两种等亮度不同运动图形刺激下的交替OKN眼动

等亮度彩色运动条纹产生视动震颤（ＯＫＮ）眼动反应揭示了ＯＫＮ眼动控制系统中存在颜色通道;而在两个相反方向运动的等亮度彩色运动条纹图象同时显示刺激时能引起交替的两个方向的ＯＫＮ跟踪眼动。故表明了在ＯＫＮ眼动控制系统中各个颜色通道交替地控制产生ＯＫＮ眼动反应。     

TWO TYPES OF MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DORMANCY IN SEEDS OF TWO GENERA (OSMORHIZA AND ERYTHRONIUM) WITH AN ARCTO-TERTIARY DISTRIBUTION PATTERN

Temperature requirements for embryo growth and germination were determined for seeds of Osmorhiza occidentalis, O. chilensis, and Erythronium grandiflorum collected in western North America (Utah). Initially, embryos were 1.2, 0.6, and 0.8 mm in length, respectively, and they grew to 9.4, 9.2, and 4.1 mm, respectively, before germination occurred. Embryo growth and germination occurred during cold stratification (1, 5, 5/1 C), without a warm stratification pretreatment. However, warm stratification pretreatments at 30/15 C increased rates of embryo growth in O. occidentalis and E. grandiflorum seeds moved to low temperatures and germination rates in all three species. Optimum germination temperatures were 1, 5, or 5/1 C; gibberellic acid did not substitute for cold stratification. Thus, seeds of the three species have deep complex morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). In comparison, two species each of Osmorhiza and Erythronium from eastern North America have nondeep complex MPD and require warm followed by cold stratification for germination. Thus, disjunct species in genera with an Arcto-Tertiary distribution pattern can have different types of MPD. It is suggested that deep complex may have been derived from nondeep complex MPD.     

THE EFFECT OF MASTICATORY PATTERNS AS MEASURED BY TIME-INTENSITY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY ON THE PERCEPTION OF BOVINE MUSCLE TENDERNESS

The relationship between perception of tenderness and chewing activity was explored using the Time-Intensity measurement of perception and electromyographic measurements of masseter muscle movement. Semitendinosus muscles from eight treatments of forage fed beef were evaluated by nine individuals. The Time-Intensity parameters of Area Under the Curve and Decrease Area were the most useful for treatment separation based on tenderness. Information was obtained from the electromyogram regarding the number of chews, time to chew and mastication rate. However, more work with EMG measurements is required to accurately study the effect of masticatory patterns on tenderness perception.     

He—Ne激光穴位照射对兔子宫和卵巢细胞超微结构的作用效应

本文报道了用Ｈｅ—Ｎｅ激光照射新西兰白兔的穴位。照射外生殖器后,兔子宫和卵巢细胞超微结构在形态及数量上发生改变。线粒体数目增多,嵴长且密;高尔基复合体及内质网扩张,同时还观察到较大功率照射实验组内部分细胞膜性结构受损现象。结果表明：适当功率激光照射后,可反映出氧化代谢率高,能量代谢功能活跃。     

西藏鹅膏菌属的分布特征

西藏地区已知鹅膏菌属(Amanita)真菌28种。西藏东南部的生态环境有利于该属种类的繁殖生长,约有90%以上的种集中分布在这里,同时反映了十分明显的垂直分布和对高山的适应特征。绝大多数种分布在海拔2500～3500m的森林带。另外该属全部种均属树木的外生菌根菌。本文还将鹅膏菌属的菌托初步划分为袋状型(Saccate type)、浅杯型(Vadosocupulatetype)、领口型(Collared type)、颗粒型(易碎型Granulate type)、小托型(Microvolvate type)、粉托型(Pulverulent type)等六种类型,并简要讨论了各种菌托类型与所处生态环境的适应性。     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY SYMBIODINIUM (PYRRHOPHYTA) PHYLOTYPES WITH DIFFERENT THERMAL TOLERANCES1

