布雷费尔德对真菌的进化观点在真菌分类中所起的影响

布雷费尔德(O. Brefeld)虽对真菌纯培养方法的改进和真菌发育与生理知识作出了不少贡献,但他的主要贡献还是对真菌系统发育的观点。按照他的这种观点,卵菌不是真正的真菌,它应与粘菌一起排除在真菌之外,而真正的真菌应从接合菌开始。他并将子囊菌和担子菌分别分为半子囊菌和真子囊菌,半担子菌和真担子菌。     

海洋半知类真菌次级代谢物研究概况

海洋真菌的次级代谢物的研究在20世纪90年代以来取得了很大进展,其中主要在海洋子囊菌和半知菌的菌体和发酵液中发现了很多结构新颖、具有独特生理活性的化合物,这些研究结果表明海洋真菌中蕴含了丰富的新型化合物,将是未来新药研究的重点领域.综述了近年来海洋子囊类真菌活性次级代谢物的研究情况.     

中国常见真菌的识别

本文按G.C.Ainsworth等的分类系统介绍了真菌门(包括鞭毛菌亚门、接合菌亚门、子囊菌亚门、担子菌亚门和半知菌亚门等)的主要特征。对常见真菌的科以检索表的方式介绍了各科的主要特征和各科之间的主要区别。简述了我国25种常见真菌的识别特征。     

DNA分子标记技术在真菌系统学研究中的应用及影响

DNA分子标记技术为真菌系统进化研究提供了许多新的方法,真菌分子系统学已成为一门成熟的学科。简述了真菌分子系统学的发展简史和代表性的研究方法以及对真菌系统学的主要贡献,包括将广义的真菌划分为3个类群,粘菌和卵菌不再属于真菌界成员。真菌生命之树项目的研究结果对真菌界高阶分类系统作出重大调整,将先前的4个门(壶菌门、接合菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)变为7个门(微孢子虫门、壶菌门、新丽鞭毛菌门、芽枝霉门、球囊菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)和4个亚门,并对真菌各类群概念作出修订。此外,DNA分子标记技术对真菌种概念的认识、有性型-无性型关联及分子生态学等研究领域产生了重要影响。     

西藏真菌增补

报道在西藏亚东、林芝等地区采集到的西藏新记录真菌34种。其中包括担子菌22种,子囊菌7种和粘菌5种。凭证标本存放在吉林农业大学真菌标本室(HJAU).     

海洋生物共附生真菌的分离、鉴定及抗菌活性分析

对海南文昌海域采集的海草、海绵和石珊瑚的共附生真菌进行分离、鉴定及抗菌活性分析。采用3种分离培养基分离海草、海绵和石珊瑚的共附生真菌,利用ITS序列分析对分离的真菌进行鉴定,采用滤纸片扩散法对分离真菌的发酵产物进行抗菌活性分析。结果从10种海草、9种海绵和11种石珊瑚中共获得113株真菌。ITS序列分析初步确定了32株独立菌株的分类地位,归属于3个门(子囊菌门、担子菌门和半知菌门),8个目和10个属,其中子囊菌门所占比例最高为58.82%,半知菌门次之为32.35%,担子菌门最少为8.83%;抗菌活性测试显示12株真菌的发酵产物对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的抗菌活性。初步揭示了海南文昌海域海草、海绵和石珊瑚的共附生真菌的多样性以及其发酵产物的抗菌活性。     

竹叶兰根系共生真菌群落结构及生物学功能初探

为研究竹叶兰Arundina graminifolia根系共生真菌的群落结构及对寄主的营养作用,采用高通量测序技术对野生竹叶兰根围土壤、根表、根内3个生态位真菌的种类及生物学功能进行鉴定与预测。所测竹叶兰根系共生真菌的平均辛普森指数为根围0.972、根 表0.905、根内0.703,说明3个位点都具有丰富的共生真菌;根围土壤真菌香农指数7.393显著高于根表和根内香农指数4.728和2.872,根表真菌多样性显著高于根内（P<0.05）。根表、根内有子囊菌门、担子菌门、罗兹壶菌门、壶菌门、毛霉菌门和被孢霉门,较根围土壤缺少球囊菌门和梳霉菌门;分子方差分析（AMOVA）证实3个生态位的真菌群落结构差异极显著（P=0.004）。各生态位丰度最高的20个真菌仅属于子囊菌和担子菌的40个属,其中子囊菌有30个属,种类数量占优势,而担子菌的单个种类丰度高于子囊菌。根围土壤腐生型真菌占优势（44.07%）;根表主要有腐生、病原、共生型真菌;根内真菌营养类型差异大,样品M1的共生型真菌为优势类型（97.21%）,M2、M3以腐生型占优（90.96%）。优势共生型真菌有革菌属Threlephora、根须腹菌属Rhizopogon和Dentiscutata,腐生型真菌主要有长毛孔菌属Funalia和Vuilleminia,均为担子菌。研究结果为揭示竹叶兰与根系真菌的营养关系以及共生真菌的开发提供了依据。     

