厦门城市降雨径流氮、磷污染特征

以厦门岛为研究对象,通过收集代表性样点的降雨径流水样,研究了厦门城市降雨径流中氮、磷浓度及输出特征。结果表明,来源不同的城市降雨径流中氮、磷浓度差异较大,溶解态总氮、硝态氮、氨态氮与总磷的含量分别为1.96~6.77、0.62~4.89、0.35~1.18和0.04~0.66 mg.L-1。降雨过程中氮、磷浓度总体上呈下降趋势,氮浓度波动较大,磷相对稳定。城市降雨径流氮、磷污染受降雨强度、车流量等多种因素影响。城市道路、商住区及工业区径流中氮、磷浓度较高,是城市非点源污染的主要来源,因此对这些区域应重点控制管理。     

海水中沙海蜇消亡对水体碳、氮、磷的释放与补充

水母暴发频率在中国海域逐渐增加,暴发后的消亡对海洋生态环境有重大影响.本试验通过对沙海蜇消亡进行模拟,研究了水母消亡过程中碳、氮、磷的释放特征.结果表明:水母消亡是一个快速的生源要素释放过程,水母消亡时碳、氮、磷的释放速率与浓度均在消亡初期达到最大.水母消亡释放的溶解态物质远高于颗粒态.其中,溶解态有机碳与颗粒态有机碳的最大净释放速率分别为(103.77±12.60)与(1.52±0.37)mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1).整个消亡过程中溶解态氮主要为NH_4~+-N,约占总溶解氮的69.6%-91.6%;消亡初期,溶解态磷主要以溶解有机磷为主约占总溶解磷的63.9%-86.7%,消亡后期则主要为PO_4~(3-)-P,约占50.4%-60.2%.相反颗粒态氮则主要以颗粒有机氮为主,占总颗粒氮的(88.6±6.9)%,颗粒态磷则以颗粒无机磷为主,占总颗粒磷的(73.9±10.5)%.总体上,水母消亡释放的生源要素量为碳氮磷.同时,水母消亡使水体中C/N降低,N/P升高,表明水母消亡可导致水体相对的高碳、高氮负荷.     

森林转换对地表径流可溶性有机碳输出浓度和通量的影响

米槠次生林转换成米槠人工幼林和米槠人工促进天然更新幼林(以下简称"人促幼林")后,以这三种森林类型为研究对象,连续监测每次降雨后地表径流量及径流水中可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量及通量,比较不同森林类型观测结果的差异,并分析降雨对实验结果的影响。结果表明:米槠人工幼林单次产流量是米槠次生林的1.5—19.0倍,观测期间总径流量为5.9倍;米槠人促幼林单次径流量和总径流量均与米槠次生林无显著差异(P0.05)。观测期间米槠次生林、人工幼林、人促幼林径流水DOC浓度值范围为5.9—18.4 mg/L,4.3—13.5 mg/L和3.2—9.9 mg/L,米槠次生林径流水浓度均值(12.6 mg/L)分别是米槠人促幼林(7.6 mg/L)和米槠人工幼林(5.3 mg/L)的1.6和2.4倍。回归分析表明,径流水中DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著相关;降雨前土壤含水率20.8%是一个临界值,含水率低于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前含水率呈显著正相关(P0.05);高于20.8%时,径流水DOC浓度与降雨前土壤含水率呈显著负相关(P0.05)。米槠人工幼林地表径流DOC输出通量是米槠次生林的0.7—5.4倍,观测期间总输出通量为2.1倍;米槠人促林DOC单次通量和观测期间总通量均与米槠次生林差异不显著(P0.05)。三种森林类型DOC输出通量均与降雨量呈显著相关(P0.05)。可见,米槠次生林转变成米槠人工幼林后DOC输出浓度降低,但径流量显著增加,导致DOC输出通量增加;而转变成米槠人促幼林后DOC输出浓度也降低,但径流量并未增加,因而并未增加DOC输出通量。     

赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失特征

为探究南方高强度、高频次降雨下赤红壤区坡耕地土壤侵蚀及氮磷养分流失的特征,基于野外径流小区原位观测试验,通过测定自然降雨下赤红壤植蔗坡地坡面径流和溶解态氮磷流失量,探讨自然降雨下甘蔗种植对赤红壤坡面径流及溶解态氮磷流失的影响。结果表明：(1)2019年和2020年,径流量分别为1111.3 m~3/hm~2和3269.4 m~3/hm~2,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)流失量分别为1.39 kg/hm~2和15.60 kg/hm~2,铵态氮(NH~+₄-N)流失量分别为0.37 kg/hm~2和1.02 kg/hm~2,可溶性磷流失量分别为0.20 kg/hm~2和0.27 kg/hm~2。2019年和2020年植蔗坡地径流及溶解态氮磷流失量均集中在6月份,占流失总量的45%以上,硝态氮(NO~-₃-N)是径流氮素流失的主要形式,占79%以上。此外,2019年和2020年5月至8月,侵蚀性降雨场次分别为18次和23次,侵蚀性降雨量分别为407.8 mm和668.0 mm。(2)不同侵蚀性降雨条件下,植蔗坡地溶解态氮磷流失量及其...     

绿色屋面降雨径流水质及消减污染负荷研究

2011年5月至11月对12场降雨时段的屋面径流和干湿沉降进行采样监测,比较了屋面径流(绿色屋面和沥青屋面)、干湿总沉降和降雨中污染物的浓度和污染负荷,并运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对绿色屋面径流水质的影响。结果表明,从径流水质层面上分析,绿色屋面是总悬浮物(TSS)的汇,对p H值有较好的中和作用,对于总磷(TP)、溶解态铜(DCu)和溶解态锌(DZn)是非源非汇,是电导率(EC)、总氮(TN)、氨态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD5)和溶解态铅(DPb)的源;从污染负荷的角度分析,绿色屋面是NH+4-N、TSS和BOD5的汇,对于TN、DPb、DCu、DZn、TP和COD是非源非汇,是NO-3-N的源;与控制屋面相比,绿色屋面可以消减TSS、TP、BOD5、COD、NH+4-N、DZn和DPb的污染负荷,分别消减了90.53%、49.38%、41.31%、36.48%、35.45%、28.27%和14.20%;但是增加了NO-3-N和TN的污染负荷,分别增加了821.02%和275.48%;绿色屋面径流污染物的浓度与降雨量、降雨历时和降雨强度呈负相关关系,而与降雨间隔呈正相关关系。研究结果为绿色屋面的科学设计及正确评价绿色屋面对径流水质的影响提供依据。     

亚热带典型流域C、N沉降季节变化特征及其耦合输出过程

大气湿沉降是流域生态系统水体中碳氮的重要来源,对生态系统的健康及稳定性有很大的影响。通过对江西千烟洲典型亚热带流域降雨过程的碳、氮湿沉降和径流过程的季节性动态特征进行监测分析,探讨流域沉降、径流输出的C、N耦合及平衡关系。结果表明:千烟洲香溪流域降雨径流中碳氮浓度明显低于雨水,流域大气降水中DOC浓度和TN浓度呈极显著正相关关系。香溪河流域常规水体C∶N均值为2.81,远低于根据Redfield比率得出的适宜浮游生物生长的C∶N(6.6左右),说明外源性N输入导致该流域水体环境处于N过量的状态,长期输出会提高下游鄱阳湖水系的营养化程度。降雨过程对流域碳输入输出平衡影响较小,对氮输入输出平衡的影响较大。流域湿沉降DOC年输入量为69.41 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),TN湿沉降通量为77.23 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),碳氮沉降水平受区域降雨量及空气污染情况控制。香溪流域生态系统截留的沉降TN占当地氮肥年均使用量的33.13%,大气降水对亚热带流域生态系统的大量营养物质输入不容忽视。     

