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1.
Litters of mouse pups of various ages when deprived of their mother and kept for one hour at ambient temperatures of 3°C, 12°C and 22°C lose heat less rapidly than pups isolated individually at similar temperatures. The litters are able to maintain constant body temperatures of 35–37°C by day 8 at 22°C, by day 19 at 12°C and by day 21 at 3°C. Very little ultrasound is detected from litters of any age up to 21 days at 22°C while at 12°C ultrasound is mainly detected from pups of 4 and 6 days; very few calls are produced by older pups at this temperature. Considerably more calls are emitted at 3°C than at either of the two higher temperatures. At 3°C the total number of calls emitted during the hour-long exposure period varied markedly with age. There were two peaks of calling, one on day 6 and the other on day 16. The temporal pattern of calling throughout the hour-long exposure period at 3°C was similar in pups of 4 and 6 days and in pups of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 days, but differed between these two groups. In the younger group of pups the rate of calling rose to a peak and then decreased to zero as the pups became comatose; in the older pups the rate of calling was low initially then either rose throughout the rest of the hour or rose to a high level that was maintained. It is suggested that the various patterns of ultrasonic calling can be associated with the physiological development of mouse litters.  相似文献   

2.
Eyo E.  Okon 《Journal of Zoology》1970,162(1):71-83
Albino mouse pups develop homoiothermy during the first 19 days of their life and show three distinct stages during this period. From day 1 to day 6 they are almost completely poikilothermic at low ambient temperatures; from day 7 to day 14 or 15 is a transitional period during which they develop homoiothermy at medium temperatures (e.g. 22°C); from day 15 or 16 to day 19 or 20 is the final stage when homoiothermy at very low ambient temperatures is developed. These changes are very closely correlated with changes in the ultrasounds produced by isolated pups within the 19 day period. Thus their acoustic response to cold is weak from day 1 to day 5 or 6 and very strong from day 6 or 7 to day 12 or 13, on exposure even to medium temperatures. From day 14 onwards the pups progressively stop producing ultrasounds depending on the ambient temperatures, and there is complete cessation of calling after day 19 or 20 even on exposure to temperatures as low as 2°C. In general, decreasing the ambient temperatures increases the rate and intensity of ultrasounds produced but very low ambient temperatures have an inhibiting effect and at 2–3°C breathing and calling cease completely after a time which varies with age of the pups.  相似文献   

3.
The loud calls nonhuman primates use in long-distance communication have supposedly been selected for efficient information transfer in the habitat. The differential effects of scattering and reverberation and the masking effects of background noise predict that loud calls produced in rain forest habitats should be low-pitched and whistle-like with low-frequency modulation. Callers may also use particular calling posts or times of day with reduced background noise to increase the efficacy of sound transmission. We studied the loud calls of the 4 sympatric primate species on Siberut Island. Only Kloss gibbons (Hylobates klossii) fulfilled the predictions regarding both the structure and use of calls. Though the other 3 species —Mentawai macaques (Macaca siberu), pig-tailed langurs (Simias concolor), and Mentawai leaf monkeys (Presbytis potenziani)— also concentrated their main energies in the spectral window with the lowest background noise, their calls were not adapted to long-range transmission. All 4 species produced loud calls exclusively no lower than 18 m above ground, but food abundance and shelter in the canopy may also be factors. Though all 4 species produced the majority of loud calls in the morning, it was not the only time of day with reduced background noise. We suggest that phylogenetic inheritance may better explain the structure of calls than adaptation to the habitat. In sum, the observed usage of spectral and temporal niches is not solely an adaptation to the sound profile of the habitat, though it clearly improves their transmission.  相似文献   