南方红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离鉴定

从南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensisvar.mairei)植株分离到内生真菌63株,其中24株经鉴定分属于19个种(属).真子囊菌纲的2个属2株,半知菌纲的14个属22株.真子囊菌纲的无毛毛壳属(Achaetomiumsp.)的1株为新发现种.半知菌纲的葡萄孢属(Botrytissp.)1株和无孢菌群(Mycelia sterlia)2株的培养液,经浓缩萃取,薄层层析检测,Rf值分别为0.404、0.404、0.401,与紫杉醇对照品Rf值一致,为南方红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌.     

医学真菌分类学最新进展

近年分子生物学、遗传学和生物信息学进步迅速,真菌分子系统学研究日新月异,真菌命名及分类已发生划时代的改变。诸多真菌存在种属拆分与合并,甚至菌名的改变,亟需更新相关信息。该文总结了子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)及接合菌门(Zygomycota)等分类学新进展,涵盖了主要医学真菌致病菌,如毛霉菌、皮肤癣菌、念珠菌、隐球菌、马拉色菌及暗色真菌等。     

铁皮石斛内生真菌研究进展

目前已经从不同生境的铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)中分离到内生真菌252株,这些内生真菌涵盖了真菌门（Eumycota;Mycobionta）5个亚门中的半知菌亚门(Deuterornycotina)、担子菌亚门(Basidiomycotina)和子囊菌亚门（Ascomycotina）等3个亚门,已经鉴定的内生真菌分属于48个属。有些内生真菌对铁皮石斛的种子萌发和植株生长均有促进作用。对铁皮石斛内生真菌的多样性和分类、铁皮石斛内生菌与宿主的关系进行了综述,探讨研究中存在的问题, 并对今后研究方向提出建议。     

Fungal plasmocoagulase

Summary The cell extracts isolated from 73 species of fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups were studied to ascertain the presence of plasmocoagulase and protease. Plasmocoagulase was found to be widespread among these microorganisms. They were most constantly found in yeasts and yeastlike fungi. The active substance was not found in culture media. When studying the purified preparation ofCandida albicans plasmocoagulase in comparison with staphylocoagulase the mode of action of both coagulases was found to represent the enzymatical proteolysis of prothrombin with the formation of thrombin or thrombinlike substance.     

丛枝菌根真菌培养方法研究进展

文章结合最新研究成果着重从十个不同的层面对丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)的培养方法研究做了较为系统的介绍与评述。认为活体宿主植物盆栽培养法是最简单、最容易、也是最可靠的AM真菌培养方法,玻璃珠分室培养可方便地将培养基质与AM真菌分开,能获得纯净的AM真菌菌体,具有其它方法不可替代的作用,AM真菌单孢无菌的分室Ri T-DNA转型胡萝卜根双重离体培养是获得AM真菌纯净菌体和研究AM真菌遗传、生理、生化等特性的理想方法,以此方法为基础,在根室中补充碳源、在菌丝生长室置换培养基、多次收获菌体的转型根改良双重培养法是提高某些AM真菌孢子产量的力荐方法。     

腐食酪螨、粉尘螨传播霉菌的实验研究

探讨粉满能否携带、传播霉菌,对腐食酪螨(Tyrophagus putrescentiae)和粉尘螨(Dermatophagoides farinae)传播5种霉菌进行实验观察,并对自然环境中分离出的腐食酪螨和粉尘螨进行霉菌培养。结果表明,无论是实验条件下,还是自然情况下,腐食酪螨和粉尘螨均可携带、传播霉菌,两者无明显差异(p>0.05),且腐食酪螨和粉尘螨携带、传播霉菌不受其种类的影响。因此认为粉螨是携带、传播霉菌的重要媒介之一,应积极控制粉螨孳生,减少粉螨和霉菌对人类的危害。     