Occurrences whereby cnidaria lose their symbiotic dinoflagellate microalgae (Symbiodinium spp.) are increasing in frequency and intensity. These so‐called bleaching events are most often related to an increase in water temperature, which is thought to limit certain Symbiodinium phylotypes from effectively dissipating absorbed excitation energy that is otherwise used for photochemistry. Here, we examined photosynthetic characteristics and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, a possible signal involved in bleaching, from two Symbiodinium types (a thermally “tolerant” A1 and “sensitive” B1) representative of cnidaria–Symbiodinium symbioses of reef‐building Caribbean corals. Under steady‐state growth at 26°C, a higher efficiency of PSII photochemistry, rate of electron turnover, and rate of O₂ production were observed for type A1 than for B1. The two types responded very differently to a period of elevated temperature (32°C): type A1 increased light‐driven O₂ consumption but not the amount of H₂O₂ produced; in contrast, type B1 increased the amount of H₂O₂ produced without an increase in light‐driven O₂ consumption. Therefore, our results are consistent with previous suggestions that the thermal tolerance of Symbiodinium is related to adaptive constraints associated with photosynthesis and that sensitive phylotypes are more prone to H₂O₂ production. Understanding these adaptive differences in the genus Symbiodinium will be crucial if we are to interpret the response of symbiotic associations, including reef‐building corals, to environmental change.     

乙型肝炎血源疫苗不同剂量与不同途径免疫儿童的效果比较

比较了四组乙型肝炎血源疫苗不同剂量和不同免疫途径的免疫效果。每组对象为6～7岁儿童30～50人。每人三剂疫苗,程序为 0、1和6个月。其中10μg肝注组免疫三针后1个月和3年,抗HBs阳住率均为100％;而3μg肌注组仅为78％和40％;5μg肌注组和3μg皮内接种组的抗-HBs阳性率在89％～100％之问。免疫后18个月做抗-HBs相对定量,各组mIU/ml的GMT由高到低依次为10μg肌注组、3μg皮内组、5μg肌注组和3μg肌注组。由此可见,对学龄前HBV标志阴性的儿童进行免疫,在各组中以10μg疫苗肌注效果最佳,而3μg肌注无实用价值。如考虑到疫苗费用,则5μg肌注或3μg皮内注射也不失为可取的方法。     

不同生境条件下沙冬青种群分布格局与特征的初步研究

对阿拉善荒漠区不同生境出现的3种沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)种群的生态格局、密度特征、形态格局和动态特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:1)沙冬青种群因生境异质性而形成了各自的生态格局。在流动和半固定风沙地上,种群呈均匀分布,在半固定及砾质沙地、冲积洪积坡地和古河床上,种群呈集群分布。2)单株生长状况因种群密度和区域环境特点而形成了不同的形态格局。种群密度按流动沙地→半固定沙地和砾质沙地交错带→冲积洪积砾质坡地的次序依次减小,不同生境条件下种群密度与个体高度、幅度间、个体高度与幅度间的相关性不同。3)种群年龄结构因生境异质性形成了各自的年龄格局。在流动沙地上,种群内中、老龄个体数分布较均匀,但缺少幼龄个体,种群走向老龄化。半固定和砾质沙地交错带的种群内不但幼龄个体极少,而且种群内不同龄级个体数的分布不均匀,种群趋于衰退。砾质坡地上的种群内不同高度级和幅度级的个体数分布极不均匀,种群严重退化。4)3种生境中以沙冬青为优势种组成单优群落,种群内均出现严重断代现象,表现为老龄个体多,幼龄、中龄个体极少,种群缺乏后备资源的势态。     

两种不同淋巴转移能力小鼠肝癌细胞亚系的建立和生物学特性

通过单细胞分离(克隆)培养和局部淋巴结转移灶筛选的方法,建立两种不同淋巴转移能力HepA肝癌细胞亚系,分别命名为HepA-H和HepA-L,并比较其生长、游走和贴壁能力等生物学特性。瘤细胞接种于小鼠足垫后,同侧腘窝淋巴结转移率,HepA-H为83.3%,HepA-L为16.7%,两者具有显著差异(p<0.01)。两种细胞亚系均未见肺、肝、脾、肾等脏器转移灶。体外实验显示,HepA-H的生长、游走和贴壁能力均强于HepA-L。HepA肝癌不同淋巴转移能力亚系的建立,为研究肿瘤经淋巴管转移机理提供了良好的肿瘤淋巴转移动物模型。     