4.
Loud calling, i.e., howling, is the single most distinctive behavioral attribute of the social system of howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.), yet no general consensus has been established regarding its function. During a 16-mo study, we investigated the degree to which howling bouts varied in duration and spatial and temporal patterns across different social contexts in three groups of black howlers (Alouatta pigra) at Palenque National Park, Mexico, to assess how howling functions in intergroup spacing. We recorded 359 howling bouts, of which 42% were spontaneous with no apparent cause, 28% followed nearby howling without visual contact with the caller(s), 25% were during intergroup encounters, and 5% were during encounters with solitary individuals. The mean duration of howling bouts was 14.8 ± SE 0.6 min. During encounters with neighboring groups or solitary individuals howling bouts lasted significantly longer than spontaneous and reply calls. Spontaneous and reply howling showed a bimodal pattern with a marked concentration around dawn and a second increase of howling in the afternoon. In contrast, howling during encounters with neighboring groups or solitary individuals occurred randomly throughout the day. In addition, howling, irrespective of the context in which it was given, occurred throughout the groups’ home ranges without concentrations in the heavily used core areas or borders of the home ranges. Our findings suggest that loud calling in black howlers functions principally in regularly announcing the occupancy of an area, and is concentrated in the morning when sound propagation is optimal.  相似文献   

5.
When a naïve virgin female mouse is exposed to an inaccessible litter so that it perceives the odour and the ultrasounds from the pups, its nest-building behaviour undergoes changes that are different from changes occurring in a control condition providing exposure to an inaccessible adult female. Virgin females exposed to a litter built their nest as near as possible to the pups. Other characteristics of their nest-building behaviour were influenced differently according to the type of ultrasound that the pups were emitting. In a condition where pups were mainly calling in response to cold, virgin females built heavier nests than control females. When mainly calls in response to handling were given by the pups, the females built lighter nests than control females. Finally, there was also some suggestion that the females exposed to ultrasounds from handled pups tended to chew the nest-material more than either control females or females exposed to ultrasound from cooled pups.  相似文献   

6.
Many nonhuman primates produce species-typical loud calls used to communicate between and within groups over long distances. Given their observed spacing functions, primate loud calls are likely to show acoustic adaptations to increase their propagation over distance. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that primates emit loud calls at relatively low sound frequencies to minimize their attenuation. We tested this hypothesis within and between species. First, we compared the frequencies of loud calls produced by each species with those of other calls from their vocal repertoires. Second, we investigated the relationship between loud call frequency and home range size across a sample of primate species. Comparisons indicated that primates produce loud calls at lower frequencies than other calls within their vocal repertoires. In addition, a significant negative relationship exists between loud call frequency and home range size among species. The relationship between call frequency and range size holds after controlling for the potentially confounding effects of body size and phylogeny. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that nonhuman primates produce loud calls at relatively low frequencies to facilitate their transmission over long distances.  相似文献   

7.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the emotionality and the modulation of ultrasonic vocalizations in Tsukuba High Emotional (THE) and Tsukuba Low Emotional (TLE) strain rat pups 3-18 days old. The THE pups, while isolated from their dam and littermates and placed in a cold environment, emitted ultrasonic isolation calls at a high rate until day 15. In contrast, ultrasound production was at a consistently low level throughout the test period in the TLE pups. The ultrasonic isolation calls of THE pups were attenuated to the same level as those of the TLE pups after administration of diazepam (1 mg/kg, s.c.), a benzodiazepine receptor agonist, at 6 and 12 days of age. These findings suggest that the high emotionality of the rat pups was reflected largely by the emission of ultrasounds in response to isolation distress rather than the number of the benzodiazepine receptors in the brain that might play a role in physiologic mediation of the rat pup isolation call.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of pupal period and age on calling behavior of virgin females of Pseudaletia sequax were determined. Calling behavior of groups of females of similar age of pupation was observed every 10 min for six calling days. Females were considered calling when they assumed a characteristic position: wings and abdomen elevated, displaying the ovipositor and presumably releasing pheromone. Calling behavior was discontinuous. Females with a shorter pupal period took more time to start calling than females with a longer pupal period and called for a longer period. On the first day of calling, females took more time to initiate calling, on average during the seventh hour of the scotophase, whereas on the second day of calling, most females initiated calling during the fifth hour of the scotophase. On subsequent days of calling, the average time to initiate calling changed to the fourth hour of the scotophase. The mean time of calling per day decreased significantly with the number of days since first calling, and the mean number of calling bouts increased with days since first calling.  相似文献   

