温度变化对烟草光合作用光响应特征的影响

通过Li-6400光合测定系统控温,研究了大田条件下,烟草脚叶采烤期腰叶在17、20、25、30和35℃下的光合作用光响应特征。结果表明:随温度升高,净光合速率(Pn)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、初始斜率(α)和气孔导度(Gs)先上升后下降,在20℃下达最大值,35℃下净光合速率受强光的抑制作用明显;光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)随温度升高而上升,但35℃下二者较30℃时有所下降;光饱和点(LSP)随温度升高而呈下降-上升-下降的变化,30℃和17℃时LSP较高;蒸腾速率(Tr)随温度上升而增强,水分利用效率(WUE)则随温度升高而下降,但20℃时水分利用效率在强光下明显较其他温度下的高。结果说明,20℃最适合烟草光合作用,此温度下气孔的水、气调节能力最强,温度高于30℃则对烟草光合作用不利。     

Effects of sodium chloride on tobacco plants

Abstract The effect of salinity on the growth and ion concentrations in a number of tobacco cultivars is described. Sodium chloride, at a concentration of 200 mol m^?3, hardly affected the fresh weight, but significantly reduced the dry weight. The difference in the response of fresh and dry weights to salt was due to a change in succulence (water per unit leaf area); the latter increased with increasing leaf Na⁺ and Cl^? concentration. Under saline conditions, increasing the external Na⁺: Ca^? ratio by decreasing the Ca²⁺ concentration increased the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^? into the leaf tissue.     

形态变化对叶片表面温度的影响

干旱区植物叶片形态可塑性是植物适应高温干旱环境的重要生存策略, 但目前仍缺乏直观的数据予以证明。该研究应用热成像技术和图像分析技术, 同步测定真实叶片与模拟叶片的叶温、形态及风速、辐射和温度等环境参数。研究结果显示: 在干旱、高温环境下, 除了蒸腾, 叶片形态变化也是调控叶温的重要因子。干旱区植物叶片变小, 有利于加速叶片与环境的物质及热量交换, 从而达到降低叶温的目的。样地数据显示, 在高温、低风速环境下, 叶片宽度每减少1 cm, 叶片表面温度降低约2.1 ℃, 而模拟叶片叶宽度每减少1 cm, 叶片表面温度降低0.60-0.86 ℃。该研究对深入理解植物生存策略与环境适能力具有重要意义。     

Impacts of tree height on leaf hydraulic architecture and stomatal control in Douglas-fir

This study investigated the mechanisms involved in the regulation of stomatal closure in Douglas-fir and evaluated the potential impact of compensatory adjustments in response to increasing tree height upon these mechanisms. In the laboratory, we measured leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) as leaf water potential (Psi(l)) declined for comparison with in situ diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance (g(s)) and Psi(l) in Douglas-fir across a height gradient, allowing us to infer linkages between diurnal changes in K(leaf) and g(s). A recently developed timed rehydration technique was used in conjunction with data from pressure-volume curves to develop hydraulic vulnerability curves for needles attached to small twigs. Laboratory-measured K(leaf) declined with increasing leaf water stress and was substantially reduced at Psi(l) values of -1.34, -1.45, -1.56 and -1.92 MPa for foliage sampled at mean heights of approximately 20, 35, 44 and 55 m, respectively. In situ g(s) measurements showed that stomatal closure was initiated at Psi(l) values of -1.21, -1.36, -1.74 and -1.86 MPa along the height gradient, which was highly correlated with Psi(l) values at loss of K(leaf). Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that relative abundances of embolized tracheids in the central vein increased with increasing leaf water stress. Leaf embolism appeared to be coupled to changes in g(s) and might perform a vital function in stomatal regulation of plant water status and water transport in conifers. The observed trends in g(s) and K(leaf) in response to changes in Psi(l) along a height gradient suggest that the foliage at the tops of tall trees is capable of maintaining stomatal conductance at more negative Psi(l). This adaptation may allow taller trees to continue to photosynthesize during periods of greater water stress.     

