细胞分裂素对吊兰根生长和负向光性的影响

为了研究细胞分裂素对吊兰根生长和负向光性的影响,采用水培法将吊兰培养在透明玻璃缸内,并向水培液中添加6-BA和对水培吊兰根系进行单侧照光的方法,研究结果表明:(1)6-BA对吊兰不定根和侧根的生长以及负向光性都有抑制作用,抑制程度随着浓度的增加而加剧;(2)10mg·L^-16-BA处理7d后和100mg·L^-16-BA5天后不定根停止生长;(3)10-100mg·L^-16-BA处理的吊兰侧根均不能伸长,只能够在不定根表明形成凸起的结构,但凸起的数量随着6-BA浓度的增加而增加;(4)吊兰根系在无6-BA处理时在单侧光下弯曲度可达到接近90°,100mg·L^-16-BA可使其弯曲度下降至15°左右.探讨了6-BA抑制吊兰根生长和负向光性的可能机理.     

赤霉素和光对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以拟南芥的赤霉素 (GA)缺陷型突变体ga 1,ga 2 ,ga 3和GA不敏感型突变体ga i为材料 ,研究了光和 4种GA对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的相互关系。结果表明 :(1)烯效唑对ga i种子萌发的抑制在光下可明显被GA恢复 ,而在黑暗中GA的作用不明显。 (2 )在光下低浓度的外源GA3 可使ga 1,ga 2和ga 3的种子萌发 ,而在黑暗中同样浓度的GA3 则难以使种子萌发。 (3)光可以降低种子萌发所需求的GA的剂量。 (4 )ga i和ga 1的幼苗的呼吸代谢有明显差异。以上结果说明 :光对拟南芥种子萌发的促进主要是提高了种子对GA反应的敏感性而不是增加GA的生物合成     

氮和土壤微生物对水曲柳幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以长白山地区典型树种——水曲柳为研究对象,通过室外控制试验,分析了氮、微生物及其相互作用对水曲柳幼苗生物量分配、生长和光合作用的影响.于2017年6月采用二因素随机区组设计试验,共4个处理:对照(F)、加氮(FN)、灭菌(FS)、灭菌加氮(FSN),6个重复区组,每个区组内每处理3个重复,即每个处理有18株幼苗.2018年8月中旬进行光合指标的测定,并于同年9月初收获植物,测量生物量及生长指标.结果表明: 与F相比,FN使水曲柳幼苗的总干质量显著提高14%,基径提高9%,叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)分别显著提高75%、318%、231%、227%;FS使总干质量显著提高12%,基径提高9%,叶绿素含量、P_n、g_s、T_r分别显著提高34%、213%、120%、115%;FSN使总干质量显著提高23%,基径提高14%,叶绿素含量、P_n、g_s、T_r分别显著提高81%、672%、312%、273%.氮、土壤微生物及其交互作用对水曲柳幼苗的生物量、生长和光合作用有着显著作用,土壤微生物在一定程度上调控了水曲柳幼苗对氮的响应.     

赤霉素和光对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以拟南芥的赤霉素（ＧＡ）缺陷型突变体ｇａ－１,ｇａ－２,ｇａ－３和ＧＡ不敏感型突变体ｇａ－ｔ为材料,研究了光和４种ＧＡ对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长影响的相互关系。结果表明：（１）烯效唑对ｇａ－１种子萌发的抑制在光下可明显被ＧＡ恢复,而在黑暗中ＧＡ的作用不明显。（２）在光下低浓度的外源ＧＡ３可使ｇａ－１,ｇａ－２,ｇａ０３的种子萌发,而在黑暗中同样浓度的ＣＡ３则难以使种有发。（３）光可以降低子萌发所需     

