山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究I.

为调查中国黄海海域的丝状海洋真菌,从山东威海潮间带海滩收集了沉没木、附着木和沙埋木,并从其上分离到7种高等海洋真菌。Arenariomyces trifurcata,Corollospora maritima．Alternaria maritima,Trichocladium achrasporum为中国大陆新记录种,Chaetomium globosum,Tetraploa aristita,Torula sp．为中国大陆新生境报道。对每个种作了描述并对分类和形态进行了讨论。     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究I.

为调查中国黄海海域的丝状海洋真菌,从山东威海潮间带海滩收集了沉没木、附着木和沙埋木,并从其上分离到7种高等海洋真菌。Arenariomycestrifurcata,Corollosporamaritima,Alternariamaritima,Trichocladiumachrasporum为中国大陆新记录种,Chaetomiunglobosum,Tetraploaaristata,Torulasp.为中国大陆新生境报道。对每个种作了描述并对分类和形态进行了讨论。     

湛江红树林滩涂可培养真菌种群多样性分析

【目的】明确湛江地区红树林滩涂海洋真菌的种类及其分布,为海洋真菌的开发利用研究奠定基础。【方法】运用稀释平板法从湛江市高桥及特呈岛红树林滩涂不同的潮位带(低、中、高)和不同树种(白骨壤、桐花树、木榄、红海榄)采集淤泥样品550份,采用真菌形态学和ITS序列分析技术进行多样性研究【。结果】分离获得海洋真菌274株,共鉴定出19属39种真菌,以曲霉属Aspergillus、青霉属Penicillium和木霉属Trichoderma真菌分离频率高,为湛江红树林滩涂优势真菌种类,尤其在中潮位带真菌种类最多。此外,分离获得真菌Talaromyces helicus,为中国新记录种。【结论】湛江红树林滩涂海洋真菌的种类十分丰富,具有潜在的开发和利用前景。     

中国大陆地区丛枝菌根真菌菌种资源的分离鉴定与形态学特征

【目的】分离收集保藏中国大陆各个地区不同生态环境的丛枝菌根真菌菌种资源,为丛枝菌根的研究提供资源、奠定基础。【方法】以高粱为宿主植物,采用诱导培养、单孢培养和扩繁培养分离土壤样品中的丛枝菌根真菌菌种并鉴定。【结果】从我国大陆的45个地区50余种宿主植物根区土壤中分离到丛枝菌根真菌135株,隶属于23个种;对各个菌株的形态特征进行了描述。【结论】我国蕴藏着丰富的丛枝菌根真菌菌种资源,文中描述的菌种资源是目前从我国大陆地区获得的种类和数量最多、覆盖范围最广的AM真菌菌种资源。     

我国红树林湿地真菌的三个新记录种

报道了广东和海南红树林湿地真菌的3个中国新记录种,即红树林淤泥中分离出的篮状菌Talaromyces helicus(RaperFennell)C.R.Benj,采自海洋腐木中的海生双室孢腔菌Biatriospora marina K.D.HydeBorse以及内生拟内黑盘壳菌Endomelanconiopsis endophytica E.I.RojasSamuels,并对真菌的主要形态特征进行了详细描述。研究标本保存于广东海洋大学农学院植物保护实验室(HMGDOU)。     

木霉属真菌分离培养的研究进展

木霉属真菌(Trichodermaspp.)种类众多、分布广泛,在农业、工业和环境修复领域应用广泛。因此,木霉属真菌的分离培养具有重要的研究价值。本文通过详尽的文献查找和分析对木霉属真菌的分离培养研究进展予以综述,从生存环境、不同分离基质和分离方法的样品前处理方法等总结了木霉属真菌的分离基质及预处理方法;详细回顾了木霉属真菌分离培养基研究的发展历程和主要原理;简要介绍了目前木霉属真菌的纯化与保存方法;并从开展多种抗菌物质和表面活性剂探索角度对未来木霉属真菌分离培养进行了展望,以期为木霉属真菌资源开发提供参考。     

