Growth and Histological Changes During Transition to Dormancy in the Regeneration Buds of Hordeum bulbosum L.

Growth and histological changes in a regeneration bud of Hordeumbulbosum during transition to dormancy were studied. Activeformation of new-leaf primordia on the elongating apex accompaniedby arrest of cell division in the lower leaf primordia characterizedthe first period. When activity subsequently in the distal partof the bud decreased, exillary buds and root primordia werestill actively being produced in its basal part.     

Metabolic Changes Associated with the Sink-Source Transition During Sprouting of the Axillary Buds on the Sugarcane Culm

Sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations, and sucrolytic enzyme activities were measured in the developing shoots and internodes of sprouting sugarcane setts (Saccharum spp, variety N19). The most striking change during the sink-source transition of the internode and germination of the axillary bud is a more than five-fold induction of cell wall invertase in the germinating bud. In contrast, soluble acid invertase is the main sucrose hydrolytic activity induced in the internodal tissue. A cycle of breakdown and synthesis of sucrose was evident in both the internodes and the shoots. During shoot establishment, the sucrose content decreased and the hexose content increased in the internodal tissues while both sucrose and hexoses continuously accumulated in the shoots. Over the sprouting period internode, dry mass was reduced by 25 and 30 % in plants incubated in a dark/light cycle or total darkness, respectively. Sucrose accounted for 90 % of the dry mass loss. The most significant changes in SuSy activity are in the synthesis direction in the shoots resulting in a decrease in the breakdown/synthesis ratio. In contrast the SuSy activity in the internodal tissue decrease and more so in the synthesis activity resulting in an increase in the breakdown to synthesis ratio.     

温州蜜柑果实发育期间果糖激酶与糖积累的关系

研究了温州蜜柑果实发育进程中糖含量变化与果糖激酶活性变化的关系及增施氮肥对果实果糖激酶活性和基因表达的影响.结果表明,随着果实的发育,可食组织果糖激酶活性逐渐降低,糖含量不断增加,果皮中蔗糖和葡萄糖含量在成熟期略有下降,果糖激酶活性略有升高.果实膨大期后增施氮肥的果实在成熟期可食组织及果皮中蔗糖和果糖所占比例均有所下降,葡萄糖比例升高,以单位蛋白质表示的果糖激酶活性也明显高于对照果实.Northern分析表明,增施氮肥能促进发育后期果实可食组织中Cufrkl基因的表达,但对Cufrk2的表达无明显作用.     

Effect of Fruits on Dormancy and Abscisic Acid Concentration in the Axillary Buds of Phaseolus vulgaris L

The mechanism regulating the growth of adult plants in two determinate bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was investigated. “Redkloud” plants flowered, formed fruits, and ceased shoot growth earlier than “Redkote” plants. Redkloud attained a smaller plant size, compared to Redkote, by imposing dormancy on axillary buds at an earlier age. In both cultivars, cessation of bud growth coincided with maximum combined fruit length per plant. Removal of fruits caused resumption of axillary bud growth within 4 to 5 days. The amount of new growth induced by fruit removal depended on the cultivar and plant age. In fully developed Redkloud plants, where shoot growth had already ceased, total leaf and shoot number per plant nearly doubled within 2 weeks following fruit removal. A much smaller response was observed in the still growing Redkote plants. Fruits, therefore, are assumed to play a major role in the regulation of shoot growth and total plant size through the control of axillary bud dormancy. It seems that smaller plant size, earlier maturity, and earlier senescence of Redkloud, compared to Redkote, were the result of earlier flowering, and accomplished in part through the growth-inhibiting action of fruits.     