亚热带典型流域C、N沉降季节变化特征及其耦合输出过程

大气湿沉降是流域生态系统水体中碳氮的重要来源,对生态系统的健康及稳定性有很大的影响。通过对江西千烟洲典型亚热带流域降雨过程的碳、氮湿沉降和径流过程的季节性动态特征进行监测分析,探讨流域沉降、径流输出的C、N耦合及平衡关系。结果表明:千烟洲香溪流域降雨径流中碳氮浓度明显低于雨水,流域大气降水中DOC浓度和TN浓度呈极显著正相关关系。香溪河流域常规水体C:N均值为2.81,远低于根据Redfield比率得出的适宜浮游生物生长的C:N(6.6左右),说明外源性N输入导致该流域水体环境处于N过量的状态,长期输出会提高下游鄱阳湖水系的营养化程度。降雨过程对流域碳输入输出平衡影响较小,对氮输入输出平衡的影响较大。流域湿沉降DOC年输入量为69.41 kg hm-2a-1,TN湿沉降通量为77.23 kg hm-2a-1,碳氮沉降水平受区域降雨量及空气污染情况控制。香溪流域生态系统截留的沉降TN占当地氮肥年均使用量的33.13%,大气降水对亚热带流域生态系统的大量营养物质输入不容忽视。     

滤渠-塘组合系统对城市旅游区降雨径流污染的离线截控作用

提出了一种控制城市旅游区降雨径流污染的滤渠-塘离线组合处理系统,并研究了该系统对降雨径流污染的离线截控作用.结果表明:无论从单次降雨事件还是从年度上分析,该系统通过有效地分流初期污染降雨径流,均可降低降雨径流中污染物的浓度和体积平均粒径,并对降雨径流中污染物的负荷具有较高的持留效率,是一种高效的处理系统,比较适用于土地利用相对紧张的城镇区域.2005年该系统对降雨径流中总悬浮物(TSS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷的年持留率分别达到86.4%、85.5%、83.9%和82.9%.以2005年6月26日的次降雨事件为例,该系统对降雨径流水量的削减率为67.9%,对污染物中各种形态氮的去除效率高于磷,对TSS、COD、TN和TP负荷的持留率分别为97.0%、89.2%、94.9%和96.2%.该系统还可以有效地拦截降雨径流中的大部分颗粒物.     

赣江下游不同样地降雨径流氮磷污染负荷估算

选择赣江下游地区不同样地类型的径流小区, 遇到大降雨时监测径流水样中的氮、磷含量, 并利用SCS 模型计算降雨径流量, 从而估算不同样地类型降雨径流中氮、磷的污染负荷。结果表明, 不同土地利用类型中氮、磷的输出量差异显著, 其氮、磷的污染负荷均以水田最高, 分别达到10732.91 t·a–1 与1071.65 t·a–1, 而以林地最小, 分别为657.53 t·a–1 与166.70 t·a–1, 反映了降雨径流下水田的溶解态氮、磷流失量最大。因此, 水田的氮、磷流失是赣江下游需要重点考虑的因素。     

黄土高原典型坝系流域碳氮湿沉降与水体碳氮流失特征

本研究通过对黄土高原坝系流域的碳(C)、氮(N)湿沉降过程、降雨径流过程及其基流过程的动态监测,揭示C、N湿沉降对流域水体碳氮流失的贡献,探讨C、N流失负荷在降雨-径流中的分布,进一步评估黄土高原雨季水体碳氮流失状况。结果表明,研究区域碳、氮湿沉降通量分别为173.95 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)和43.01 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1),而通过径流的碳、氮流失量为11.52 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)和2.19 kg km~(-2)mon~(-1)。雨季C、N湿沉降对该地区水体C、N流失的贡献率分别为65.81%和100%,其中流水侵蚀引起的C、N流失贡献率为59.20%和56.16%。黄土高原主要以流水侵蚀为主,C、N主要集中在降雨径流后期,因此截留后期径流可以有效控制养分流失。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林有机碳流失动态特征对降雨的响应