松树蜂入侵樟子松的内栖真菌区系

为探索松树蜂入侵后的樟子松内栖真菌与健康状态樟子松内栖真菌的组成差异,本文对松树蜂入侵后不同健康状态(健康、衰弱、死亡)樟子松的不同主干高度(基、中、上)内栖真菌进行研究。共分离到樟子松内栖真菌25属37种,其中健康木分离到13种,多为腐生菌和内生菌;衰弱木分离到23种,多为致病菌和腐生菌;死亡木分离到11种,多为腐生菌。不同主干高度而言,健康木中部真菌检出率最大,为55.2%,基部真菌种类最多,为9种;衰弱木上部真菌检出率最大,为100.8%,基部真菌种类最多,为13种;死亡木上部真菌检出率最大,为106.4%,上部真菌种类最多,为8种。不同健康状态内栖真菌的数量为:死亡木衰弱木健康木;内栖真菌种类为:衰弱木健康木死亡木。结果为研究樟子松不同健康状态下的优势内栖真菌与松树蜂及共生菌的关系奠定了基础。     

长白山阔叶红松林优势树种的木腐真菌群落结构特征

木腐真菌是森林生态系统中非常重要的组成部分,能够降解倒木,实现生态系统中的物质循环。长白山阔叶红松林林分结构复杂,林内植物种类多样,倒木数量极多,为木腐真菌的生长提供了丰富的基质。为了解该林分中不同树种对木腐真菌的影响,本研究选取了长白山自然保护区25 hm2永久性大样地中325块20 m×20 m的样方,对样方中的木腐真菌进行了调查和记录,并对其中4类优势树种槭属、椴属、栎属和松属倒木上的降解真菌分别进行了统计和分析,结果发现:阔叶红松林中这4种优势寄主上的木腐真菌占所调查真菌总数的86.6%,物种数占总数95.3%,囊括了该林分中木腐真菌的绝大多数。但不同树种上的真菌种类有很大差别,4种树种上木腐真菌的种类韦恩图显示,这4类优势树种共有种类仅为7种,而各自独特种至少占本类树种倒木上真菌种类的25%,尤其松属上的独特种类数占松属真菌总数的45.7%。倒木的腐烂程度和径级对木腐真菌也有着极为重要的影响。不论哪个树种,腐烂程度为2级的倒木均生长有种类最多、数量最大的真菌;而径级大于10 cm的倒木也是木腐真菌的优先选择。     

青蒿内生真菌分离、分子鉴定及深绿木霉对青蒿的促生作用研究

为从青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)内生真菌中筛选有促生作用的菌株,用组织分离法从青蒿侧枝中分离内生真菌并进行分子鉴定,对其中1株真菌深绿木霉对青蒿幼苗的促生作用进行了研究。结果表明,从青蒿侧枝中获得23株内生真菌,鉴定出16种,以炭疽菌属占优势。深绿木霉发酵液对青蒿种子发芽和幼苗生长具有显著抑制作用;深绿木霉液体发酵菌丝体在4-5月对青蒿幼苗生长具有显著的促进作用,但7月以后没有明显促进作用。因此,深绿木霉可作为青蒿苗肥,与化肥配合可施用于成株。     

大小兴安岭针叶树倒木上木腐真菌的物种多样性

木腐真菌在森林生态系统中具有丰富的物种多样性, 并在倒木的降解过程中发挥重要的生态功能。针叶树是大小兴安岭森林生态系统的优势树种, 因此研究针叶树倒木木腐真菌物种多样性和影响其物种分布的相关环境因子有助于揭示大小兴安岭森林生态系统物质循环的机理。本研究收集了近16年对大小兴安岭地区冷杉属(Abies)、落叶松属(Larix)、云杉属(Picea)和松属(Pinus) 4类针叶树倒木上1,561份木腐真菌标本的采集信息, 统计了物种种类及其腐朽类型, 并选取具有代表性的地点开展木腐真菌群落多样性及其与环境因子的相关性分析。结果显示, 大小兴安岭针叶树倒木木腐真菌有166种, 隶属于70属, 其中白腐真菌有111种, 占所有种类的66.9%, 褐腐真菌为55种, 占所有种类的33.1%。在4类针叶树倒木上均能生长的真菌种类有19种, 占所有种类的11.5%, 其中柔丝干酪孔菌(Oligoporus sericeomollis)是各类倒木上木腐真菌群落中的优势种。大兴安岭地区落叶松属为优势寄主, 其倒木上生长的木腐真菌种类数和个体数在4类倒木中均为最高; 而小兴安岭地区松属倒木上木腐真菌种类数和个体数比其他3类倒木高, 是该地区的优势寄主。对6个代表性地区木腐真菌群落的研究显示, 有11种真菌在6个地区均有分布, 小兴安岭地区木腐真菌多样性普遍高于大兴安岭地区; 聚类分析显示树种比地理位置对木腐真菌物种分布的影响更大。     

Marine mycoflora of south India with special emphasis on lignicolous marine fungi