休眠期间油桃花芽碳水化合物代谢及其相关基因的表达变化

以十年生大田和三年生盆栽‘曙光’油桃花芽为材料,分别测定了其休眠期碳水化合物含量、糖代谢相关基因的季节性表达及低温处理下相关基因的表达变化,旨在探讨碳水化合物及低温与休眠的关系。结果表明：休眠期间可溶性糖（主要是蔗糖）含量逐渐增加,淀粉含量则呈相反趋势。糖代谢相关基因表达明显不同：腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因口GPase）无明显变化;组氨酸H3基因（HisH3）和己糖激酶I基因（胱,）在进入内休眠前有明显上升,蔗糖合酶基因（SuSy）则与之相反;尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UGPase）表达总体上呈上调趋势,在进入内休眠后稍有下调。表明进入内休眠后,依赖HKl的糖信号转导途径起重要作用。在4℃处理后,与细胞分裂有关的基因HisH3含量急剧升高,而后下降,说明细胞分裂的减少并不是休眠期间抑制生长的原因;UGPase表现出与内休眠期一致的变化趋势,说明对低温有一定的适应性。     

Changes in Ribonuclease Activity and Content of RNA during Dormancy and Growth of Bird-cherry Buds

Ribonuclease has been extracted from buds of bird-cherry (Prunus padus L.) by a three-step method. In step 1 ribonuclease was extracted from the homogenized tissue at p^H 6. In step 2 the tissue residue from (1) was extracted at p^H 7. In step 3 the tissue residue from (2) was extracted with a buffer of p^H 8.5 and containing 0.7 M KCl. The ribonuclease from step 1 and 2 is named soluble and that from step 3 bound ribonuclease. The activity of the soluble ribonuclease was very low in October and increased slowly until March. When the buds sprouted in April the activity of this fraction rose rapidly. The activity of the bound ribonuclease was rather high in October and increased continuously from autumn to spring. RNA accumulated slowly between autumn and spring. The change in activity of the two ribonuclease fractions is discussed in relation to development.     

Analysis of Cycles of Dormancy and Growth in Pea Axillary Buds Based on mRNA Accumulation Patterns of Cell Cycle-Related Genes

Axillary buds of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) do not growon intact plants. Dormant axillary buds can be stimulated togrow rapidly after decapitation. Here, we isolated cDNAs ofPCNA, cyclinB, cyclinD, and cdc2 from pea. The mRNA expressionlevels of these genes were very low in dormant axillary buds,whereas they remarkably increased after decapitation. Basedon the mRNA accumulation patterns of these genes, we found thatmost cells in dormant axillary buds are arrested at the G₁ phasein the cell cycle. There are four buds at the second node onpea seedlings. After decapitation, mRNAs became abundant inthe large and small buds and were kept during the following3 d. After 4 d, mRNAs were still present in the large bud, butnot in the small bud. However, after removal of the large bud,the mRNA levels started to increase again in the small bud.These mRNA accumulation patterns were the same as those afterthe first decapitation. These results suggested that most cellsin axillary buds at the second node are arrested at the G₁]phase again and have the capacity to undergo multiple cyclesof dormancy and growth. Moreover, in situ hybridization analysesdemonstrated that PCNA mRNA increased in all parts of the axillarybuds after decapitation. (Received October 31, 1997; Accepted December 11, 1997)     

Changes in Protein Interactions of Cell Cycle-Related Genes during the Dormancy-to-Growth Transition in Pea Axillary Buds

Apical dominance is a phenomenon in which a terminal bud growspredominantly and the growth of the axillary buds is suppressed.Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms associated withcell cycle control that occur in pea axillary buds as a resultof decapitation. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteinwas detected in both dormant and growing buds, while PCNA mRNAwas absent in dormant buds. Pissa;CycBl;2 and Cdc2 proteinswere undetectable during dormancy. To analyze an interactionbetween PCNA and Pissa;CycD3;l, we performed anti-PCNA immunoaffinitycolumn chromatography. Pissa;CycD3;l protein was detected inthe eluate prepared from the dormant buds, but not in the eluateprepared from the growing buds. Furthermore, we performed anti-Pissa;CycD3;limmunoaffinity column chromatography. PCNA protein was detectedin the eluate prepared from the dormant buds, but not in theeluate prepared from the growing buds. These results indicatedthat PCNA associated with Pissa;CycD3;l only during dormancy.In addition, the interaction between PCNA and Pissa;CycD3;lwas confirmed by a yeast two-hybrid system. (Received April 8, 1998; Accepted August 5, 1998)     

