Intra-annual rainfall variability and grassland productivity: can the past predict the future?

Precipitation quantity has been shown to influence grassland aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) positively whereas experimental increases in of temporal variability in water availability commonly exhibit a negative relationship with ANPP. We evaluated long term ANPP datasets from the Konza Prairie Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program (1984–1999) to determine if similar relationships could be identified based on patterns of natural variability (magnitude and timing) in precipitation. ANPP data were analyzed from annually burned sites in native mesic grassland and productivity was partitioned into graminoid (principally C₄ grasses) and forb (C₃ herbaceous) components. Although growing season precipitation amount was the best single predictor of total and grass ANPP (r ²=0.62), several measures of precipitation variability were also significantly and positively correlated with productivity, independent of precipitation amount. These included soil moisture variability, expressed as CV, for June (r ²=0.45) and the mean change in soil moisture between weekly sampling periods in June and August (%wv) (r ²=0.27 and 0.32). In contrast, no significant relationships were found between forb productivity and any of the precipitation variables (p>0.05). A multiple regression model combining precipitation amount and both measures of soil moisture variability substantially increased the fit with productivity (r ²=0.82). These results were not entirely consistent with those of short-term manipulative experiments in the same grassland, however, because soil moisture variability was often positively, not negatively related to ANPP. Differences in results between long and short term experiments may be due to low variability in the historic precipitation record compared to that imposed experimentally as experimental levels of variability exceeded the natural variability of this dataset by a factor of two. Thus, forecasts of ecosystem responses to climate change (i.e. increased climatic variability), based on data constrained by natural and recent historical rainfall patterns may be inadequate for assessing climate change scenarios if precipitation variability in the future is expected to exceed current levels.     

Prairie vegetation and soil nutrient responses to ungulate carcasses

The impact of large ungulate carcasses on grassland dynamics was investigated by monitoring vegetation and soil nutrients in 50-cm circular zones around the center of bison (Bos bison), cattle (B. taurus), and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carcasses. An ungulate carcass creates an intense localized disturbance that varies with animal size and the season of death. Unlike other natural disturbances, carcasses deposit a concentrated pulse of nutrients into the soil. One year after death, inorganic nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the inner 50 cm at both adult and juvenile carcass sites than in surrounding prairie. Areas around a carcass became zones of fertility that favored different components of the vegetation and stimulated biomass production. Species richness and diversity at the center of carcass sites were lowest 1 year after death, but increased significantly in subsequent years. However, warm-season perennial grasses declined near the center of carcass sites and did not recover. Five years after death, ungulate carcass sites remained disturbed patches that harbored vegetation characteristically different in composition and stature from surrounding prairie. By providing a niche for species not normally found in undisturbed prairie, carcasses increased community heterogeneity and may play an important role in adding spatial complexity to grassland ecosytems. Received: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 7 September 1999     

土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响

在实验室条件下,将不同含水量的3种森林类型的土柱分别置于0、5、15、25和35℃条件下,进行土壤呼吸测定．结果表明,在0～35℃范围内。土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关．在一定含水量范围内(0．21～0．37kg·kg^-1),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低．土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用．不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林．阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25℃、0．21kg·kg^-1;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1。但是．由于长白山阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4～5℃,所以野外所测的同期山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率．     

