved to encompass the effects of external inputs, including horizontal heat and matter exchange.     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地与草地二氧化碳通量的比较

采用静止箱/气相色谱法,在2003—2005年的植物生长期对若尔盖高原沼泽湿地和草地的CO₂通量进行了对比观测.结果表明：若尔盖高原沼泽湿地和草地CO₂通量的平均值分别为203.22和323.03 mg·m^-2·h^-1,前者为后者的60%左右.沼泽湿地常年积水的环境条件限制了土壤中的植物残体、根系及有机物质的分解,是沼泽湿地CO₂通量低于草地并形成泥炭积累的重要因素.研究区沼泽湿地与草地CO₂通量的季节变化与气温变化呈正相关,峰值一般出现在7月和8月;其日变化也与气温呈正相关,峰值一般出现在11:00—17:00.5 cm深的土壤温度与CO₂通量的相关性高于10和15 cm深的土壤温度.     

热储通量对黄土高原北部柠条林地地表能量平衡的影响

地表能量平衡问题一直是陆面过程研究中的重点和难点问题。以2014年8—10月和2015年4—6月黄土高原北部水蚀风蚀交错带柠条林地涡度相关通量观测数据为依据,分析柠条林地热储通量变化特征,在此基础上分析热储通量对能量闭合度的影响。结果表明,柠条林地各热储通量均表现出明显的季节和日变化规律。在能量平衡方程中,考虑热储通量项后能显著提高柠条林地能量闭合度,平均提高幅度为11.91%。其中,土壤表层热储通量对能量闭合度的贡献最大,占总热储通量的95.63%;光合作用热储通量和大气感热存储通量占总热储通量的比例不足5%,光合热储通量略高于大气感热存储通量;而大气潜热存储通量则降低了能量闭合度,平均降低幅度为0.06%。因此,在分析黄土高原柠条林地能量平衡中热储通量项是不可忽略的。影响柠条林地各热储通量的因素主要有太阳辐射、大气温度、土壤温度和水分。植被生长状况是影响柠条林地热储通量各分量项季节和日变化的重要因素,并对能量闭合度产生影响。     

甘肃石羊河流域人工种植长穗柽柳树干液流量变化规律研究

采用SF200热脉冲液测定仪对人工种植长穗柽柳的树干液流进行连续监测;利用管式-时域反射仪测定长穗柽柳根区附近3m深土壤含水量,并用自动气象站对太阳辐射,空气温度,相对湿度,风速等主要气象因子进行同步监测,基于上述试验数据,分析长穗柽柳树干液流量的日季变化规律及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,人工种植环境下,霜冻对长穗柽柳树干液流量的影响较大,随着时间的推移,长穗柽柳日液流量可能会因环境因子的变化而上下波动,但总体上是逐渐减少的趋势;气象因子对长穗柽柳日液流量的影响依次为：太阳辐射〉气温〉空气水汽压差〉大气相对湿度〉风速。     

城市公园绿地水、热与CO2通量观测与分析

水、热和CO2通量是评价城市绿地生态效益的重要指标。在北京海淀公园中部和边缘架设涡度相关系统,连续观测和定量研究城市公园绿地影响下的通量变化特征。结果表明,公园绿地所获得的净辐射在植被生长季节大部分用于植被的蒸散作用,潜热大于显热;而在植被非生长季节大部分用于显热,潜热数值非常小。晴天显热与潜热的比值在春季随着植被枝叶的生长逐渐减少,到夏季达到最小值约1/3,在秋季随着植被叶片枯黄逐渐变大,冬季达到数倍。公园绿地能量平衡率在52%～83%,普遍存在能量不平衡。公园中部的潜热观测值大于公园边缘,而显热小于公园边缘;公园中部CO2通量日均值为负,公园绿地是CO2汇。公园绿地在植被生长季节具有明显的降温增湿、吸收CO2等生态效应。