杜仲形成层休眠机理

对杜仲 (EucommiaulmoidesOliv .)一年生枝条休眠中的芽和维管形成层的结构和蛋白质含量进行了研究 ,探讨了杜仲不同休眠期转化的生理生化机理。结果证实了杜仲树的休眠期包括 2个被动休眠期和一个生理休眠期。在生理休眠期 ,无论用外源IAA处理 ,还是给予适当的温度和光照 ,形成层都不能恢复活动。而且 ,雌株进入各个休眠阶段的时间都比雄株早。树皮中的蛋白质含量在第一被动休眠期间 (Q1)显著地逐步增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,进入生理休眠期 (R)后 ,急剧降低 ,但第二被动休眠期 (Q2 )开始后又显著升高 (P <0 .0 1)。杜仲雌雄株树皮中的蛋白质含量变化趋势基本一致 ,但雄株发生变化的时间比雌株早。SDS_PAGE电泳结果表明 ,在Q1 R Q2的转变期出现一11.8kD的特异蛋白条带。此特异蛋白条带可能与形成层休眠期中各阶段的转变调节有关。     

杜仲形成层休眠机理

对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)一年生枝条休眠中的芽和维管形成层的结构和蛋白质含量进行了研究,探讨了杜仲不同休眠期转化的生理生化机理.结果证实了杜仲树的休眠期包括2个被动休眠期和一个生理休眠期.在生理休眠期,无论用外源IAA处理,还是给予适当的温度和光照,形成层都不能恢复活动.而且,雌株进入各个休眠阶段的时间都比雄株早.树皮中的蛋白质含量在第一被动休眠期间(Q1)显著地逐步增高(P<0.01),进入生理休眠期(R)后,急剧降低,但第二被动休眠期(Q2)开始后又显著升高(P<0.01).杜仲雌雄株树皮中的蛋白质含量变化趋势基本一致,但雄株发生变化的时间比雌株早.SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,在Q1-R-Q2的转变期出现一11.8 kD的特异蛋白条带.此特异蛋白条带可能与形成层休眠期中各阶段的转变调节有关.     

Development of Axillary and Leaf-opposed Buds in Rattan Palms

Axillary vegetative buds are present in Calamus, Ceratolobus,and Plectocomiopsis. Two species of Daemonorops Sect. Piptospathaalso have axillary vegetative buds. All species of Daemonoropshave only displaced adnate axillary inflorescence buds. A singlebud is initiated in the axil of the first or second leaf primordiumin a way similar to that for axillary inflorescence buds. Themeristem is displaced during development on to the internodeabove and sometimes on to the base of the leaf above. Leaf-opposedvegetative buds occur in five species of Daemonorops Sect. Cymbospathaand in one species of Daemonorops Sect. Piptospatha. This typeof bud is initiated 180° away from the axil of the firstor second leaf primordium. It is not a displaced axillary bud,but does become adnate to the internode above like the axillarybuds. One or more leaves, transitional between juvenile andadult, on a shoot often subtend both types of buds. Myrialepishas leaf-opposed vegetative buds, but their development wasnot observed. Korthalsia has buds that are displaced about 130°from the leaf axil and are intermediate between the axillaryand the leaf-opposed condition. Other forms of vegetative budsare described: multiple buds in Plectocomia, aerial forkingin Korthalsia, and suckering from inflorescences and from aerialstems in Calamus. bud development, rattan palms, palm taxonomy, branching     

Changes in the Activity of Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) in Relation to the Dormancy of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Buds

Catalase activity in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) buds cv. `Perlette.' increased to a maximum in October and thereafter decreased within 3 months to less than half its maximal rate. The decrease in catalase activity coincided with the decline in temperature during winter. The rate of sprouting of buds forced at 23°C was negatively related to the activity of catalase. Artificial chilling of grapevine canes at 5°C resulted in a 25% decrease of catalase activity in the buds after 3 days and 31% after 17 days. The activity of catalase increased to the control level only 96 hours after removing canes from 5°C to room temperature. Efficient buddormancy breaking agents, such as thiourea and cyanamide decreased catalase activity to 64 and 50% of the controls respectively, while the activity of peroxidase remained the same under those conditions. A less efficient dormancy breaking agent dinitro-ortho-cresol, did not decrease catalase activity.     