Taphonomy of experimental burials in Taphos-m: The role of fungi

BackgroundThe fungi present in the decaying remains enable a better understanding of the processes of decomposition after death. There are not many studies about fungi on decaying bodies and it is not known which fungal sampling methods are effective.AimsThe main objective of this study was to find the best method for sampling fungi in carcasses, prove the effectiveness of this method and identify the fungal colonies in animal carcasses from experimental burials.MethodsSamples from 13 carcasses of Sus scrofa domestica, from the experimental project Taphos-m, were taken with different materials: spatula, sterile swabs and RODAC contact plates.ResultsRODAC contact plates with the RBA culture medium showed higher proliferation of fungal colonies. Thirty genera of fungi were isolated from different substrates (bone, tissue, lime). Most of the fungi genera or groups identified have been described before in the literature, but the substrates they came from were different in some cases.ConclusionsSampling with RODAC contact plates was found to be the most effective method, as it provides a nutritional culture medium that may allow growth since the moment of sampling. Fungi colonies grew better in RBA culture medium because bacterial growth is inhibited. Most of the observed fungi are related to the environment but some others have been found related to decomposing bodies for the first time.     

粉螨危害储藏中药材的实验研究

随机选取１０种中药材分别进行直接孵育（自然组）、高压灭菌后直接孵育（对照组）、高压灭菌并接种腐良酪螨后孵育（试验组）、高压灭菌并接种粉尘螨后孵育（试验组）,探讨粉螨对储藏中药材的危害。结果从自然缓和 药材中分离出螨的种数、虫口密度及真菌污染程度均较高于试验组和对照组,药材质量及重量显著下降,与其它各组相比,差异均有显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。人为接种腐食酪螨、粉尘螨的２实验组,粉螨孳生密度高,药材重量     

SOME ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF MARINE FUNGI

1. This review deals with certain aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of marine fungi. Though it is not easy to define what is meant by a marine fungus, the information presented here relates to those species that by consensus can be accepted as being truly marine. The material is in two parts, that relating to the higher fungi (Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina) and that relating to the lower fungi, particularly those zoosporic fungi that require sodium for growth. 2. Higher marine fungi appear to have a similar carbon, nitrogen and vitamin nutrition to their terrestrial counterparts. 3. Growth of higher marine fungi can be optimal in 100% sea water, but more frequently optimal growth is at a lower percentage. The percentage giving optimal growth may be determined by the rate of ion uptake required to generate the necessary turgor for growth. The tolerance of the vegetative phase of many terrestrial fungi to salinity appears little different from that of marine fungi. In general, members of the Basidiomycotina are particularly sensitive to salinity, while those of the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina are much more tolerant. 4. The degree of tolerance to salinity may be dependent upon temperature and whether or not adaptation by the fungus has occurred. 5. Maintenance of a suitable internal potassium concentration by a higher marine fungus is important for growth in a saline medium. Calcium appears to be necessary for the retention of potassium and organic solutes within the hyphae. 6. It appears that higher marine fungi are able to maintain a ratio of potassium: sodium higher than that of sea water by the presence of a plasma membrane ATPase which may have a higher pH optimum than the equivalent enzyme from terrestrial counterparts. 7. Higher fungi produce more glycerol as the salinity of the external medium is increased. Whether or not the compound is involved in osmoregulation has yet to be determined. 8. Turgor is thought to be generated in higher marine fungi growing in sea water by organic solutes (predominantly glycerol and arabitol) and by ions, with the latter playing the major role. Though interpretation of the data depends on several assumptions, the high concentrations of sodium that seem likely to be present in hyphae or cells have implications for the activity of enzymes, if they have similar properties to those of higher plants. There is a need for information on the effects of high concentrations of ions on enzymes located in the cytoplasm of higher fungi. 9. In spite of some experimental uncertainties, it seems that reproduction and spore germination of higher marine fungi are very much less affected by salinity than are the same processes of terrestrial counterparts. 10. The zoosporic marine fungi require sodium for growth. Though the ion is required at high concentration for growth, sodium cannot be replaced by potassium. Evidence indicates that sodium is involved in the transport of solutes across the plasma membrane. 11. The carbon and nitrogen requirements for the growth of the zoosporic marine fungi demand further investigation, particularly at the biochemical level. There is evidence that the respiration of these fungi possesses many interesting features. 12. Vitamin requirements of the zoosporic marine fungi depend on the isolate under investigation. Vitamin B., does not now seem to be an obligatory requirement. The ability of phospholipids and sterols to stimulate growth requires further investigation. 13. Further studies on marine fungi in the laboratory should focus particularly on growth in continuous culture. Physiological and biochemical studies would be helped by more precise guidance from those concerned with the ecology of these fungi.     

