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1.
Hiroyuki Kurita Yukimaru Sugiyama Hideyuki Ohsawa Yuzuru Hamada Tsuyoshi Watanabe 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(5):1189-1202
Though researchers have studied population dynamics extensively in many free-ranging primate populations, information on the
relationship between food abundance and demographic parameters based on long-term data is sparse. We examined changes in demographic
parameters in relation to decreased provisioning of foods based on data gathered for >50 yr in a provisioned, free-ranging
Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) population at Takasakiyama, Oita Prefecture, in the southern region of Japan. At Takasakiyama, population size increased
linearly because of heavy provisioning in the 1950s and 1960s. The provisioning of food to macaques decreased from 1965. We
examined changes in the physique index of full adult females, primiparous age, birth percentage, infant mortality rate, population
density, and annual population growth rate relative to the decrease of provisioned foods between the 1970s and 1990s. As a
result of the drastic decrease in the amount of foods provisioned, the physique index of full adult females decreased, primiparous
age increased, birth percentage decreased, and infant mortality rate increased, such that annual population growth rate diminished
substantially. Ours is the first study to demonstrate quantitatively the relationship between provisioned food abundance and
demographic parameters based on long-term data. 相似文献
2.
Akiko Takenaka Yuko Matsumoto Aika Nagaya Kunio Watanabe Shunji Goto Bambang Suryobroto Osamu Takenaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》2000,41(3):299-309
Plasma total cholesterol in free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) on Koshima islet and in free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Pangandaran in Indonesia was found to occur at very low levels compared with captive macaques and humans. Although total
cholesterol levels in captive macaques were lower than humans, differences in HDL cholesterol levels were only small. In both
sexes of wild and captive Japanese macaques, total cholesterol levels decreased from birth through to young adulthood but
then increased in adult females of the captive group. In contrast, the value for adult females of the wild troop remained
at a low level. Low TCH levels in adult females of the wild Japanese macaque troop may be due to a low energy intake and may
have caused a delay in the onset of sexual maturation. Plasma TCH levels increased with the addition of 0.1% dietary cholesterol
over six weeks in captive long-tailed macaques. That the cholesterol value after six weeks was dependent on cholesterol levels
prior to supplementation indicates that captive macaques are slightly saturated with cholesterol. 相似文献
3.
Juichi Yamagiwa 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(1):49-64
Field studies on Japanese macaques on Yakushima Island started in the mid-1970s, >25 yr after the emergence of Japanese primatology,
in response to criticism of methods using provisioning and the desire to find the socioecological factors influencing the
social life of macaques in natural habitats. We habituated macaques without provisioning mainly in the coastal warm-temperate
forest and found that they lived in small troops with a high socionomic sex ratio. Observations of several troop fissions
and troop takeovers by nontroop males suggest that Yakushima macaques have a different social organization from that of Japanese
macaques in other habitats. For example, youngest ascendancy as the dominance relationhip among sisters, which usually occurs
in provisioned troops, was absent in Yakushima macaques. We compared their ecological and social features with those of Japanese
macaques at Kinkazan (cool-temperate forests) and found that abundance of high-quality foods may cause stronger intra- and
intertroop competition at Yakushima. Female Yakushima macaques may more positively solicit nontroop males to associate with
them during the mating season. Such a tendency may promote frequent male movement between troops and frequent troop fissions.
Though ecological factors form social features of Japanese macaques, some features such as male association and movements
between troops are not accounted for via socioecology. Recent field studies have focused on macaques living at higher altitudes
in Yakushima and on individual survival strategies by taking diverse viewpoints and using new technologies. DNA analysis of
fecal samples shows low genetic diversity and suggests the macaques’ recent expansion from lowland to highland forests in
Yakushima. The population censuses conducted annually indicate that the higher-altitude macaques have a larger home range
but a similar group size versus their counterparts at low elevations. The unsolved issues in socioecology will pose a challenge
to the younger generation of primatologists. Conservation of macaques and their habitat is one of our major activities at
Yakushima. The level of protection has gradually increased in the National Park at Yakushima and, via our various conservation
efforts, its most important area was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993. However, large-scale logging in the
1960s and 1970s caused the loss of macaque habitats and led to increased crop damage by them in the 1980s. We have proposed
effective methods to protect cultivated fields from macaques as well as several plans for sustainable use of forests, such
as ecotourism and a fieldwork course for university students. Local residents and researchers have created several nongovernment
organizations (NGOs) to promote conservation and nature study at Yakushima. The role of local NGOs is particularly important
to mitigate conflicts between people and wildlife. Though hundreds of macaques are still captured as pests annually in Yakushima,
we continue the conservation measures and spread awareness of conservation in cooperation with the local NGOs. 相似文献
4.
Chatani K 《Primates; journal of primatology》2003,44(1):13-23
Positional behavior was quantitatively studied in identified free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Five male and 11 female adults were observed in a forested mountain habitat. Data were analyzed for proportion of bout
distance, number and time of each locomotion and postural type. Japanese macaques are semiterrestrial, and mainly walk and
run quadrupedally. This supports the notion that Macaca are generally quadrupeds. Sex differences in positional behavior were found in the preference of substrate and types of positional
behavior. Males and females tend to be terrestrial and arboreal, respectively. Males leap more frequently and longer in distance
than do females when they are feeding in trees. These sex differences are considered to be related to differences in morphology,
food choice, social activity, and the nursing of infants. Frequencies of leaping and the distance covered by leaping in Japanese
macaques are more than those of long-tailed macaques which are arboreal quadrupeds. However, Japanese macaques leap shorter
distances at a time than do long-tailed macaques, which indicates that body size may be related to leaping distance more than
the frequency of leaping and the distance covered by leaping. Japanese macaques are not as specialized for terrestrial locomotion
as pig-tailed macaques. They use both terrestrial and arboreal supports, and are considered to be semi-terrestrial quadrupeds,
somewhere between the arboreal long-tailed macaque and the terrestrial pig-tailed macaque.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
5.