Changes of Abscisic Acid and Gibberellin Contents during the Release of Dormancy in Winter Buds of Populus tomentosa Carr.

Changes of abscisie acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) contents during the release of dormancy in winter bud of Populus tomentosa Carr. were determinedwith GC. After leaf fall in autumn, content of ABA in the bud was 888.0 μg/kg. fr.wt. Obvious decrease in ABA content was observed during the bud released from dormancy. The bud kept in room temperature opened about two months earlier thanthat under natural condition; and the rate of decrease of ABA content in these budwas also more rapid. The ABA contents of buds with similar outer appearance werecompared, either the bud from outside under natural condition or under room temperature, they were similar, although time of their occurrence was quite different, withalmost a difference of about two months. From this fact it has been assumed that thereis a close relationship between the release of dormancy and the decrease in ABA content. Another fact was noticed before Dec. 6, no GA3 could be detected in the dormantbud. From Jan. 9 and thereafter, GA3 content increased gradually and reached itsmaximum (20 μg/kg. fr.wt) by Mar. 19, the bud was inflated. GA3 decreased again as the bud was opened, it seems to be that the process of releasing dormancy in bud mightbe promoted by GA3.     

The Influence of Ringing on Bud Development and Flowering in Satsuma Mandarin

Ringing of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees showedincreased flowering in the following spring when performed duringSeptember and October, but not during November. Most of theeffect on flowering was due to an enhancement of both bud sproutingand the number of flowering shoots formed per node. In addition,a direct effect of ringing on flower initiation was demonstrated,since the number of vegetative shoots was reduced. The response of the buds to ringing was rapid as demonstratedby changes in bud weight, protein content, and electrophoreticpattern and behaviour when cultured in vitro. Buds from ringedtrees readily flowered in vitro when forced during the winterrest period and flower formation was enhanced by the additionof cytokinin. Buds from control trees formed a smaller numberof flowers in vitro, and flowering was much less enhanced bythe addition of cytokinin. It is concluded that ringing acceleratesflower initiation in the buds and this effect takes place beforethe winter rest period. Key words: Bud sprouting, Citrus unshiu Marc., flower initiation, flowering, in vitro flowering, Satsuma mandarin, ringing     

Determination of the Pattern of Winter Dormancy in Lateral Buds of Apples

Controlled environmental conditions and decapitation treatmentswere used to distinguish and determine the relative importanceof environmentally-imposed dormancy, correlative inhibitionand rest on the imposition of winter dormancy of lateral budson detached shoots and potted seedlings of apples. It is establishedthat the winter dormancy of lateral buds follows a pattern similarto that previously proposed for buds in general. The minimum procedure for the assessment of dormancy in lateralbuds is discussed. Malus sylvestris L, apple, bud dormancy, winter dormancy     

Changes in Psychological and Physiological Parameters in Girls during the Individual Annual Cycle

Female students (N = 538) of the medical academy and the pedagogical college were psychophysiologically examined in different periods of the individual annual cycle (IAC), which lasts from one birthday to the next, with color, individual minute, and mental arithmetic tests. In addition, heart rhythm variation (HRV), anxiety, number of iris nerve rings, creativity, extroversion/introversion, and salivary cortisol were established, and integral stress reactivity (SR) and psychoemotional stress (PES) indices were calculated. It was found that the lowest anxiety, uneasiness, cortisol, diastolic arterial pressure during the mental arithmetic test, total deviation from the autogenous norm (Luscher's test), SR, and PES were observed in the first trimester (IAC months I–III). On the contrary, the fourth trimester (IAC months X–XII) was characterized by a decrease in extroversion and HRV and an increase in cortisol, anxiety, uneasiness, stress reactivity, and PES. Along with this, the fourth trimester differed from the other IAC periods in that students had the greatest total creativity score, which was considered as a compensatory phenomenon.     