揭示亚热带森林土壤有机碳流失规律是制定相应措施以巩固和维持森林生态系统碳汇的关键。然而已有研究存在的监测对象单一、频率过低、时间过短等问题,导致对这一规律的认识仍然不足。选择亚热带典型的常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林为研究对象,每次降雨过后监测其径流量、泥沙量,分析径流和泥沙中的可溶性有机碳（Dissolved organic carbon,DOC）含量以及颗粒有机碳（Particle organic carbon,POC）含量。旨在比较两种森林DOC和POC流失量的差异,并分析二者与降雨量、降雨强度、5 min最大雨强和降雨侵蚀力四个降雨特征值的关联。拟验证以下两个问题：（1）杉木人工林的DOC和POC流失量是否高于常绿阔叶林;（2）降雨侵蚀力对DOC和POC的解释是否优于降雨量、降雨强度和5 min最大雨强。研究结果发现常绿阔叶林径流量、泥沙量、径流水中DOC浓度和POC浓度、DOC和POC流失量均显著高于杉木人工林。回归分析表明常绿阔叶林和杉木人工林DOC和POC流失量与降雨量、降雨强度和降雨侵蚀力呈显著的线性或幂函数相关,其中降雨量与DOC和POC流失量之间的拟合关系最优。常绿阔叶林产流和产沙量高于杉木人工林可能与前者的林下植被生物量较低有关,前者径流水中DOC浓度和POC浓度较高可归因于其较高的总生物量和土壤有机碳含量。在未来森林经营过程中应合理管理林下植被,尽量减少和避免林下植被的抚育伐,从而能够降低有机碳的水土流失,达到巩固和维持森林碳汇的目的。在未来气候变暖导致降水变化背景下,利用降雨量作为预测指标能够较好评估我国亚热带森林有机碳流失的风险。     

Short-term effects of phosphorus addition and pH rise on bacterial utilization and biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from boreal mires

Natural mires and forested peatlands are known to be very significant sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to aquatic ecosystems. Peatland management operations (e.g., forestry operations, restoration of drained mires and peat mining) and extreme hydrological events may increase the DOC runoff. We hypothesized that an increase in phosphorus (P) leaching, together with near-neutral conditions in recipient lakes will accelerate decomposition of DOC that originates from acidic, nutrient-poor mire waters. The efficiency of DOC utilization was evaluated by measuring microbial respiration and bacterial production (BP) in short-term laboratory experiments with runoff waters from six boreal mire sites. Mere inorganic phosphorus (PO₄-P) addition did not affect the rate of respiration or the proportion of decayed DOC. However, in the nutrient-poor bog waters, P addition slightly promoted BP and bacterial growth efficiency (BGE). In contrast, the elevation of pH alone, and the elevation of pH and PO₄-P level together, caused a significant increase in respiration and in the proportion of decayed DOC, but did not affect net BP. Elevated pH alone, however, depressed BGE when compared to that under the combined elevation of pH and PO₄-P. These results suggest that the increased P availability, e.g., after mire restoration, would slightly benefit bacterial net growth in P-limited waters. However, in near-neutral recipient lakes, the increased microbial decomposition of mire-originated DOC contributes more to carbon dioxide (CO₂) supersaturation than potentially supporting detritus-based food chains.     

