中国苦苣苔科植物的多样性与地理分布（附表）

物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论.     

中国桑科植物属的空间分布及多样性

该研究以FRPS《中国植物志》全文电子版网站、中国在线植物志(eFlora)网站和国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)网站收录的全部中国桑科植物数据为基础,以部分省的植物志以及正式发表的论文为补充,查找每一个桑科植物的具体分布地点(精确到县一级),并采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以桑科12属的植物为研究对象,制作属的空间分布图,计算空间相似性系数,分析桑科植物各属的空间多样性及其差异。结果表明:(1)中国桑科植物中桑属的分布最广,橙桑属的分布最狭窄。(2)橙桑属与其他属的空间分布相似性系数均较低(0~0.0444),其中橙桑属与见血封喉属和牛筋藤属的相似性系数均为0,表明橙桑属与其他属的分布几乎没有重叠区;榕属与构属和柘属的空间分布相似性系数分别为0.7394和0.6795,表明这3属的空间分布有较多的重叠区;见血封喉属的分布范围较广,从热带到亚热带地区均有。(3)中国桑科植物属的多样化中心(保护区域)集中在热带和亚热带地区,其中波罗蜜属和葎草属的多样化中心均在云南,鹊肾树属的多样化中心在海南,柘属的多样化中心从热带、南亚热带扩大至中亚热带地区;榕属在中国有98个种,多样化中心分布在甘肃东南部、贵州东北部、云南南部、广西西南部、台湾南部和海南西部;桑属(11个种)的多样化中心分布在重庆南部、湖北南部、湖南西北部、贵州中南部、云南东部和广西西部。研究认为,中国桑科植物属的多样化中心各有特点,基于县的空间分布及多样性研究结果能够具体确定中国桑科植物属的最小保护区域;且该研究结果支持贵州地区是桑属植物的分化中心和过渡中心。     

Floral morphology and taxonomic relations among the genera of Amaranthaceae in the New World and the Hawaiian Islands

Twenty-three genera of Amaranthaceae occur in the New World. Two endemic genera occur in the Hawaiian Islands. Among the genera of the subfamily Amaranthoideae, Celosia, Cyathula and Achyranthes have their main distributions in the Old World; the two last-named genera are represented in the Americas only by widespread weeds. All the New World genera of the subfamily Gomphrenoideae are mainly or entirely restricted to this region. Characters of androecium and gynoecium are fundamental in the recognition of genera within the family. Androecia of different genera may be structurally and phylogenetically more similar than would appear from a cursory examination. It is suggested that the type of staminal tubes found in Pseudogomphrena and Froelichia can be derived from that in Alternanthera and Froelichiella by reduction of filament length and a fusion of pseudostaminodia with the filaments. The staminal tube in Gomphrena could result from a further decrease in distance between pseudostaminodia of the Pseudogomphrena type, and a deeper forking of the pseudostaminodia; each so-called apical filament lobe in Gomphrena would then be homologous with half a pseudostaminodium in Pseudogomphrena. Much of the variation in the androecia of these and other genera, as well as within genera such as Pfaffia, can be explained as the combined results of coalescence and splitting-up tendencies. Splitting up of staminal tubes may not necessarily take place along the borders of phylogenetically original filaments and pseudostaminodia. The Amaranthus-type of pollen is found in the majority of genera of the subfamily Amaranthoideae, but also in the Chenopodiaceae. A group of genera within the subfamily Gomphrenoideae also has pollen very similar to, or identical with, this type. Most genera of the subfamily Gomphrenoideae have pollen of the Gomphrena-type. Pseudoplantago has unilocular (at anthesis) anthers, a characteristic of the subfamily Gomphrenoideae, but floral structure as well as pollen morphology connect the genus to a group of genera within the Amaranthoideae, subtribe Achyranthinae. The combination of subcuboidal shape and opercula with radially arranged hooked protuberances, makes the pollen of Pseudoplantago unique among the angiosperms studied so far. Floral morphology and palynological characteristics indicate a close relationship between Pfaffia and Alternanthera. Both genera, as currently accepted, are relatively homogeneous from pollen morphological points of view. There are no correlations between pollen morphology and the variation in the androecium in Pfaffia, nor would pollen structure support recognition of Hebanthe as a distinct genus. Woehleria and Irenella may be derived from, or be of the same origin as, Dicraurus and Iresine. All four genera are placed in the subfamily Gomphrenoideae because of the bisporangiate anthers, but their pollen structure is very close to, or identical with, that of the Amaranthus-type. Pseudogomphrena combines characteristics of Gomphrena and Pfaffia.     