A study dealing with the marine fungi associated with decaying wood samples in the brackish water mangrove ecosystem and shoreline ecosystem was carried out in south India. A total of 19 marine fungi were isolated from the brackish water mangrove ecosystem. They included 13 Ascomycetes, one Basidiomycete and five Mitosporic fungi. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence, the most frequent species obtained from the brackishwater were the Lignincola longirostris (16.60%) and Savoryella lignicola (12.09%). Nine species were found frequently. Five species were occasionally encoun-tered. Aigialus mangrovei, Aniptodera mangrovei and Halosarpheia marina were the rare species recorded. The average number of isolates per wood sample was 1.53. A total of 27 marine fungi including 15 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and ten mitosporic fungi were recorded from the shoreline ecosystem. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence, the most frequent species obtained from Kanyakumari were the Arenariomyces trifurcates (13.66%), Corollospora maritima (12.44%), and Cirrenalia pygmea (10.98%). Seven species were found frequently. Fourteen species were occasionally encountered. Three species were found to be rare in occurrence. The average number of isolates per wood sample was 1.21.     

Marine fungi from two sandy beaches in Portugal

The occurrence of marine fungi associated with, pieces of wood, driftwood and dead plant stems, in the intertidal zone of two sandy beaches on the Portuguese west coast, was surveyed for 5 mo. Out of 90 samples scanned 70% had sporulating marine fungi. Thirty-five marine fungal taxa were identified (27 Ascomycota, six anamorphic fungi and two unidentified taxa), out of which 11 species were common to both beaches. Most taxa were infrequent (< or =10%), with the exception of Kirschsteiniothelia maritima (10-20%). The average number of fungi per sample was 0.91 for both beaches. Fifteen species are new records for Portugal. Samples were examined immediately after they were taken to the laboratory, as well as after incubation in moist chamber, for up to 10 mo.     

Marine mycoflora of south India with special emphasis on lignicolous marine fungi

A study dealing with the marine fungi associated with decaying wood samples in the brackish water mangrove ecosystem and shoreline ecosystem was carried out in south India. A total of 19 marine fungi were isolated from the brackish water mangrove ecosystem. They included 13 Ascomycetes, one Basidiomycete and five Mitosporic fungi. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence, the most frequent species obtained from the brackishwater were the Lignincola longirostris (16.60%) and Savoryella lignicola (12.09%). Nine species were found frequently. Five species were occasionally encountered. Aigialus mangrovei, Aniptodera mangrovei and Halosarpheia marina were the rare species recorded. The average number of isolates per wood sample was 1.53. A total of 27 marine fungi including 15 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and ten mitosporic fungi were recorded from the shoreline ecosystem. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence, the most frequent species obtained from Kanyakumari were the Arenariomyces trifurcates (13.66%), Corollospora maritima (12.44%), and Cirrenalia pygmea (10.98%). Seven species were found frequently. Fourteen species were occasionally encountered. Three species were found to be rare in occurrence. The average number of isolates per wood sample was 1.21.     

Ecological observations on marine fungi from the Seychelles

HYDE, K. D. & JONES, E. 6. G., 1989. Ecological observations on marine fungi from the Seychelles . Submerged wood, wood trapped amongst rocks, sand-buried wood and exposed roots and branches of shoreline trees were collected from three intertidal beach sites in the Seychelles. These were examined for the presence of marine fungi, the species present identified and their frequency of occurrence noted. Leaves, seaweeds and seagrasses washed up on the seashore, and seafoam, were also examined for filamentous marine fungi. Species present are listed with their frequency of occurrence. Differences in species composition from one substratum to the next were noted, and the results discussed. Sixty-three species were collected: 35 Ascomycotina, 2 Basidiomycotina and 26 Deuteromycotina, all are new records for the Seychelles. The mycogeography and ecological niche of the fungi encountered are discussed.     

Endophytic fungal diversity of 2 sand dune wild legumes from the southwest coast of India