模拟降雨条件下施肥方法对坡面磷素流失的影响

采用模拟降雨的方法研究了3种施肥方法对P素流失形态与流失过程的影响。结果表明,P肥在土壤中的混匀程度越高,则越容易导致生物有效P（BAP）的流失,混施条件下,径流中水溶态P（DP）与AP含量,DP／BAP与BAP／TP（总P）比值均较高;其次为穴施;实施条件下DP,BAP含量最低,DP／BAP与BAP／TP比值也相对较低,与对照间的差异不明显。施肥方法对径流中TP含量影响较小,从减少P素肥料流失的角度来讲,3种施肥方法作用大小顺序为：条施＞穴施＞混施。     

Impacts of Biological Soil Crust Disturbance and Composition on C and N Loss from Water Erosion

In this study, we conducted rainfall simulation experiments in a cool desert ecosystem to examine the role of biological soil crust disturbance and composition on dissolved and sediment C and N losses. We compared runoff and sediment C and N losses from intact late-successional dark cyanolichen crusts (intact) to both trampled dark crusts (trampled) and dark crusts where the top 1 cm of the soil surface was removed (scraped). In a second experiment, we compared C and N losses in runoff and sediments in early-successional light cyanobacterial crusts (light) to that of intact late-successional dark cyanolichen crusts (dark). A relatively high rainfall intensity of approximately 38 mm per 10-min period was used to ensure that at least some runoff was generated from all plots. Losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and ammonium (NH₄⁺ ) were significantly higher from trampled plots as compared to scraped and intact plots. Sediment C and N losses, which made up more than 98% of total nutrient losses in all treatments, were more than 4-fold higher from trampled plots relative to intact plots (sediment C g/m², intact = 0.74, trampled = 3.47; sediment N g/m², intact = 0.06, trampled = 0.28). In light crusts, DOC loss was higher relative to dark crusts, but no differences were observed in dissolved N. Higher sediment loss in light crusts relative to dark crusts resulted in 5-fold higher loss of sediment-bound C and N. Total C flux (sediment + dissolved) was on the order of 0.9 and 7.9 g/m² for dark and light crusts, respectively. Sediment N concentration in the first minutes after runoff from light crusts was 3-fold higher than the percent N of the top 1 cm of soil, suggesting that even short-term runoff events may have a high potential for N loss due to the movement of sediments highly enriched in N. Total N loss from dark crusts was an order of magnitude lower than light crusts (dark = 0.06 g N/m², light = 0.63 g/m²). Overall, our results from the small plot scale (0.5 m²) suggest that C and N losses are much lower from intact late-successional cyanolichen crusts as compared to recently disturbed or early-successional light cyanobacterial crusts.     

竹林坡地径流中泥沙及氮磷载荷特征模拟

采用人工模拟降雨的试验手段,设定6个降雨强度(31.8～114.0 mm·h-1),通过测试径流量、泥沙量、径流中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度,研究了浙江省2种不同经营方式竹林(用材竹林和笋竹林)坡地(坡度20°)径流的载荷特征及机理.结果表明:用材竹林地的总径流量和径流系数均高于笋竹林地;笋竹林地的径流含沙量和总产沙量远大于用材竹林地;相同雨强下,笋竹林地降雨径流中的TN浓度为用材竹林地的5～6倍,笋竹林坡地径流中TN浓度随雨强增大而减小;用材竹林地降雨径流中TP浓度高于笋竹林地,笋竹林地泥沙中TP流失量是用材竹林地的数百倍;在TN和TP随径流泥沙的流失过程中,产流前期浓度起主要作用,后期径流量和产沙量起决定作用.     

Contrasting nutrient exports from a forested and an agricultural catchment in south-eastern Australia