A new genus of Cyrtoscydmini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) from Japan

Rutaraphes shikokuensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from Shikoku, Japan. The new taxon belongs to a group of genera characterized by the lateral sutures demarcating the submentum and is most similar to Neuraphes and Scydmoraphes. Morphological structures of Rutaraphes are illustrated and possible affinities with other genera of Cyrtoscydmini are discussed. Keys to identification of Palearctic and Japanese genera of Cyrtoscydmini are given. Including Rutaraphes, 14 genera of Scydmaeninae are currently known to occur in Japan.     

Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribePlucheeae (Asteraceae)

The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.     

Phylogenetic relationships of four endemic genera of the Phasianidae in China based on mitochondrial DNA control-region genes

The taxonomic status of some genera within the Phasianidae remains controversial. To demonstrate the phylogenetic relationships of four endemic genera (Tetraophasis, Ithaginis, Crossoptilon and Chrysolophus) and other 11 genera of Phasianidae in China, a total of 1070 nucleotides of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region genes were sequenced. There are 376 variable sites including 345 parsimony sites. The genetic distance ranged from 0.067 (Chrysolophus and Phasianus) to 0.181 (Perdix and Bambusicola) among the 15 genera. Maximum likelihood method was used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which grouped all the genera into two deeply divergent clades. Perdix was shown to be a non-partridge genus. Alternatively, it appears ancestral to either partridges or pheasants. The sibling taxa of the four endemic genera were Lophophorus, Tragopan, Lophura and Phasianus, respectively. Calibrated rates of molecular evolution suggested that the divergence time between the four genera and related taxa was 4.00–5.00 million years ago, corresponding to the Pliocene. Considering their molecular phylogenetics, fossil and geographical distribution patterns, the four endemic genera might have originated in the southwestern mountains in China.     

Review of subfamily Diplazontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from South Korea with six unrecorded genera and a new species

Of the 16 genera of the subfamily Diplazontinae occurring in the Eastern Palearctic region, 11 genera are recognized from South Korea. Specifically, four genera (Campocraspedon Uchida, Diplazon Nees, Syrphoctonus Förster and Woldstedtius Carlson) are previously recognized from South Korea, whereas the other seven genera are recorded from this country for the first time. A key to the 16 genera of Diplazontinae occurring in the Eastern Palearctic region is provided. Six genera of Korean Diplazontinae (Bioblapsis Förster, Campocraspedon Uchida, Eurytyloides Nakanishi, Phthorima Förster, Promethes Förster and Sussaba Cameron) are reviewed here. Species of these genera rarely occur in the Eastern Palearctic region with small numbers of collected samples (excluding genus Sussaba). Here we provide diagnosis for seven species of Diplazontinae and one new species, Eurytyloides koreanus Balueva and Lee sp. nov. , has been described.     

Study on two unrecorded genera,Barycnemis Förster and Phradis Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae), from South Korea

Six genera of the subfamily Tersilochinae (Barycnemis, Diaparsis, Gelanes, Phradis, Probles and Tersilochus) are recognized in South Korea. Two genera, Diaparsis and Tersilochus, were previously recognized from South Korea, whereas the other four genera are recorded from this country for the first time. All genera found in South Korea, except the almost cosmopolitan Diaparsis, are entirely or predominantly Holarctic. A key to the six genera of Tersilochine occurring in South Korea is provided. Two genera of Korean Tersilochinae (Barycnemis and Phradis) are reviewed here, and a key to the other four species (B. bellator, B. dissimilis, P. kyushuensis and P. nikishenae) is provided in this paper.     