Effects of leaf shape plasticity on leaf surface temperature

干旱区植物叶片形态可塑性是植物适应高温干旱环境的重要生存策略, 但目前仍缺乏直观的数据予以证明。该研究应用热成像技术和图像分析技术, 同步测定真实叶片与模拟叶片的叶温、形态及风速、辐射和温度等环境参数。研究结果显示: 在干旱、高温环境下, 除了蒸腾, 叶片形态变化也是调控叶温的重要因子。干旱区植物叶片变小, 有利于加速叶片与环境的物质及热量交换, 从而达到降低叶温的目的。样地数据显示, 在高温、低风速环境下, 叶片宽度每减少1 cm, 叶片表面温度降低约2.1 ℃, 而模拟叶片叶宽度每减少1 cm, 叶片表面温度降低0.60-0.86 ℃。该研究对深入理解植物生存策略与环境适能力具有重要意义。     

Decline of leaf hydraulic conductance with dehydration: relationship to leaf size and venation architecture

Across plant species, leaves vary enormously in their size and their venation architecture, of which one major function is to replace water lost to transpiration. The leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) represents the capacity of the transport system to deliver water, allowing stomata to remain open for photosynthesis. Previous studies showed that K(leaf) relates to vein density (vein length per area). Additionally, venation architecture determines the sensitivity of K(leaf) to damage; severing the midrib caused K(leaf) and gas exchange to decline, with lesser impacts in leaves with higher major vein density that provided more numerous water flow pathways around the damaged vein. Because xylem embolism during dehydration also reduces K(leaf), we hypothesized that higher major vein density would also reduce hydraulic vulnerability. Smaller leaves, which generally have higher major vein density, would thus have lower hydraulic vulnerability. Tests using simulations with a spatially explicit model confirmed that smaller leaves with higher major vein density were more tolerant of major vein embolism. Additionally, for 10 species ranging strongly in drought tolerance, hydraulic vulnerability, determined as the leaf water potential at 50% and 80% loss of K(leaf), was lower with greater major vein density and smaller leaf size (|r| = 0.85-0.90; P < 0.01). These relationships were independent of other aspects of physiological and morphological drought tolerance. These findings point to a new functional role of venation architecture and small leaf size in drought tolerance, potentially contributing to well-known biogeographic trends in leaf size.     

Direct creation of marker-free tobacco plants from agroinfiltrated leaf discs

Agroinfiltration is employed as a fast way to directly create marker-free transgenic tobacco plants. As an example for the efficiency of the method, Agrobacterium cells harboring a marker-free vector coding for β-glucuronidase (GUS) were infiltrated into the leaf discs of Nicotiana tabacum, which were then used as explants for marker-free plant regeneration by tissue culture. Through GUS staining, a large number of small calli were shown to be stably transformed on the treated leaf discs at 17 days after agroinfiltration. Most importantly, after continuous culture of the leaf discs until shoot regeneration, about 15% of the regenerants were proven to be transformants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.     

Effects of senescence on chloroplasts of the tobacco leaf

Chloroplast fine structure, oxygen evolution and plastid composition studies were made on ageing leaves over a 30-day period. Plastids in leaves which were approaching maximum levels of chlorophyll generated large numbers of alveolate suborganelles, named plastosomes, which were released into the cytoplasm. There was some evidence that these were of lipid composition. The relationship between net oxygen evolution by leaf discs and chlorophyll decline in leaf tissue varied with age of leaf or its position on the stalk. In no case studied was there a continuous parallel between the two processes. The rate of oxygen used nearly doubled for some leaves during the 30-day period. The volume of plastid pellet obtained from homogenized leaf samples rapidly declined immediately after maximum chlorophyll levels were reached. Plastid chlorophyll and protein also declined but not at the same rate. Absorption spectra of methanol extracts showed no qualitative change in pigments during the ageing process.     

Nucleotide pools in leaf and root tissue of tobacco plants: Influence of leaf senescence

The content of the different ribonucleotides, nucleoside diphosphate sugars, NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ was determined in the leaves and roots of single plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun using a new procedure. The determination makes use of extraction with HClO₄ followed by extract purification and separation by a combination of anion-exchange and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The largest pools were the adenine nucleotides and the uracil nucleotides with nucleoside diphosphate sugars as the main fraction. Leaf senescence was accompanied by a strong reduction of the nucleotide content of the leaves, but the adenine nucleotide-derived energy charge remained at a high level and even increased at the later stages of senescence. This indicates a balanced metabolism also in the older leaves and excludes the possibility that leaf senescence is triggered by the energy charge.     

Effects of low temperature on wheat leaf proteins

Finnish wheat cultivars, winter wheat ‘Vakka’ and spring wheat ‘Apu’, grown for 9 days at 25° and then for 52 days at 2–4°, were called ‘hardened’. Proteins and esterases of young leaves were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), porosity gradient PAGE (poroPAGE), isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) between pH 3 and 9, and by Na-dodecylsulfate (SDS)-PAGE. Hardened and unhardened leaves have different protein patterns after PAGE, PAGIF, poroPAGE and SDS-PAGE, respectively, as well as for esterases after PAGE and PAGIF. The PAGIF patterns of esterases show distinct changes of two bands especially for hardened leaves of winter wheat, one appearing, the other one disappearing.     