异质性生境中匍匐茎草本野草莓(Fragaria vesca)的克隆内资源共享

研究了不同海拔高度(1800和3900m)的匍匐茎克隆植物野草莓(Fragaria vesca)种群对光照和养分资源斑块性分布生境的响应。结果表明:与资源的空间同质性处理(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)相比,资源的空间异质性处理(Ⅲ)和(Ⅳ)中2个种群的野草莓的近端、远端分株部分和整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均明显增加。当近端分株部分经历低光高养,而与其相连的远端分株部分经历高光低养时,相比于整个克隆片段都处于低光高养的同质性生境,来自2个海拔的种群的近端分株部分都会增加对根的生物量分配;当近端分株部分经历高光低养,而与其相连的远端分株部分经历低光高养时,相比于整个克隆片段都处于低光高养的同质性生境,来自2个海拔的种群的近端分株部分都会减少对根的生物量分配,远端分株部分也被观察到类似的生物量分配格局。相比于高光低养的同质性生境,当与低光高养的远端分株部分相连时,经历高光低养的近端分株部分有更大的叶面积;相比于低光高养的同质性生境,当与低光高养近端分株部分相连时,经历高光低养的远端分株部分有更大的叶面积。结果表明,野草莓在资源交互斑块性生境中发生了克隆内分工,克隆内分工有利于克隆植物对异质性资源的利用,对克隆植物在资源斑块性分布生境中的生存和生长具有重要的意义。     

华北平原冬小麦夏玉米不同培肥措施的节水增产效应研究

根据山东省醒台县农业水资源日趋减少的现状,开展了以减少土壤水蒸发、提高水分利用效率为目的的不同培肥措施的节水田间试验,结果表明,秸秆还田与增施有机肥具有明显的节水增产效应,在相同灌溉水量（２５０ｍｍ）的情况下,玉米秸与小麦秸全部还田较玉秸小麦秸均不还田（对照）增产８８５ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,水分利用效率提高３．３,在全还基础上增施有机肥较对照增产１８７５ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,水分利用效率提高３．６０;仅小     

土壤水分胁迫与遮荫对生姜生长特性的影响

水分胁迫使生姜叶片叶绿素含量降低,叶片气孔密度及气孔面积减小,根系活力下降。根系伤流量减少,在相同土壤水分条件下,遮光使叶片叶绿素含量增加。气孔密度减小,叶片上表皮气孔变大,而下表皮气孔变小。根系活力增强,水分胁迫显著影响生姜的生长与产量,但不同水分条件下,光强对生姜生长与产量的影响不同,正常供水条件下,生姜在自然光照条件下生长较好,产量较高;水分胁迫条件下,生姜在遮荫条件下生长较好,产量较高。     

南渡河流域水土流失现状及防治措施

2001年对雷州市主要供水源地-南渡河流域的水土流失现状进行了实地勘探考察调查,调查结果表明,南渡河流域水土流失主要集中在南渡河流域中、上游的杨家、白沙、客路、唐家、纪家、松竹六镇,六镇的水土流失面积共61.23km²,其中,面蚀流失23.5km²,沟蚀流失12.6km²,崩塌流失25.15km².由实地调查结果可知,南渡河流域的水土流失问题已成为南渡河水系水资源保护的头号问题,调查弄清南渡河水土流失现状,采取有效治理措施保护南渡河生态环境,彻底改善南渡河水土流失现状已成为南渡河整治的重点项目.文中就南渡河水土流失的实际情况,提出相应的水土保持措施和治理措施.     

The role of environmental, root, and microbial biomass characteristics in soil respiration in temperate secondary forests of Northeast China

For secondary forests, the major forest resources in China (accounting for more than 50% of the national total), soil respiration (R _S) and the relationship between R _S and various biotic/abiotic factors are poorly understood. The objectives of the present study were to examine seasonal variations in soil respiration during the growing season, and to explore the factors affecting the variation in soil respiration rates for three forest types (Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut and mixed forests) of temperate secondary forest in Northeast China. The results showed that (1) the maximum total R _S rate occurred in July, following a bell-shaped curve with season, (2) for all forest types, the total R _S was significantly influenced by soil temperature (P < 0.01), and did not significantly correlate with soil moisture, (3) compared with fine root biomass, coarse root biomass was more closely related with the root respiration in mixed forest (R ² = 0.711, P = 0.017) and in Manchurian walnut forest (R ² = 0.768, P = 0.010), and (4) microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen were significantly correlated with heterotrophic R _S in Mongolian oak forest (R ² = 0.664, P = 0.026; R ² = 0.784, P = 0.008, respectively) and in mixed forest (R ² = 0.918, P = 0.001; R ² = 0.967, P = 0.001, respectively). We can conclude that in temperate secondary forests: (1) the R _S rate and the relationships between R _S and abiotic/biotic factors change greatly with forest types, and (2) R _S is strongly influenced by soil temperature, MBC, microbial biomass nitrogen and coarse root biomass in temperate secondary forests.     