Tropical and Temperate: Evolutionary History of Páramo Flora

Biogeography of the tropical alpine flora of South and Central America, the páramo flora, has been studied by dividing genera into tropical, temperate, and cosmopolitan chorological flora elements. Published molecular phylogenies of páramo genera are reviewed to summarize knowledge about evolutionary history of the páramo flora and to assess congruence between chorological and phylogenetic approaches. Molecular phylogenies suggest that both the tropical and temperate regions have been important source areas for evolution of the páramo flora. Conclusions derived from chorological patterns regarding origin of genera in páramo are mostly supported by phylogenetic data. Nevertheless, in Chuquiraga, Halenia, Huperzia, and Perezia the chorological scenario is rejected, and in Chusquea-Neurolepis, Elaphoglossum, Gunnera, Halenia, Jamesonia-Eriosorus, and Lasiocephalus independent colonization events from one or several source areas are suggested. Tropical and temperate genera contributed equally to modern species richness of the páramo flora. Among temperate genera, the northern hemisphere genera gave rise to more species in páramo than did genera from the southern hemisphere. So far, no unequivocal evidence has been provided for migration of páramo genera to the temperate zones.     

Evolutionary relationships in the Asteraceae tribe Inuleae (incl. Plucheeae) evidenced by DNA sequences of ndhF; with notes on the systematic positions of some aberrant genera

The phylogenetic relationships between the tribes Inuleae sensu stricto and Plucheeae are investigated by analysis of sequence data from the cpDNA gene ndhF. The delimitation between the two tribes is elucidated, and the systematic positions of a number of genera associated with these groups, i.e. genera with either aberrant morphological characters or a debated systematic position, are clarified. Together, the Inuleae and Plucheeae form a monophyletic group in which the majority of genera of Inuleae s.str. form one clade, and all the taxa from the Plucheeae together with the genera Antiphiona, Calostephane, Geigeria, Ondetia, Pechuel-loeschea, Pegolettia, and Iphionopsis from Inuleae s.str. form another. Members of the Plucheeae are nested with genera of the Inuleae s.str., and support for the Plucheeae clade is weak. Consequently, the latter cannot be maintained and the two groups are treated as one tribe, Inuleae, with the two subtribes Inulinae and Plucheinae. The genera Asteriscus, Chrysophthalmum, Inula, Laggera, Pentanema, Pluchea, and Pulicaria are demonstrated to be non-monophyletic. Cratystylis and Iphionopsis are found to belong to the same clade as the taxa of the former Plucheeae. Caesulia is shown to be a close relative of Duhaldea and Blumea of the Inuleae-Inulinae. The genera Callilepis and Zoutpansbergia belong to the major clade of the family that includes the tribes Heliantheae sensu lato and Inuleae (incl. Plucheeae), but their exact position remains unresolved. The genus Gymnarrhena is not part of the Inuleae, but is either part of the unresolved basal complex of the paraphyletic Cichorioideae, or sister to the entire Asteroideae.     

Effects of prey type on suspension-feeding behavior in Nile tilapia

Using freshly collected field samples and enrichment cultures, eight genera of cryptomonads from the Salton Sea are recorded for the first time. Comparative data from light and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to identify these genera and species. The genera included Chroomonas, Falcomonas, Hemiselmis, Plagioselmis, Pyrenomonas/Rhodomonas, Storeatula, Teleaulax, and the kathablepharid Leucocryptos. One putative genus remains unidentified and may represent a new taxon. SEM has not been conducted on this cryptomonad, but it has been isolated and is being maintained in culture. The genera and species identified from the Salton Sea are typical of marine rather then freshwater environments and may play an important role in primary productivity and as preferred food organisms for zooplankton.     