降水和温度变化对长白山地区水曲柳幼苗生长和光合参数的影响

以我国温带主要阔叶树种水曲柳幼苗为对象,在长白山自然保护区海拔740 m和1200 m布设两处试验地,分别进行增水30％(+W)、减水30％(-W)和自然降水(CK)处理试验,分析植株生长和叶片光合作用参数、可溶性蛋白和光合色素含量,以及降水和温度变化对水曲柳光合作用的影响.结果表明:温度变化对水曲柳幼苗生长和光合生理指标的影响显著,与海拔1200 m样地相比,海拔740 m样地3个处理水曲柳幼苗的基径、株高、叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,胡萝卜素含量降低;叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和气孔限制值均显著升高,而胞间CO2浓度和叶片水分利用效率显著降低.水曲柳幼苗光合能力的下降归因于非气孔因素限制.降水变化对水曲柳幼苗生长及光合作用的影响均不显著.     

光照和氮交互作用对水曲柳幼苗生长、生物量和氮分配的影响

采用温室沙培方式,对水曲柳幼苗进行了不同光强（2个水平）和氮浓度（4个水平）处理,分析了其生长、生物量和氮分配对环境变化的响应.结果表明：与全光照处理相比,低光处理下水曲柳幼苗冠根比（S/R）和净氮吸收速率（NNUR）极显著提高（P<0.01）,但相对生长速率（RGR）和净同化速率（NAR）极显著下降（P<0.01）;低光处理下的幼苗根、茎、叶和整株生物量分别较全光照处理降低了36.8%（P<0.01）、1.7%、12.7%（P<0.05）和24.3%（P<0.01）;低光处理使幼苗分配到根系的氮比例明显下降,而叶片的分配比例增加.无论光强大小,氮对幼苗生长都具有十分明显的促进作用,而且幼苗S/R和叶片的氮分配比例都随氮供给浓度的增加而明显提高.光强和氮浓度对水曲柳幼苗的基径、S/R、RGR和生物量（根和叶）分配比例具有显著的交互作用（P<0.05）.     

氮添加和水分胁迫对红松、水曲柳幼苗生物量分配的影响

氮沉降和暖干化是我国东北地区面临的主要生态问题,它将对森林生态系统产生怎样的影响一直是生态学研究的热点.本研究以东北温带阔叶红松林中2个关键树种——红松和水曲柳为研究对象,探讨水分胁迫和氮(N)添加对其幼苗短期(55周)生长的影响.结果表明: 红松与水曲柳幼苗生长对N添加和水分胁迫的响应有明显差异.红松对水分胁迫更加敏感,在处理早期(10周)水分胁迫降低了红松幼苗叶生物量,提高了根生物量;N添加只在水分胁迫发生时显著减少了红松根和植株总生物量.水曲柳对N添加的反应更加敏感,氮添加迅速增加了水曲柳茎、根和总生物量;而只有持续的水分胁迫才对水曲柳的茎、根和总生物量有显著影响.红松和水曲柳在持续水分胁迫和N添加处理下,叶、根生物量占比和地上、地下生物量之比都趋于维持一个稳定值,说明两个树种都有很强的自我调节能力.以上结果说明,在未来干旱条件下,红松采取的是“积极”的调整策略,而水曲柳则是“被动”的适应策略,因而相比较而言,红松存活和适应能力可能更强;而在N沉降增加的环境下,水曲柳受益会更大.这些结果可为预测未来东北温带森林群落演替动态提供参考.     