羊草呼吸作用与湿度、光照和土壤水分的关系

本文报道了两种土壤水分条件下羊草明呼吸速率与光照和温度的关系,以及暗呼吸速率与温度的关系。结果表明,羊草的明呼吸速率与光强呈非线性函数关系。在低光强下,明呼吸速率随光强升高而有较快的增加;随着光强的增高,其增加速度减慢。在温度低于羊草光合的高温补偿点的条件下,明呼吸速率在一定温度范围内随温度升高而增大;当温度达到一定限度时,有一个下降阶段,而后又回升,羊草的暗呼吸速率随温度增加而升高,且在一定限度内,其升高速度随温度增高而加快。当土壤干旱时,明呼吸速率显著降低,而暗呼吸速率仅略有减小。     

雨强对黄土坡面土壤水分入渗及再分布的影响

基于典型黄土的坡地人工降雨实验,对比研究了降雨、入渗及再分布规律;以雨强为主要影响因素,分析了降雨入渗及水分再分布过程中水土物质迁移的定量关系．结果表明,雨强变化对黄土坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的微观水分运动过程具有重要影响．雨强增大时,入渗和再分布湿润锋均随降雨历时延长而逐渐增加,但水分再分布过程的湿润锋增加速率比入渗慢得多;入渗湿润锋与时间关系可用幂函数表示,同时可表示为雨强的幂函数关系．再分布湿润锋与时间也存在定量关系．雨强越大,初始和稳定的土壤水分入渗率越高,累积入渗量随降雨时间增加得越快．此外,雨强越大,坡顶与坡脚湿润锋深度差异越小,坡面再分布过程的土壤含水量在各层的差异和递减趋势越明显．     

快速叶绿素荧光动力学及其在植物抗逆生理研究中的应用

快速叶绿素荧光动力学是研究光合原初反应的无损探针,可监测光合反应的多个事件,并能反应植物的生理状况,可以应用于环境物理及化学条件胁迫对植物的影响(如化肥及除草剂的使用;CO2、O2、O3浓度的变化及温度、光强度胁迫等);也应用于农业生产(如确定耕作方式及日常管理;除草剂、杀虫剂及激素的使用;品种选优等);更是光合生理研究的便捷工具。介绍了快速叶绿素荧光动力学中的JIP-test分析方法,并从光、水分、温度、盐等多个方面介绍了JIP-test方法在植物抗逆生理研究中的应用。     

羊草呼吸作用与温度、光照和土壤水分的关系

本文报道了两种土壤水分条件下羊草明呼吸速率与光照和温度的关系,以及暗呼吸速率与温度的关系。结果表明,羊草的明呼吸速率与光强呈非线性函数关系。在低光强下,明呼吸速率随光强升高而有较快的增加;随着光强的增高,其增加速度减慢。在温度低于羊草光合的高温补偿点的条件下,明呼吸速率在一定温度范围内随温度升高而增大;当温度达到一定限度时,有一个下降阶段,而后又回升。羊草的暗呼吸速率随温度增加而升高,且在一定限度内,其升高速度随温度增高而加快。当土壤干旱时,明呼吸速率显著降低,而暗呼吸速率仅略有减小。     

Effects of ground water and harvest intensity on alkaline grassland ecosystem dynamics – a simulation study