9.
We describe the interactive nature of vocalizations emitted by African elephant (Loxodonta africana) family groups while visiting waterholes. Despite being in close visual contact with each other, individuals called interactively within a series of overlapping or antiphonal vocal bouts that increased significantly while departing from the waterhole. After initiating departure from the waterhole, elephants in this study increased their calling rate and their production of overlapping vocal bouts. The majority of calls either overlapped or occurred within 1.5 seconds of another call as part of an antiphonal bout, rather than as isolated calls. The departure of larger herds was accompanied by a greater number of calling bouts. The increase in interactive antiphonal bouts during departure might serve to facilitate group coordination and cohesion, as well as possibly reinforce social bonds. The longer repeated bouts could also facilitate eavesdropping by distant elephants by boosting signal detection since the repetition of these longer calls may yield an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that reduces the noise floor for better longer distance communication.  相似文献   

10.
鼠类的超声通讯已有报道,并且在实验室深入研究了小鼠和大鼠接受和释放这些叫声的能力。由于对不同刺激的反应和出自不同的目的,幼鼠和成年鼠都释放超声。发出者的年龄/性/品系以及自然和社会环境的不同,导致这些超声的频率和持续时间也不同。在社会隔离和操作处理时,未成年个体可释放超声波。作为成熟程度以及对环境信号和药物处理时反应的指标,这些叫声得到了广泛研究,表明超声在调节出生后早期的母幼联系中起相应的作用。随着幼鼠的长大及体温调节和感觉能力的增强,发生的数量大大减少。然而,成年小鼠和大鼠在不同的社会条件下,释放出的超声有种间差异:大鼠的超声与正面和负面的社会作用有关,而在小鼠中,这些叫声主要与领域有关.  相似文献   

11.
The calling behaviour of overwintering generation females of Helicoverpa armigera and the effects of mating were studied in the laboratory at 24 ± 1°C and under reversed light-dark cycle (16 h light : 8 h dark). Age had a significant influence on calling patterns. Based on calling age, mean number of calling bouts and total calling length of virgin females increased significantly, and mean onset time of calling advanced significantly from calling day 1 to subsequent calling days. Females of the overwintering generation exhibited more short bouts in calling, and some females that initiated calling on a previous day did not call on subsequent days. Mating had no effect on the overall patterns, but did affect calling behaviour. Mated females did not resume calling after mating during the same scotophase and, on the day following mating, mated females called less frequently and for a shorter duration, but thereafter increased to the same level of virgin females of the same calling age. Furthermore, as the moth aged, the percentage of mated females calling was lower than that of virgin females.  相似文献   

12.
《Animal behaviour》1988,36(5):1533-1540
Owings & Hennessy (1984) proposed that repetitive calling by ground squirrels, i.e. long bouts of calling wherein the same vocalization is uttered repeatedly, might act as a tonic signal to promote vigilance in perceivers. This idea was tested by comparing the effect of naturally occurring repetitive and nonrepetitive calls on the behaviour of California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi. Both types of calls increased the amount of time spent vigilant by perceivers, especially in bipedal postures. More time was spent vigilant after repetitive than non-repetitive calls, thus supporting the tonic communication hypothesis. However, longer bouts of repetitive calling did not promote proportionately increased vigilance over that evoked by shorter calls. In fact, the reverse was true and the increase in vigilance to repetitive calls began to wane during the later stages of a calling bout. Repetitive calling may represent a case of ‘persuasion’, in which the signaller continues signalling in an attempt to maintain some state in resistant perceivers.  相似文献   

13.
During mating events, females of many primate species produce loud and distinct vocalizations known as 'copulation calls'. The adaptive significance of these signals is considered to be in promoting the caller's direct reproductive success. Here, we investigated copulation calling in bonobos (Pan paniscus), a species in which females produce these vocalizations during sexual interactions with partners of both sexes. Females were more likely to call when mating with males than with females. We also observed a positive relationship between the likelihood of calling and partner rank, regardless of partner sex. Sexual activity generally increased with swelling size (an indicator of reproductive state) and, during their peak swelling, females called more with male than with female partners. Female bonobos are unusual among the non-human primates in terms of their heightened socio-sexuality. Our results suggest that in this species, copulation calls have undergone an evolutionary transition from a purely reproductive to a more general social function, reflecting the intrinsic evolutionary links between vocal behaviour and social cognition.  相似文献   