氮胁迫对水曲柳幼苗养分吸收、利用和生物量分配的影响

树木受到环境胁迫时发生形态和生理上的改变,以便获取对其生长发育限制最严重的资源．在东北林区凋落物因受温度影响分解速度和有机物矿质化过程缓慢,森林树木常受到氮营养胁迫．通过温室栽培试验,对氮胁迫下水曲柳幼苗生长的生理学和形态学指标进行了研究．结果表明,在氮胁迫下,水曲柳幼苗的净氮吸收速率和净磷吸收速率都会减少,但在生长前期氮利用效率和磷利用效率高于氮供给充足(8mmol·L^-1)和过量(16mmol·L^-1)时的氮利用效率和磷利用效率．当氮供给浓度不足时,叶重比减少,而特定叶面积和根重比增加．相对生长速率随氮供给浓度增加而增加．在氮胁迫下净同化速率下降,导致总生物量下降．在幼苗生长前期,水曲柳幼苗处于氮胁迫时根／茎比显著大于氮供给充足或过量时的根／茎比。而在生长后期。根／茎比没有显著差别．     

赤霉素、钙和甜菜碱对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响

小桐子(Jatropha curcas L.)属大戟科( Euphorbiaceae)麻疯树属(Jatropha L.)的能源植物。分别以小桐子种子和幼苗为实验材料,研究了不同浓度的赤霉素和CaCl₂单独处理,以及不同浓度的赤霉素、CaCl₂和甜菜碱组合处理对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗抗低温和干旱的影响。结果表明:分别用10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂处理小桐子种子,不仅可以提高其在正常萌发条件(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)下的发芽率,还可缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和丙二醛(MDA)的积累。用10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和15 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理小桐子种子,也可进一步增强其在正常萌发(26℃)、低温(18℃)和干旱胁迫(5% PEG6000)条件下种子的发芽率,以及缓解小桐子幼苗在低温(2℃)或干旱胁迫(25% PEG6000)下电解质渗漏率的增加和MDA的积累,表明10 mg/L赤霉素和10 mmol/L CaCl₂分别处理或10 mg/L赤霉素、5 mmol/L CaCl₂和10 mmol/L甜菜碱组合处理可提高小桐子种子在低温和干旱胁迫下的发芽率,以及提高小桐子幼苗对低温和干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。     

不同氮浓度和形态比例对水曲柳幼苗叶绿素合成、光合作用以及生物量分配的影响 (英文)

 水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）是我国东北林区重要的工业用材树种,在东北林区广泛种植,因而其培育近来日益得到高度重视。在水曲柳的种植区域内,尽管林地内凋落物丰富,但该地区气温低,冬季长,氮素矿化速度低,氮素供给显得不足。本研究采用沙培的方式,在为幼苗提供完     

Control of Negative Gravitropism and Tension Wood Formation by Gibberellic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim Seedlings

In the present study, we investigated the role of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the gravity response of stems and tension wood formation using two-year-old stems of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var.japonica Maxim seedlings. Forty-five seedlings were used and divided into nine groups that included five seedlings in each group. Seedlings were treated with applications of GA3 alone at concentrations of 2.89 × 10-8and 2.89 × 10-7 μmol/L, IAA alone at concentrations of 5.71×10-8 and 5.71 ×10-7 μmol/L, or their combination to the apical bud of the stem using a micropipette. Seedlings were positioned horizontally after the first treatment.The same treatments were repeated six times per week. At the end of the experiment, all seedlings were harvested. Then, stem segments were cut under a light microscope. Application of exogenous GA3 at the higher concentration stimulated the upward bending of stems, whereas exogenous IAA had no effect. A synergistic effect of GA3 and IAA on upward stem bending was observed following application of the two combinations of GA3 and IAA. Moreover, application of exogenous GA3 at the higher dose stimulated wood formation on both the upper and lower sides of the stems, whereas the mixture of GA3 and IAA had a synergistic effect on wood formation in horizontal stems. Application of exogenous IAA alone at the lower concentration (5.71×10-8 μ mol/L) or application of a mixture of the higher concentrations of GA3 (2.89 × 10-7 μmol/L) and IAA (5.71×10-7 μmol/L) inhibited the development of gelatinous fibers (the G-layer) of tension wood on the upper side of the horizontal stems. The differentiation of gelatinous fibers of tension wood was not inhibited by GA3when it was applied alone, whereas the development of the gelatinous fibers of tension wood was strongly affected by the application of IAA. The findings of the present study suggest that the development of the G-layer is not related to the dose of GA3, but needs a relatively lower concentration of IAA.     