A model for the alkaline grassland ecosystems, MAGE, was applied to plant communities dominated by three species. Field observations on two communities dominated respectively by Puccinellia tenuiflora and Suaeda corniculata were used to parameterize the model for multiple species interaction. The model behaves reasonably in following the seasonal variations of water content, soluble sodium cation and calcium cation in surface soil, as well as biomass of the plant communities.Simulations were run to investigate the effects of ground water quality, ground water table depth, maximum non-capillary porosity in surface soil and harvest intensity, on ecosystem dynamics. The results indicated that ground water sodium concentration and ground water table depth had primary control on soil alkalization and vegetation status. The improvement of soil conditions by vegetation is limited to an extent with moderate ground water depth and sodium concentration. Non-capillary pores are critical for vegetation to affect the soil alkalization/de-alkalization process, but the effect of non-capillary pores tends to saturate when maximum non-capillary porosity is greater than 0.1.     

我国植被水土保持功能研究进展

 我国植被水土保持功能的研究可以概括为以下3个主要方面：1)植被水土保持功能的对比研究： 通过实地对比观测植被覆盖地与对照地（裸地、农耕地等）的径流量、土壤侵蚀量等,研究植被的减水减沙效益。研究表明,天然植被具有强大的水土保持功能,并呈现出林>灌>草的规律;人工植被水土保持功能的发挥则受到多种因素的影响,呈现出较复杂的情况。2)植被保持水土的机理研究：雨滴击溅和径流冲刷是水土流失的动力,通过分析植被削减降雨和径流动能的过程,来揭示植被水土保持功能的内在机理。研究表明,植被外在的水土保持功能是其内部各个垂直层     

Rectal and esophageal temperatures during upper- and lower-body exercise

This study investigated the question: is core temperature measurement influenced by whether exercise involves predominantly upper- or lower-body musculature? Healthy men were allocated to three groups: treadmill ergometry (T) n=4, cycle ergometry (C) n=6 and arm crank ergometry (AC) n=5. Subjects underwent an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on an exercise-specific ergometer to determine maximum/peak oxygen consumption (V˙O_2max). One week later subjects exercised for 36 min on the same ergometer at approximately 65% V˙O_2max while temperatures at the rectum (T _re) and esophagus (T _es) were simultaneously measured. The V˙O_2max (l · min⁻¹) for groups T [4.76 (0.50)] and C [4.35 (0.30)] was significantly higher than that for the AC group [2.61 (0.24)]. At rest, T _re was significantly higher than T _es in all groups (P<0.05). At the end of submaximal exercise in the C group, T _re [38.32 (0.11)°C] was significantly higher than T _es [38.02 (0.12)°C, P<0.05]. No significant differences between T _re and T _es at the end of exercise were noted for AC and T groups. The temperature difference (T _diff) between T _re and T _es was dissimilar at rest in the three groups; however, by the end of exercise T _diff was approximately 0.2°C for each of the groups, suggesting that at the end of steady-state exercise T _re can validly be used to estimate core temperature. Accepted: 3 November 1997     

食蚊鱼摄食特性及其与浮游动物和环境因子的关系

2008年11月—2009年4月,利用分时段采样法对广州暨南大学明湖内食蚊鱼在秋季(11月)、冬季(12—2月)、春季(3—4月)3个季节的摄食特性进行了研究,探讨其与湖内浮游动物群体数量动态、光照和水温的关系。结果表明:食蚊鱼主要以浮游动物为食,对枝角类和桡足类有较强的选择性;明湖日平均水温与浮游动物日平均丰度在3个季节间有显著差异,而食蚊鱼消化道饱满指数的差异不显著;食蚊鱼消化道饱满指数在这3个季节的变化与浮游动物丰度、水温、光照在这3个季节的变化无明显的相关;无论哪个季节,食蚊鱼在白天时段(10:00—18:00)的消化道饱满指数均高于夜间(22:00—6:00),表现出白天高峰型的摄食节律;光照是影响食蚊鱼昼夜摄食节律的主要因素,而水温、浮游动物丰度的昼夜变化与食蚊鱼的昼夜摄食节律没有显著相关。