Endophytic fungi of 3 age classes (seeds, seedlings, and mature plants) and 5 tissue classes (cotyledons, seed coats, roots, stems, and leaves) of coastal sand dune legumes Canavalia cathartica and Canavalia maritima were assessed by plating surface-sterilized segments on malt extract agar. Forty-six fungal taxa comprising 6 ascomycetes, 33 mitosporic fungi, 2 zygomycetes, and 5 sterile morphospecies were recovered. There was no significant difference in the colonization frequency of endophytes between plant species (p = 0.4098, Student's t test). Among the age classes, endophytic fungi colonized over 90% of seedlings and mature plants. Similarly, among tissue classes, endophytic fungi colonized over 90% of root, stem, and leaf segments. Diversity and richness of endophytic fungi were higher in C. cathartica than in C. maritima. Rarefaction curves revealed a "higher expected number of species" in mature plants of C. cathartica and seedlings of C. maritima, whereas it was highest in leaves of both plant species. The most dominant endophyte, Chaetomium globosum, colonized over 50% of the root, stem, and leaf segments of C. maritima and over 50% of the root segments of C. cathartica. The colonization frequency of C. globosum was found to be 5%-12.5% in seeds and increased up to 40%-64.4% in seedlings or mature plants. Halosarpheia sp. was the only marine fungus recovered among the endophytes.     

Role of Corollospora maritima in the degradation and bioconversion of leaf material from Posidonia oceanica

Posidonia oceanica supports mainly saprophytic marine flora, comprising predominantly lignicolous fungi. The frequency of occurrence of species recorded on this marine angiosperm, was high, indicating that they play a major role in the biological degradation of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica. In vitro experiments with Corollospora maritima (isolated from leaf material) were conducted in order to evaluate their role in the degradation of leaf material. Corollospora maritima actively degrade leaf material. Biophysical and biochemical changes (particle detritus formation, C and N variation), enzymatic activity involved and sterol production were studied during the transformation process of leaves to mycelial biomass.     

山东海岸木生海洋真菌的研究Ⅵ

本文首次报道了来自山东沿海岸漂流木及沙滩木上的2种海洋腔菌纲真菌,分别为Passeriniella obiones和Tremateia halophila,均为中国新记录属、种。文中对每个种进行了形态描述及讨论,标本保存于青岛农业大学菌物标本室(MHQAU)。     

Arenicolous mycelial fungi from the littoral of the Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay,the Sea of Japan)

The taxonomic composition of marine mycelial fungi was determined in the interstitial habitats of the Vostok Bay littoral (Peter the Great Bay, the Sea of Japan). A total of 39 species of ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi were detected and identified. The predominant species of the intertidal zone were Corollospora maritima, C. lacera, Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides, Arenariomyces trifurcatus (Ascomycota), Alternaria alternata, Scolecobasidium arenarium, and Zalerion maritimum (anamorphic fungi). The complete list of species of obligately marine ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi from the interstitial habitats of the Vostok Bay littoral is presented for the first time     

Use of drift substrates to characterize marine fungal communities from the west coast of Portugal

This survey reports the occurrence, diversity and similarity of marine fungi associated with five categories of drift substrates (Arundo donax, Phragmites australis, Spartina maritima, "other stems" and driftwood) collected on four sandy beaches of the western coast of Portugal. "Other stems" and driftwood are composite samples with a variety of identified and unidentified pieces of non-woody and woody substrates respectively. Fifty-six taxa were identified, including 38 Ascomycota and 18 anamorphic fungi. Twenty-six taxa were generalists; however several cases of "substrate recurrence" were identified. The very frequent fungi differed among the categories of studied substrates, with the exception of Corollospora maritima, very frequent on four categories. Except for S. maritima, P. australis and driftwood, cases of multiple fungal colonization were rare. S. maritima was the single substrate with five different marine fungi on one sample, as well as with the highest number of very frequent fungi, highest percentage of colonization and average number of fungi per sample. Driftwood presented the highest value of fungal richness (37 taxa) and A. donax the lowest (22 taxa). ANOSIM analysis of similarity showed that all substrates supported different fungal communities with the exception of the pair P. australis/"other stems". The effect of sample size on estimated fungal richness was tested, and the results let us conclude that, although most of the sporadic fungi (<1% occurrence) will be detected only in a very large number of samples, 60 samples of A. donax and "other stems" and 70 samples of all the other substrates may suffice to assess their respective representative marine mycota.     

Marine fungi from Mira river salt marsh in Portugal

The occurrence of fungi in the Mira salt marsh, Portugal was investigated for 12 months. Baits of Spartina maritima stems were exposed to permanent or temporary submersion at the upper and lower limits of the intertidal zone. The baits were observed for fruit bodies and spores directly and after incubation in moist chambers. Twenty six marine species were identified (17 Ascomycota, two Basidiomycota and seven mitosporic fungi). Twenty four are new records for Portugal. Nia globospora Barata and Basílio was published as a new species. Species were characterized with respect to frequency of occurrence, colonization capability and substrate succession. The diversity and similarity indexes of the fungi under different conditions were determined.