Role of GA3, GA4 and Uniconazole-P in Controlling Gravitropism and Tension Wood Formation in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. Seedlings

GA3 and GA4 (gibberellins) play an important role in controlling gravitropism and tension wood formation in woody angiosperms. In order to improve our understanding of the role of GA3 and GA4 on xylem cell formation and the G-layer, we studied the effect of GA3 and GA4 and uniconazole-P, which is an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, on tension wood formation by gravity in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings. Forty seedlings were divided into two groups;one group was placed upright and the other tilted. Each group was further divided into four sub-groups subjected to the following treatments: 3.43 × 10-9 μmol acetone as control, 5.78 × 10-8 μmol gibberellic acid (GA3), 6.21 × 10-8 μmol GA4, and 6.86 × 10-8 μmol uniconazole-P. During the experimental period, GAs-treated seedlings exhibited negative gravitropism,whereas application of uniconazole-P inhibited negative gravitropic stem bending. GA3 and GA4 promoted wood fibers that possessed a gelatinous layer on the upper side, whereas uniconazole-P inhibited wood formation but did not inhibit the differentiation of the gelatinous layer in wood fibers on the upper side. These results suggest that: (i) both the formation of gelatinous fibers and the quantity of xylem production are important for the negative gravitropism in horizontally-positioned seedlings; (ii) GA3 and GA4 affect wood production more than differentiation of the gelatinous layer in wood fibers;G-layer development may be regulated by other hormones via the indirect-role of GA3 and GA4 in horizontally-positioned F. mandshurica seedlings rather than the direct effect of GAs; and (iii) the mechanism for upward wood stem bending is different to the newly developed shoot bending in reaction to gravity in this species.     

Ethylene Evolution Changes in Tilted Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. Seedlings in Relation to Tension Wood Formation

The effects of ethylene on tension wood formation were studied in 3-year-old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim, seedlings in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, ethylene evolution of buds and stems was measured using gas chromatography after 0, 2,4, 7,14, and 21 d of treatment; in experiment 2, both aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and AgNO3 were applied to the horizontally-placed stems, and the cell numbers on sites of applications were measured after 40 d. Ethylene evolution from buds was found to be much greater in tilted seedlings than in upright ones. The cell numbers of wood fibers in shoots and 1-year-old stems were reduced in treatments with 12.5 x 10-7 μmol/L AVG, 12.5 x 10-8 μmol/L AVG, and 11.8 x 10-8 μmol/L AgNO3; whereas the horizontal and vertical diameters were reduced by treatment of 12.5 x 10-7 μnol/L AVG. Ethylene evolutions of shoots and 1-year-old stems were inhibited greatly in comparison with the control by applying 12.5 x 10-7 μmol/L AVG. The formation of a gelatinous layer of wood fibers was affected by neither AVG nor AgNO3 application. These results suggest that ethylene regulates the quantity of wood production, but does not affect G-layer formation in F. mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim, seedlings.     

Ethylene Evolution Changes in Tilted Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. Seedlings in Relation to Tension Wood Formation

The effects of ethylene on tension wood formation were studied in 3-year-old Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim. seedlings in two separate experiments. In experiment 1, ethylene evolution of buds and stems was measured using gas chromatography after 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of treatment; in experiment 2, both aminoethoxyvinylglycine （AVG） and AgNO3 were applied to the horizontally-placed stems, and the cell numbers on sites of applications were measured after 40 d. Ethylene evolution from buds was found to be much greater in tilted seedlings than in upright ones. The cell numbers of wood fibers in shoots and 1-year-old stems were reduced in treatments with 12.5×10^-7μmol/L AVG, 12.5×10^-8μmol/L AVG, and 11.8×10^-8μmol/Lmol/L AgNO3; whereas the horizontal and vertical diameters were reduced by treatment of 12.5×10^-7μmol/L AVG. Ethylene evolutions of shoots and 1-year-old stems were inhibited greatly in comparison with the control by applying 12.5×10^-7μmol/L AVG. The formation of a gelatinous layer of wood fibers was affected by neither AVG nor AgNO3 application. These results suggest that ethylene regulates the quantity of wood production, but does not affect G-layer formation in F. mandshurica Rupr. var.japonica Maxim. seedlings.     