14.
Previous sound recordings of resident (fish-eating) killer whale groups have revealed matrilineal group-specific call repertoires and a strong tendency for calls of the same type to be produced in series. Vocal interactions between individual free-ranging animals, however, have remained unexplored because it has not been possible to identify signallers reliably with a single hydrophone. Here we link acoustic arrivals of calls on a towed hydrophone array with visual tracking of photo-identified individuals to ascribe calls to a focal animal when it was separated from other members of its matrilineal group by more than 35 m, and thereby out of visual range. We confirm that individual members of a matrilineal group share a repertoire of stereotyped calls, and we statistically examine timing of stereotyped calls produced by one individual relative to calls produced by other members of its group. Analysis of the intervals between stereotyped calls indicated that calls were produced in group bouts with a criterion interval of 19.6 s separating bouts. We were therefore careful to develop randomization tests that preserved call interval structure. Focal whales produced 36% of their calls within 5 s of a call from a nonfocal animal, four times more calls than expected by chance based upon a rotation randomization test. Consecutive calls produced by different individuals during group-calling bouts matched call type more than expected by chance. Vocal exchanges of stereotyped calls with type matching appear to be an important aspect of intragroup calling in killer whales, although the function of this calling behaviour remains to be explored.  相似文献   

15.
Alarm calling is common in many species. A prevalent assumption is that calling puts the vocalizing individual at increased risk of predation. If calling is indeed costly, we need special explanations for its evolution and maintenance. In some, but not all species, callers vocalize away from safety and thus may be exposed to an increased risk of predation. However, for species that emit bouts with one or a few calls, it is often difficult to identify the caller and find the precise location where a call was produced. We analyzed the spatial dynamics of yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) alarm calling using an acoustic localization system to determine the location from which calls were emitted. Marmots almost always called from positions close to the safety of their burrows, and, if they produced more than one alarm call, tended to end their calling bouts closer to safety than they started them. These results suggest that for this species, potential increased predation risk from alarm calling is greatly mitigated and indeed calling may have limited predation costs.  相似文献   

16.
安冉  刘斌  徐艺玫  黎歌  廖力夫 《兽类学报》2015,35(2):170-175
本文通过红外线照相的方法,对发育期的林睡鼠幼鼠进行室内活动规律及行为观察,为充分了解林睡鼠越冬前的能量储备形式提供饲养参考。将鼠密度监测仪固定在饲养笼具上方,24h连续拍照,采集和分析6-9月年龄在10周内的幼鼠各种活动数据。结果显示:幼鼠一天中超过70%的时间都在窝内度过,大部分时间都蜷缩成一团少有动作;在窝外活动时间多在玩耍,如攀爬笼架。用于进食和饮水的时间不超过全天的2%。林睡鼠幼鼠主要活动时间在21:00-07:00,活动高峰在21:00-03:00之间。幼鼠出生3周后开始出窝活动,哺乳期30d后开始采食,5周后幼鼠有交配玩耍行为。随着日龄的增长,活动高峰从23:00提前到21:00,活动时间也逐渐延长,但9周龄后活动时间逐渐缩短,幼鼠的饮水进食时间与其活动的时间长短较为一致。10周体重可达成年体重的70%。研究表明,林睡鼠在夏秋季节基本是昼伏夜出动物。光照是影响其在外活动的重要因素之一。幼鼠6周后所需的饲料和水量大于成年林睡鼠,在此期间要注意饲料和水的补充。  相似文献   

17.
Adult mice are highly vocal animals, with both males and females vocalizing in same sex and cross sex social encounters. Mouse pups are also highly vocal, producing isolation vocalizations when they are cold or removed from the nest. This study examined patterns in the development of pup isolation vocalizations, and compared these to adult vocalizations. In three litters of CBA/CaJ mice, we recorded isolation vocalizations at ages postnatal day 5 (p5), p7, p9, p11, and p13. Adult vocalizations were obtained in a variety of social situations. Altogether, 28,384 discrete vocal signals were recorded using high-frequency-sensitive equipment and analyzed for syllable type, spectral and temporal features, and the temporal sequencing within bouts. We found that pups produced all but one of the 11 syllable types recorded from adults. The proportions of syllable types changed developmentally, but even the youngest pups produced complex syllables with frequency-time variations. When all syllable types were pooled together for analysis, changes in the peak frequency or the duration of syllables were small, although significant, from p5 through p13. However, individual syllable types showed different, large patterns of change over development, requiring analysis of each syllable type separately. Most adult syllables were substantially lower in frequency and shorter in duration. As pups aged, the complexity of vocal bouts increased, with a greater tendency to switch between syllable types. Vocal bouts from older animals, p13 and adult, had significantly more sequential structure than those from younger mice. Overall, these results demonstrate substantial changes in social vocalizations with age. Future studies are required to identify whether these changes result from developmental processes affecting the vocal tract or control of vocalization, or from vocal learning. To provide a tool for further research, we developed a MATLAB program that generates bouts of vocalizations that correspond to mice of different ages.  相似文献   