DISTRIBUTION OF TWO TYPES OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) IN THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC REGION AS DETERMINED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE AND COCCOLITH MORPHOLOGY1

Culture strains of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann 1902) Hay et al. 1967 were placed into two groups designated E. huxleyi type A and type B on the basis of coccolith morphology and immunological properties of the coccolith polysaccharide. We studied the distribution of these types in the North Atlantic region using an indirect immunofluorescence assay with antisera directed against the coccolith polysaccharide of E. huxleyi type A and type B and epifluorescence microscopy. In field samples taken in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, E. huxleyi type A was found exclusively. In contrast, type B was dominant in the North Sea. Scanning electron microscopy of the samples revealed the same unequal distribution of the two types as found with the immunofluorescent-labelling assay.     

PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATION AND ELECTROPHORETIC BANDING PATTERNS OF GENETICALLY DIFFERENT SEASONAL POPULATIONS OF SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Clones of Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cl. isolated from Narragansett Bay, R.I., during different seasons were grouped according to their electrophoretic banding patterns. The growth rates, pg chlorophyll · cell^?1, carbon uptake · cell^?1· h^?1, and carbon uptake · pg chl^?1· h^?1 were measured at 20°C, in a 14:10 h L:D cycle at 180 μE · m^?2· s^?1. Statistically significant sources of variation were found among groups of clones in growth rate, pg chl · cell^?1, and carbon uptake · pg chl^?1· h^?1. It was concluded that there is a significant relationship between the physiological characteristics of clones isolated from populations in different seasons and patterns of genetic variation inferred from the electrophoretic studies. However, genetic diversity detected by banding patterns tends to underestimate the total genetic diversity in natural populations. The groups of clones most common in summer bloom populations had significantly higher growth rates, lower values of pg chl · cell^?1, and higher rates of carbon uptake · pg chl^?1· h^?1 at 20°C than did the group of clones most common in winter bloom populations. However, differences among groups in these parameters at 20°C alone cannot account for the seasonal cycling of genetically variable populations of Skeletonema in Narragansett Bay. The range of growth rates among clones of this species is 0.1–5.0 divisions · d^?1 under a single set of temperature and light conditions. Chlorophyll concentrations range from 0.2–1.7 pg chl · cell^?1 and carbon uptake · pg chl^?1· h^?1 varies by a factor of 7 among clones. The range of physiological variation in this species means that it is difficult to use laboratory studies of single clones to analyze the responses of natural populations of Skeletonema.     

中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系和分布图(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科)(英文)

在野外调查和过去已发表的所有文献基础上,分析和比较了中国虎隐翅虫亚科的分布图和区域相似性。在中国共记录了虎隐翅虫亚科昆虫291种,分别隶于2属(束毛隐翅虫属98种,虎隐翅虫属193种)。聚类分析结果显示中国虎隐翅虫亚科区系可分成4个区域(A,B,C,D):区域A几乎覆盖整个中国东部地区,它由Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅳ3个亚区组成;区域B包括亚区Ⅲ和Ⅶ;区域C包括亚区Ⅴ;区域D包括亚区Ⅵ。另外,在25°～31°N和海拔601～700m范围内,中国虎隐翅虫亚科物种最丰富。生态环境很大地影响了该类昆虫物种的组成和分布。     

纵纹腹小（Athene noctua plumipes）的种群密度及生态分布格局研究

纵纹腹小（Ａｔｈｅｎｅｎｏｃｔｕａｐｌｕｍｉｐｅｓ）的种群密度及生态分布格局研究雷富民（中国科学院动物研究所,北京,１０００８０）ＯＮＰＯＰＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＤＥＮＳＩＴＹＡＮＤＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＳＯＦＴＨＥＬＩ...     

鳖、蛙及鲢免疫组织中两种不同淋巴细胞的分布

分别以中华鳖(Trionyx sinesis Wiegmann) 、美国青蛙(Rana grylio stejneger)及鲢(Hypo phthaImichthys molitrix Cuvier et Valenciennes)为材料,采用醋酸萘酯酶(Acid α-Naphtyl Acetate Esterase,ANAE)染色及植物凝集素荧光(Fluorescein isothiocyanat-Phytohaemagglutinin,FITC-PHA)受体标记的方法,对被标记阳性淋巴细胞在上述水产动物不同免疫组织中的分布状况进行了分析和比较.       

黄羊消化道内不同大小食物颗粒的分布

研究了黄羊消化道内7个部位（瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、小肠、盲肠和直肠）食物粒径的分布规律。粒径大于0．1mm的大颗粒食物,在瘤、网胃中所占的比例较大,分别为57．8％和39．41％,在瓣胃以及瓣胃以下的消化道内容物中所占的比例急剧下降,小于10％;而粒径小于1．0mm的食物颗粒在瓣胃以及瓣胃以下的消化道中所占的比例却显著地增大,瓣胃中所占的比例为88％－95．2％。由于食物营养质量的季节性变化,黄羊消化道内食物粒径分布也呈现出明显的季节性变化。     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF TWO MORPHOLOGIES OF NOSTOC PARMELIOIDES (CYANOBACTERIA) AS RELATED TO CURRENT VELOCITIES AND DIFFUSION PATTERNS1

Colonies of the stream-inhabiting cyanobacterium Nostoc parmelioides Kützing often contain a single endosymbiotic dipteran larva Cricotopus nostocicola (Wirth), which induces a morphological change from small, spherical colonies to larger, ear-shaped colonies. At a current velocity of 0 cm · s^?1, whole colonies containing the midge showed overall rates of ¹⁴CO₂ uptake and nitrogenase activity that were higher than those when the midge was absent (sphere-shaped colonies). Spherical colonies incubated at current velocities of 5-10 cm · s^?1did not show higher rates of ¹⁴CO₂ or ¹⁵N₂ incorporation than those with the larvae (ear-shaped colonies). Ear-shaped colonies extended well into regions of higher current velocity, whereas spherical colonies did not. Photosynthesis of ear-shaped colonies was stimulated by increased current velocity, increased inorganic C and decreased O₂ concentrations. Moreover, levels of O₂ at the surface of midge-inhabited colonies decreased with increased current velocity. The morphological change induced by the larva is detrimental (lowers photosynthesis and N₂ fixation) in quiescent water but not at current velocities above 10 cm · s^?1. This is probably a result of higher diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ associated with the midge-induced morphology.     

THE DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION OF TWO BRASSICA VIRUSES IN THE PLANT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SPREAD IN THE FIELD

Previous knowledge provided no explanation for the greater prevalence of cauliflower mosaic than of cabbage black ring spot in field crops of cauliflower. Both viruses are spread principally by Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae , and both are transmitted equally readily from infected seedlings. Cabbage black ring spot virus has a much wider host range, and sap from infected leaves has a higher dilution end-point than sap from leaves infected with cauliflower mosaic virus.
At least part of the difference between the rate at which the two viruses spread in the field may be accounted for by the different manner in which they are distributed in old infected plants, and the effect this has on transmission by aphids. Cauliflower mosaic virus occurs in high concentration in all the new leaves produced by infected plants. Cabbage black ring spot virus, on the other hand, occurs mainly in the older leaves, and even there is localized in parts that show symptoms. Only in recently infected plants does cabbage black ring spot virus occur in young leaves.
After flying, most aphids alight on the upper parts of plants; they are therefore less likely to acquire cabbage black ring spot virus than cauliflower mosaic virus. It may be significant that cabbage, a host in which old leaves are in a more favourable position for alighting aphids than are those of cauliflower, is also often extensively infected with cabbage black ring spot virus.