Transgenic tobacco plants regenerated from leaf disks can be periclinal chimeras

Amongst rolC transgenic tobacco plants regenerated from leaf disks 6.5% are periclinal chimeras, i.e. plants with genetically different cell populations in different cell layers. The expression of the rolC gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes causes a reduction in pigment content in leaves. The chimeric composition of the regenerated plants becomes thus apparent as light green leaf tissue in the transgenic region, tissue flanked by dark green wild-type sectors. Southern and northern blot analysis confirmed the chimeric nature of such plants. Investigation of selfed progeny of chimeric plants on selective media indicates that layer invasion in reproductive tissues can occur in tobacco early during the formation of the flower buds. The results show (1) that tobacco plants regenerated from leaf disks and grown on selective media have not necessarily the same clonal origin and (2) that they can give rise to non-transgenic offspring. The chimeric plants provide insight on the effect of rolC gene expression on microsporogenesis.     

温度对叶用莴苣春化的影响

为了探讨温度对叶用莴苣春化的影响,进而明确其春化类型,本试验选用两个易抽薹叶用莴苣品种GB-30和GB-31为试材,分别进行20 d的4、20和25 ℃处理,然后均进行高温胁迫促进抽薹,采用石蜡切片观察茎尖花芽分化进程,并结合后期抽薹开花情况来判断是否进行春化,并确定其春化类型.结果表明:两个品种在前期经过3种温度处理后,在高温胁迫第8天时均有不同程度的抽薹.两个品种不同温度处理下花芽均进行了分化,前期4 ℃处理并没有使其花芽分化明显提前,后期的高温胁迫可以明显促进花芽分化进程.两品种间在不同温度处理下完成各发育阶段所需天数存在差异,两品种各处理从催芽到开花以及从高温到开花的有效积温也存在差异.前期未经低温处理的叶用莴苣也进入花芽分化、抽薹、现蕾及开花阶段,表明叶用莴苣为非低温春化型植物,后期高温处理能明显促进其抽薹开花,而且从催芽开始只有有效积温达到约2500 ℃·d才能开花.     

Water stress-induced modifications of leaf hydraulic architecture in sunflower: co-ordination with gas exchange

The hydraulic architecture, water relationships, and gas exchange of leaves of sunflower plants, grown under different levels of water stress, were measured. Plants were either irrigated with tap water (controls) or with PEG600 solutions with osmotic potential of -0.4 and -0.8 MPa (PEG04 and PEG08 plants, respectively). Mature leaves were measured for hydraulic resistance (R(leaf)) before and after making several cuts across minor veins, thus getting the hydraulic resistance of the venation system (R(venation)). R(leaf) was nearly the same in controls and PEG04 plants but it was reduced by about 30% in PEG08 plants. On the contrary, R(venation) was lowest in controls and increased in PEG04 and PEG08 plants as a likely result of reduction in the diameter of the veins' conduits. As a consequence, the contribution of R(venation) to the overall R(leaf) markedly increased from controls to PEG08 plants. Leaf conductance to water vapour (g(L)) was highest in controls and significantly lower in PEG04 and PEG08 plants. Moreover, g(L) was correlated to R(venation) and to leaf water potential (psi(leaf)) with highly significant linear relationships. It is concluded that water stress has an important effect on the hydraulic construction of leaves. This, in turn, might prove to be a crucial factor in plant-water relationships and gas exchange under water stress conditions.     

土壤干旱胁迫对樟树（Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl）苗木水力结构特征的影响

植物水力结构特征通常用导水率(Kh)、比导率(Ks)、叶比导率(LSC)、胡伯尔值(Hv)等参数来表征.设置了3种土壤干旱胁迫强度和对照共4种处理,每一处理5个重复,采用"冲洗法"对喀斯特地区造林树种两年生樟树(Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl)苗木的水力结构相关参数进行测定.结果表明:樟树苗木在正常水分和不同强度土壤干旱胁迫条件下,其茎段导水率、比导率、叶比导率、胡伯尔值均与茎段直径呈正相关关系,并可以用不同类型函数进行拟合.随着干旱胁迫强度的加剧,不同处理的导水率、比导率、叶比导率降低,胡伯尔值在不同处理间的差异不显著.这说明较粗的茎段,其单位横截面积的导管投入与使用效率明显高于较细茎段,且供给末端叶片水分所需要的压力梯度小于较细茎段.结果为进一步探讨土壤干旱对樟树苗木水力结构作用机理及在石漠化山地造林的适应性提供理论依据.     