Ontogeny of Axillary and Accessory Buds in Clerodendrum phlomidis L.

Plastochronic changes in the vegetative shoot apex and originand development of axillary and accessory buds are studied. The flat shoot apex shows structural and dimensional changesin a plastochron. They are described in three phases, the pre-leafinitiation, the leaf initiation, and the post-leaf initiation.The youngest axillary bud meristem is identified near the axilat the second node when the subtending leaf primordium is 200–12µ long. The corpus of the bud meristem has a more activerole in bud development than has the tunica layers. The shellzone associated with a young bud meristem persists until thebud has attained the structural and functional attributes ofthe main shoot apex. It loses its histological identity by producingderivatives which merge with the ground tissue and procambialcells of bud traces. In a developing bud the provascular systemof the bud appears as an arc, a loop, or as a ring in transversesections at different levels. These configurations are composedof anastomosing procambial strands of bud trace and residualmeristem, both being differentiated from developing bud meristem.     

Ultrastructural Changes of the Nucleolus During Cell Cycle in Triticum aestivum

The ultrastructural changes of the nticleolus during cell cycle in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) were studied by an "en bloc" silver-staining method. It was observed that in interphase, the nucleolus was heavily stained, within which fibrillar centres, dense fibrillar component, granular component and nucleolar vacuoles could be identified. A large quantity of argentine fine granules were distributed in the condensed chromatin. Dur-ing prophase, along with the disintegration of the nucleolus and condensation of the chromatin, the larger heavily-stained granules gradually appeared at the periphery of the chromatin. At late prophase, the materials derived from the nucleolus were spread and deposited on the surface of the chromosomes. The silver-stained, larger granules, deriving from the disintegrated nucleolus, accumulated at the periphery of the metaphase chromosomes and formed an uneven and discontinuous "sheath"-like structure. This "sheath"-like structure was also observed at anaphase. In telophase, the silver-stained nucleolar materials were progressively separated from the "sheath' and fused with each other to form prenucleolar bodies, and at last, participating in the formation of new nucleoli. The results showed that the nucleolar materials were transferred directly to the surface of the chromosomes and formed a discontinuous coat, but not incorporated into the interior of the chromosomes. The silverstained granules inside the chromosomes were neither related to the nucleolus nor to the materials from the disintegrated nucleolus.     

Changes in the Carotenoid Pattern During the Synchronous Life Cycle of Scenedesmus

The wild type (WT) of Scenedesmus obliquus and a mutant lacking chlorophyll b and the light-harvesting complexes (WT-LHC₁) were synchronized by a light-dark regime. Both cultures contained the same type of carotenoids. However, concentrations and patterns of carotenoids were different during their synchronous life cycles. The concentration of total carotenoids followed more or less that of chlorophyll. The WT contained more carotenoids per cell mass, but slightly less per chlorophyll. It is discussed that part of the carotenoids of the mutant, lacking the peripheral antenna of PSII, might be located in the chlorophyll b-less apoprotein or in an enlarged core antenna of PSII. During the life cycle of Scenedesmus the carotenes are initially synthesized and most of the α-carotene is immediately oxidized to lutein which is inserted in the antennae systems of PSII and PSI. The further oxidation of lutein to loroxanthin seems to depend on both the change from dark to light, and on stages of the life cycle itself. Although the major part of β-carotene appears to be inserted in the reaction centers, a fraction of the total pool is rapidly converted to violaxanthin, following the onset of illumination. The conversion may serve to protect against photooxidation. Further conversion of violaxanthin to neoxanthin occurs to a greater extent in the mutant, WT-LHC₁. The results demonstrate (1) the close connection between the carotenoid pattern and the modulation of the photosynthetic apparatus during the life cycle of Scenedesmus and (2) the flexibility of the organism in compensating for the absence of the light-harvesting complexes of photosystems II by adjusting the carotenoid distribution.