分室培养装置在丛枝菌根真菌研究中的应用及其发展

重点围绕玻璃珠分室培养系统、H形分室培养系统、根排斥室培养系统、供体自养植物的双分室体外培养系统、丛枝菌根(AM)真菌与普通植物根器官的双重培养系统、AM真菌与Ri T-DNA转型根的双重单胞无菌培养系统、AM真菌与Ri T-DNA转型根双重培养的改良分室单胞培养系统等7个不同的分室培养装置, 对AM真菌的培养类型及其应用进行了系统的评述。其中, 采用玻璃珠分室培养装置易于将AM真菌与培养基质分开, 能获得大量纯净的AM真菌繁殖体, 用于研究AM真菌对矿质元素和微量元素的吸收, 具有不可替代的作用。H形分室培养系统和根排斥室(RECs)培养系统均能够获得连续的、可切断的共生菌根网络(CMNs), 可用于研究植物-植物、植物-昆虫之间化感作用产生的信息交流。供体自养植物的双分室培养系统有益于研究AM真菌对宿主植物在单作和混作条件下生长效应的影响。AM真菌与植物根器官的双重培养系统为研究AM真菌的侵染过程及生理、生化特性提供了极大的方便, 同时为纯培养研究提供了重要的理论依据。AM真菌与Ri T-DNA转型根的双重单胞无菌培养体系可以获得AM真菌纯净菌体, 是研究AM真菌遗传、生理、生化等特性的理想方法。以AM真菌与Ri T-DNA转型根的双重单胞无菌培养系统为基础, 可以在菌丝生长室置换培养基、在根室中补充适量碳源, 并多次收获AM真菌繁殖体。转型根改良双重培养系统是提高AM真菌孢子接种剂产量的有效方法。综上所述, AM真菌的分室培养系统已经取得显著进展, 为开展个体、种群、群落等不同层次的菌根生态学研究提供了依据。     

ASPECTS OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE TAXONOMY OF LICHENIZED AND NON-LICHENIZED PYRENOCARPOUS ASCOMYCETES

The integration of the taxonomy of lichenized and non-lichenized pyrenocarpous ascomycetes is still in progress. Within this group, at least 12 lichenization events, three re-lichenizations and at least 24 de-lichenization events, are supposed to have occurred during evolution. This is evident from the increasing amount of information regarding phylogeny and classification of pyrenocarpous fungi. The total number of lichenization events, including re- and de-lichenization, within all fungi is estimated to be at least 100. However, the vast majority of the pyrenocarpous lichens are concentrated in a few relatively large, presumably monophyletic, groups. In some cases, proposed integrations have proven to be untenable, for exampleMicrotheliopsisand with theHerpotrichiellaceae,Flavobatheliumwith theDimeriaceaeand most notably theNormandinathallus with the basidio-mycetes and its ascocarps withSphaerulinain theMycosphaerellaceae. The same is true for many cases where lichenized taxa were unwittingly included in otherwise non-lichenized groups, such asDidymosphaeriaandMassarina, or even described in new, presumably non-lichenized, genera likeHolstiella,StarbaeckiellaandTitanella.     

Cellulose degradation and cellulase activity of five cellulolytic fungi

Biodegradation of pure cellulose powder, bagasse and wheatstraw by five cellulolytic fungi,Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichoderma koningii andTrichothecium roseum, was studied in solid culture conditions. Minimum degradation was with pure cellulose. Bagasse and wheatstraw were the most suitable for growth and activity of cellulolytic fungi. All fungi contained cellulase activity.

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Résumé On a étudié la biodégradation de la poudre de cellulose pure, de la bagasse et de la paille de froment chez cinq moisissures cellulolytiques,Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichoderma koningii etTrichothecium roseum, en condition de culture sur milieu solide. La dégradation minimum a lieu avec la cellulose pure. La bagasse et la paille de froment offrent la meilleure croissance et la meilleure activité cellulolytique fungale. Toutes les moisissures exhibent l'activité de la cellulase.