Stomatal resistance,leaf water potential and hydraulic resistance of sugar beet plants

Stomatal resistance (r_L) and leaf water potential (Υ_L), soil moisture and the course of meteorological factors were measured in irrigated and non-irrigated sugar beet canopies during three years. By means of the canopy water balance equation, theoretical analysis of observed dependencies of stomatal resistance upon leaf water potential was made. The changes of r_L were not induced by the change of (Υ_L) but by that of external and internal factors, (Υ_L) correlates with. Therefore the empirical dependence of stomatal resistance upon leaf water potential cannot be generalized.     

Effects of temperature and light on the formation of chloroplast protrusions in leaf mesophyll cells of high alpine plants

Chloroplasts of many alpine plants have the ability to form marked, stroma-filled protrusions that do not contain thylakoids. Effects of temperature and light intensity on the frequency of chloroplasts with such protrusions in leaf mesophyll cells of nine different alpine plant species (Carex curvula All., Leontodon helveticus Merat., Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill., Poa alpina L. ssp. vivipara, Polygonum viviparum L., Ranunculus glacialis L., Ranunculus alpestris L., Silene acaulis L. and Soldanella pusilla Baumg.) covering seven different families were studied. Leaves were exposed to either darkness and a stepwise increase in temperature (10-38 degrees C) or to different light intensities (500 and 2000 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and a constant temperature of 10 or 30 degrees C in a special temperature-regulated chamber. A chloroplast protrusions index characterising the relative proportion of chloroplasts with protrusions was defined. Seven of the nine species showed a significant increase in chloroplast protrusions when temperature was elevated to over 20 degrees C. In contrast, the light level did not generally affect the abundance of chloroplasts with protrusions. Chloroplast protrusions lead to a dynamic enlargement of the chloroplast surface area. They do not appear to be directly connected to a distinct photosystem II (PSII) (F(v)/F(m)) status and thus seem to be involved in secondary, not primary, photosynthetic processes.     

Expression of photosynthesis gene-promoter fusions in leaf epidermal cells of transgenic tobacco plants

Fusions of the promoter regions of the pea plasto-cyanin, pea ferredoxin: NADP⁺ reductase and tobacco rbcS genes to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene have been introduced into tobacco via Agro-bacterium-mediated transformation, and epidermal peels of the lower leaf surface of tissue-cultured and greenhouse-grown plants examined histochemically for GUS activity. For each of the constructs, GUS was detected in epidermal cells as well as in stomatal guard cells. Epidermal peels from plants in tissue culture stained more readily than those from greenhouse-grown plants. Light and electron microscopy clearly demonstrated the presence of chloroplasts in epidermal cells of tobacco leaves. These results provide further evidence for the correlation between the presence of chloroplasts and the expression of nuclear genes for photosynthesis components.     

机械损伤对9种水生植物叶片的影响

水生植物叶片的功能性状特征与陆生植物有所不同,同时叶脉类型也显著影响叶片的功能性状。本研究选取9种具有不同叶脉类型的水生植物,通过对叶脉进行直接损伤,分析叶片性状(形态、色素含量和叶绿素荧光指标)在叶脉受损后的变化程度与叶脉类型的关系。结果显示:具有平行脉的3种水生植物对叶脉损伤具有较强的耐受性;具羽状脉的4种植物主脉受损后显著抑制叶片生长,而侧脉受损的影响在不同物种间有所不同,具有物种特异性。本研究可为大型湖泊水生植物修复的水生物种筛选提供参考。     

High-frequency generation of transgenic tobacco plants after modified leaf disk cocultivation withAgrobacterium tumefaciens

A modified protocol for theAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotina tabacum L.) leaf disks was developed for greater recovery of transgenic plants. Modifications include transformation ofAgrobacterium by a freeze-thaw procedure, initial cocultivation of leaf disks andAgrobacterium under vacuum, subsequent growth with nurse cells for one week, rooting of shoots in medium lacking carbenicillin, longer, growth in rooting medium, and a shortened “hardening” step. By this procedure, an average of 1.3 kanamycin-resistant calli were obtained per leaf disk, and 38% of, the callus cultures used were regenerated to produce 133 independently transformed tobacco plants.