Phylogenetic classification of the family Heteroderidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida)

Summary The family Heteroderidae is revised. On the basis of shared, derived characters sister groups are established and arranged in a phylogenetic tree. A hypothetical, primitive ancestor for the family is defined. The genus Verutus has a large equatorial vulval slit and is considered to be the most primitive form. The genus Meloidodera developed by a reduction in vulval size. Genera which developed later exhibit a subterminally located vulval slit and progressively lost the annulation of the female cuticle. In this process four evolutionary lines emerge: (i) a posterior shift of the vulva and the formation of more or less distinct vulval lips gave rise to the genera Zelandodera and Cryphodera; (ii) changes in the lip configuration of the second-stage juvenile gave rise to the genera Hylonema, Afrodera n.g., Heterodera and Bidera; (iii) changes in the composition of the female cuticle resulted in the genera Thecavermiculatus, Atalodera, Sherodera, Sarisodera and Bellodera n.g. and; (iv) a reduction in vulval slit size led to the development of the genera Dolichodera, Globodera, Cactodera and Punctodera. The genera Ephippiodera and Rhizonema are synonymized with Bidera and Sarisodera respectively. Verutus and Meloidodera are recognized as subfamilies Verutinae and Meloidoderinae and the genera in the four evolutionary lines are recognized as subfamilies Cryphoderinae, Heteroderinae, Ataloderinae and Punctoderinae respectively.Two new genera, Afrodera and Bellodera, are erected for species originally described in Sarisodera and Cryphodera. Both new genera are characterized by a depressed vulval slit and the anus located on the dorsal side of the vulval cone. Differences in lip configuration of the infective juvenile and a postulated difference in female cuticle justifies their placement in different subfamilies. The lip configuration of the infective juveniles in the subfamilies Verutinae, Meloidoderinae, Cryphoderinae, Ataloderinae and Punctoderinae remains basically unchanged. The possible development of this character in the subfamily Heteroderinae is discussed and illustrated. The family Heteroderidae, its six subfamilies and 17 genera are defined or redefined, and for each of the genera the nominal species and their synonyms are listed. New synonyms introduced are: Heterodera rumicis and H. scleranthi of H. trifolii, H. ustinova of Bidera avenae and H. mali of Globodera chaubattia. Cactodera acnidae (Schuster & Brezina, 1979) n. comb. and Dolichodera andinus (Golden, Franco, Jatala & Astogaza, 1983) n. comb. are transferred from Heterodera and Thecavermiculatus respectively. Keys are provided for all taxa for which no suitable keys are available in the literature. Species inquirendae are listed. ac]19840606     

球类原核微生物

球类或类球(果菌、球菌、璆菌、卵菌、橄菌等)微生物是原核微生物最早发现、最重要和最常见的细胞生命形态之一,迄今已有果菌140余属800多种60多亚种,球菌30余属60多种,璆菌10余属20多种,八球菌7属40多种,橄菌9属10多种,卵菌10余属30多种,合计约210属1 000余种和亚种。国内外对这些微生物的总结分析较少,本文试图对此进行系统的总结和规范,明确其形态特征、生境、生化、多样性和域归属,以推动对此类微生物分类和功能的进一步研发,推动国际间的交流与合作。     

INDIAN OCEAN NANOPLANKTON. I. RHABDOSPHAERACEAE (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) WITH A REVIEW OF EXTANT TAXA1