18.
ELLIOTT H. HAIMOFF 《Ibis》1987,129(2):319-326
Helmeted Hornbills Rhinoplax vigil inhabit the tropical and montane forests of Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, and Peninsular Thailand. Although little is known of their social behaviour and ecology, it is believed that they are monogamous and strictly territorial. The males have been observed to produce loud calls audible up to 2–3 km at various times throughout the day, but no studies of these calls have been made previously. An audiospectrographic analysis of the loud calls produced by several wild Helmeted Hornbills was conducted. The sounds comprising the loud calls were relatively pure in tone with few harmonics, with most of the energy produced between 500–1500 Hz, suggesting that selection may have favoured the long-range transmission of these sounds through the forest. These calls are organized into two distinguishable parts, and it is suggested that the first part may primarily serve as a means of attracting the attention of neighbouring non-mate conspecifics, while the second part may serve as an advertisement of age, size, or physical condition.  相似文献   

19.
Social cohesion and prey location in seabirds are largely enabled through visual and olfactory signals, but these behavioural aspects could potentially also be enhanced through acoustic transfer of information. Should this be the case, calling behaviour could be influenced by different social–ecological stimuli. African Penguins Spheniscus demersus were equipped with animal-borne video recorders to determine whether the frequency and types of calls emitted at sea were dependent on behavioural modes (commuting, sedentary and dive bout) and social status (solitary vs. group). For foraging dive bouts we assessed whether the timing and frequency of calls were significantly different in the presence of schooling prey vs. single fish. The probability of call events was significantly more likely for birds commuting early and late in the day (for solitary birds) and during dive bouts (for groups). During foraging dive bouts the frequency of calls was significantly greater for birds diving in the presence of schooling fish and birds called sooner after a catch in these foraging scenarios compared with when only single fish were encountered. Three call types were recorded, 'flat', 'modulated' and 'two-voice' calls, but there was no significant relationship detected with these call types and behavioural modes for solitary birds and birds in groups. The results of this study show that acoustic signalling by African Penguins at sea is used in a variety of behavioural contexts and that increased calling activity in the presence of more profitable prey could be of crucial importance to seabirds that benefit from group foraging.  相似文献   

20.
Predation is an important source of nest mortality in many bird species and calling near the nest can increase this risk, yet adults of many species regularly vocalize near their nests. Some of these calls serve clearly adaptive functions, such as alarm or provisioning calls. However, many species also give conspicuous ‘contact’ calls near the nest, which is puzzling because the function of these calls is unclear, and they might attract predators. Most studies of parental vocalizations near nests have focused on specific vocalizations and single hypotheses, yet there is a diversity of vocalization types and potential functions. We review the literature on the diversity and possible function of parental vocalizations near the nest, and then investigate the puzzle of conspicuous contact calling near nests by white‐browed scrubwrens Sericornis frontalis. In scrubwrens, ‘chip‐zz’ contact calls were almost always used when adults approached nests, and when they approached one another or changed location. Call composition also changed: the proportion of ‘chip’ elements increased as callers approached the nest or other adults. Neither adult sex nor nestling age affected calling. Thus, chip‐zz calls appear to be used as ongoing signals to other group members of the caller's activity and location, particularly relative to the nest. Nestlings appeared to use the calls as cues of adult arrival, and increased calling as adults approached nests. Further, adults called less after a predator was on the territory, suggesting that parents may be able to reduce the risk of chip‐zz calls betraying nest location, or possibly use the absence of calling as a signal of danger. This study thus demonstrates that calling near nests could inform both adults and nestlings about the caller's behaviour, and could serve multiple functions. Future studies will need to experimentally test these functions, as well as the other hypotheses reviewed here.  相似文献   

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