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were determined over 3 years in headwater streams draining two adjacent catchments. The catchments are currently under different land use; pasture/grazing vs plantation forestry. The objectives of the work were to quantify C and nutrient export from these landuses and elucidate the factors regulating export. In both catchments, stream water dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations exhibited strong seasonal variations. Concentrations were highest during runoff events in late summer and autumn and rapidly declined as discharge increased during winter and spring. The annual variation of stream water N and P concentrations indicated that these nutrients accumulated in the catchments during dry summer periods and were flushed to the streams during autumn storm events. By contrast, stream water DOC concentrations did not exhibit seasonal variation. Higher DOC and NO₃ ⁻ concentrations were observed in the stream of the forest catchment, reflecting greater input and subsequent breakdown of leaf-litter in the forest catchment. Annual export of DOC was lower from the forested catchment due to the reduced discharge from this catchment. In contrast however, annual export of nitrate was higher from the forest catchment suggesting that there was an additional NO₃ ⁻ source or reduction of a NO₃ ⁻ sink. We hypothesize that the denitrification capacity of the forested catchment has been significantly reduced as a consequence of increased evapotranspiration and subsequent decrease in streamflow and associated reduction in the near stream saturated area.     

Watershed Glacier Coverage Influences Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry in Coastal Watersheds of Southeast Alaska

The Coast Mountains of southeast Alaska are currently experiencing some of the highest rates of glacier volume loss on Earth, with unknown implications for proglacial stream biogeochemistry. We analyzed streamwater for δ¹⁸O and dissolved organic matter (DOM) biogeochemistry (concentration, δ¹³C-dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and fluorescence characterization) during the 2012 glacial runoff season from three coastal watersheds in southeast Alaska that ranged in glacier coverage from 0 to 49% and a glacier outflow stream. Our goal was to assess how DOM biogeochemistry may change as receding glaciers are replaced by forests and glaciers contribute less meltwater to streamflow. Discharge and streamwater δ¹⁸O varied seasonally reflecting varying contributions of rainfall and snow/icemelt to streamflow over the runoff season. Mean DOC concentrations were lowest in the glacial outflow and highest in the non-glacial stream reflecting an increasing contribution of vascular plant-derived carbon with decreasing watershed glaciation. Fluorescence and δ¹³C-DOC signatures indicated that DOM shifted from vascular plant-derived, humic-like material in the non-glacial stream toward more δ¹³C-DOC enriched, glacier-derived DOM in the glacial outflow. Streamwater δ¹⁸O was significantly correlated to DOC concentration, δ¹³C-DOC, and protein-like fluorescence of streamwater DOM (all P < 0.05), demonstrating that changes in the source of streamwater across the glacial watershed continuum have important implications for the amount and quality of stream DOM export. Overall, our findings show that continued glacial recession and subsequent changes in glacial runoff could substantially influence the biogeochemistry of coastal temperature watersheds by altering the timing, magnitude, and chemical signature of DOM delivered to streams.     

A worldwide view of organic carbon export from catchments

Growing interest in the effects of global change on the metabolism, stoichiometry and cycling of carbon in aquatic ecosystems has motivated research on the export of organic carbon (OCE) from catchments. In this article, quantitative and functional features of the annual export rates of total, particulate and dissolved organic carbon (TOC, POC and DOC) were reviewed, and the stoichiometry of export (OC:N, OC:P and N:P) from 550 catchments worldwide was reported. TOC export ranged 2.1–92,474?kg?C?km^?2?year^?1, POC export ranged 0.4–73,979?kg?C?km^?2?year^?1 and DOC export ranged 1.2–56,946?kg?C?km^?2?year^?1. Exports of TOC and DOC were strongly linked, but POC export was unrelated to DOC. The DOC fraction comprised on average 73?±?21% of TOC export. The export rates of organic carbon were poorly related to those of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Discrete and continuous environmental variables failed to predict TOC export, but DOC export was influenced by discharge and catchment area worldwide. Models of OCE in different catchment types were controlled by different environmental variables; hydrological variables were generally better predictors of OCE than anthropogenic and soil variables. Elemental ratios of carbon export in most catchments were above the Redfield ratio, suggesting that phosphorus may become the limiting nutrient for downstream plant growth. These ratios were marginally related to environmental data. More detailed hydrological data, consideration of in-stream processes and the use of quasi-empirical dynamical models are advocated to improve our knowledge of OCE rates and those of other nutrients.