Family characteristics of the Rhabdosphaeraceae are revised to limit the genera to those having cyrtoliths; genera with placoliths are removed from the family. Rhabdoliths, cyrtoliths bearing a process in the central area, are present in all genera. Coccospheres having monomorphic coccoliths, all being rhabdoliths, form one group within the family, whereas genera with dimorphic coccoliths in the coccosphere comprise a second group. Cyrtoliths without processes in the latter group may be intermixed with rhabdoliths in some genera, whereas other genera have rhabdoliths located only in polar regions of the coccosphere. Two generic nomenclatural changes are proposed, Algirosphaera being the name applied to species previously placed in Anthosphaera, an invalid generic name, and Palusphaera is recognized as a valid monotypic genus, P. vandeli being the name applied to the species that has been named Rhabdosphaera longistylis in recent literature. A new combination is made, Rhabdosphaera xiphos (Deflandre et Fert) comb. nov., recognizing a species formerly known only in sediments as extant. Rhabdosphaera, Acanthoica and Algirosphaera are genera with dimorphic coccoliths in the coccospheres; Discosphaera, Palusphaera and Anacanthoica are genera having monomorphic coccoliths in the coccosphere.     

Pollen morphology in the family Asphodelaceae (Asphodeleae,Kniphofieae)

Pollen of 72 species from 7 genera of the Asphodelaceae was studied by means of LM and SEM in order to investigate their taxonomic relationships. The pollen of all the genera investigated is heteropolar, monosulcate, non-operculate and differs in size, form and exine ornamentation. The species of Eremurus are homogenous palynologically and studies of this genus do not support the segregation of the genera Henningia, Selonia, and Ammolirion. The pollen of Bulbinopsis mainly differs from the pollen of Bulbine species in having a perforate-areolate exine surface (B. bulbosa) but the genera are close in their other palynological features. The genera Asphodelus and Asphodeline have the largest, almost spheroidal grains with the thickest exine but differ in details of exine ornamentation. The species of Kniphofia are very close palynologically.     

Carbohydrate composition and taxonomy of Geotrichum,Trichosporon and allied genera

The yeast-like genera Geotrichum and Trichosporon are heterogeneous and are related with anamorphs of both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi. A rearrangement can be obtained using carbohydrate composition of intact cells, studied with the aid of gas-liquid chromatography.The genus Geotrichum is restricted to ascomycetous species with a dominance of galactomannans, whereas Trichosporon is reserved for basidiomycete-like, xylose-containing species. Consequently, some new combinations are introduced in both genera. Representatives of related genera are included for comparison: e.g. Dipodascus, Hyphopichia, Cryptococcus and Filobasidium.     

Pollen Morphology of the Periplocaceae from Madagascar

The pollen morphology of eleven (Baroniella Constantin & Galland, Baseonema Schltr. & Rendle, Camptocarpus Decne., Cryptolepis R. Br., Cryptostegia R. Br., Gonocrypta Baill., Harpanema Decne., Ischnolepis Jum. & H. Perrier, Menabea Baill., Pentopetia Decne., and Tanulepis Balf. f.) of the 13 genera of the Periplocaceae from Madagascar have been examined using light-, scanning-, and transmission electron microscopy. All of the genera are characterized by pollen grains arranged in tetrads. The arrangement of the grains may be rhomboidal, decussate or tetragonal. The 4–6 pores present are restricted to the junction area of adjacent grains. Cryptostegia differs from the other genera in that the arrangement of pollen grains is only decussate. In Menabea the tetrads are united into a pollinium. The exine is smooth and consists of a distal stratum (tectum), subtended by a granular stratum consisting of granules of unequal size. Towards the base larger granules are present. In Camptocarpus, Harpanema and Tanulepis the exine is stratified into a distal stratum (tectum), a thin granular stratum and an almost continuous basal stratum (foot layer). The inline is well developed. The pollen grains of tetrads are connected by wall bridges (cross-wall cohesion). The internal walls in Camptocarpus, Harpanema and Tanulepis differ from the other genera in the absence of a tectum. The pollen morphology of the taxa investigated is very similar and of little value for distinguishing the species and genera investigated. The distinctive difference in exine structure between the above mentioned three genera and other genera investigated emphasizes the importance of exine ultrastructure in the Periplocaceae.