水曲柳种子次生休眠的预防和解除

以解除休眠和经高温诱导产生次生休眠的水曲柳种子为材料,探讨预防和解除水曲柳种子次生休眠的方法。结果表明：GA3和乙烯利不能阻止已解除休眠水曲柳种子在25℃下萌发时诱导的次生休眠。干燥和短时间低温解除水曲柳种子次生休眠的效果不明显,较长时间（大于2周）的低温对解除水曲柳种子的次生休眠有一定的效果。综合来看,10^-3mol&#183;L^-1的乙烯利或GA4＋7解除水曲柳种子次生休眠的效果较好。     

Phosphate Availability Alters Lateral Root Anatomy and Root Architecture of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. Seedlings

Plants have evolved some mechanisms to maximize the efficiency of phosphorus acquisition.Changes in root architecture are one such mechanism. When Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. seedlings were grown under conditions of low phosphorus availability, the length of cells in the meristem zone of the lateral roots was longer, but the length of cells in the elongation and mature zones of the lateral roots was shorter,compared with seedlings grown under conditions of high phosphorus availability. The elongation rates of primary roots increased as phosphorus availability increased, but the elongation rates of the branched zones of the primary roots decreased. The number of lateral root primordia and the length of the lateral roots decreased as phosphorus availability increased. The topological index (altitude slope) decreased as phosphorus availability increased, suggesting that root architecture tended to be herringbone-like when seedlings were grown under conditions of low phosphate availability. Herringbone-like root systems exploit nutrients more efficiently, but they have higher construction costs than root systems with a branching pattern.     

Phosphate Availability Alters Lateral Root Anatomy and Root Architecture of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. Seedlings

Plants have evolved some mechanisms to maximize the efficiency of phosphorus acquisition. Changes in root architecture are one such mechanism. When Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. seedlings were grown under conditions of low phosphorus availability, the length of cells in the meristem zone of the lateral roots was longer, but the length of cells in the elongation and mature zones of the lateral roots was shorter,compared with seedlings grown under conditions of high phosphorus availability. The elongation rates of primary roots increased as phosphorus availability increased, but the elongation rates of the branched zones of the primary roots decreased. The number of lateral root primordia and the length of the lateral roots decreased as phosphorus availability increased. The topological index (altitude slope) decreased as phosphorus availability increased, suggesting that root architecture tended to be herringbone-like when seedlings were grown under conditions of low phosphate availability. Herringbone-like root systems exploit nutrients more efficiently, but they have higher construction costs than root systems with a branching pattem.     

水曲柳腋芽离体快繁研究初报

以水曲柳带顶芽、腋芽茎段为外植体进行离体培养,研究其适宜的灭菌方法、基本培养基种类和激素对腋芽萌发、丛芽产生、芽苗增殖的影响。结果表明,水曲柳的腋芽茎段为快繁的适宜外植体,茎段灭菌以用0.05%HgCl₂处理2 min最好。在萌芽培养中,BA和2ip均可促进腋芽萌发,但以8 mg·L^-1 BA处理时萌发效果最好,萌发率达100％;将腋芽萌发后长成的新枝转入添加ZT的培养基中,出现丛芽,在添加1.0 mg·L^-1的ZT的培养基中增殖效果最好,增殖系数达到3.0。无论在萌芽培养还是增殖培养中均发现WPM培养基最适合水曲柳腋芽的离体快繁。