John Chih Mun Sha Michael D. Gumert Benjamin P.Y‐H. Lee Lisa Jones‐Engel Sharon Chan Agustín Fuentes 《American journal of primatology》2009,71(10):825-839
Humans and long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) interface in several locations in Singapore. We investigated six of these interface zones to assess the level of conflict between the two species. We observed macaque‐to‐human interactions and distributed questionnaires to residents and visitors of nature reserves. We observed an average of two macaque‐to‐human interactions per hour at the sites, which included affiliative or submissive behaviors (46.9%), aggression (19.1%), taking food and other items (18.5%) searching bins, cars, and houses (13.4%), and nonaggressive contact (2.1%). Two‐thirds of interactions occurred when a human was carrying food or food cues, and one‐quarter occurred when a human provoked macaques. Only 8% of interactions occurred without a clear human‐triggered context. Our interview showed one‐third of respondents experienced nuisance problems from macaques. They had items taken from them (50.5%) and received threats (31.9%). Residents reported more nuisance problems than visitors, and their perceptions toward macaques differed. Residents were more aware of the consequences of food provisioning and that there were regulations against feeding. Residents fed macaques less and held more negative sentiments toward macaques. Nearly half of the interviewed people held neutral attitudes toward macaques and only 26.2% of respondents thought conflict with macaques warranted urgent action. Nearly two‐thirds of the respondents supported education programs to ameliorate human–macaque conflict, and less than 15% supported removing or eradicating macaques. 87.6% felt that it is importance to conserve and protect macaques. Our results show that human–macaque conflict exists in Singapore, but that it may not be severe. Human behavior is largely responsible for macaque‐to‐human interactions, and thus could be lessened with management of human behavior in interface zones (i.e. restrict food carrying and provocation). Moreover, our interviews shows people living in Singapore value macaques, do not wish them entirely removed, prefer education‐based solutions, and consider conservation and protection of them important. Am. J. Primatol. 71:825–839, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
6.
Yuzuru Hamada Bambang Suryobroto Shunji Goto Suchinda Malaivijitnond 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(5):1271-1294
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) are widely distributed in Southeast Asia and are morphologically and genetically (Tosi et al. in International Journal of Primatology 23:161–178, 2002) distinguishable on either side of the Isthmus of Kra (ca. 10.5°N). We compared the somatometry and body color of 15 local populations of long-tailed macaques in Thailand distributed
over areas from 6.5°N to 16.3°N and also a Thai rhesus macaque population at 17.2°N. Limb proportions and body color variation
follow the geographical trend. However, contrary to a previous report, body size does not decrease with latitude in the northern
group and also in the southern (southerly distributed) rhesus macaque. Relative tail length (RTL) and color contrast in yellow
between the back and thigh are the sole traits that distinctively separate the 2 groups: the southern group has a long relative
tail length (RTL >125%) and small color contrast, whereas the northern group has a short RTL (<120%) and large color contrast.
The southern rhesus macaques appear to have somatometric and body color traits that follow the geographical trend in long-tailed
macaques, though they maintain their distinctive species-specific traits of shorter RTL (ca. 55%), shorter relative facial length, and a bipartite body color pattern. Researchers assume that the northern group of long-tailed
macaques and the southern rhesus macaques had undergone partial introgression with each other. Montane refugia present during
the glacial period are localities in which introgression occurred in long-tailed macaques. 相似文献
7.
John Chih Mun Sha Michael D. Gumert Benjamin P. Y.-H. Lee Agustin Fuentes Subaraj Rajathurai Sharon Chan Lisa Jones-Engel 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2009,18(11):2909-2926
The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) population of the island-state of Singapore consists of ca. 1,218–1,454 individuals. About seventy percent of the population
(ca. 1,027 individuals) is concentrated in both Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves, a system of reservoirs
and forest reserves located in the center of Singapore. This core population resides mainly along perimeter forest areas of
the reserve system, which is bordered by residential and recreational areas (e.g., parks and golf courses) and encircled by
expressways. Periphery sub-populations (ca. 427 individuals) persist in forest fragments throughout Singapore mainland and
on 5 offshore islands. Much of the Singaporean macaque population overlaps with human settlement and these commensal groups
are mainly distributed close to roads, parks and residential areas. At least 70% of these groups are habituated to human presence
and at least 50% to food provisioning. Moreover, commensal groups have more individuals and have higher infant:adult female
ratios than non-commensal groups. The close association of habituated macaque groups living in human environments has led
to increasing human-macaque conflict in Singapore. The overlap is also associated with human-induced population loss resulting
from road accidents (2.4%); and trapping efforts (14%) aimed at ameliorating conflict issues. Consequently, it is important
to better understand how humans are affecting macaque populations. In order to mitigate human-macaque conflict and at the
same maintain a sustainable macaque population in Singapore, there is an urgent need for wildlife management strategies aimed
at minimizing the extent of human–macaque conflict. Such strategies should include designing appropriate buffers around reserve
areas, revised urban development plans, and managing the behavior of people interfacing with macaques. 相似文献
8.
Habitat loss, fragmentation and urban expansion may drive some species to marginal habitats while others succeed in exploiting urban areas. Species that show dietary flexibility are more able to take advantage of human activities to supplement their diet with anthropogenically abundant and accessible resources. The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is an endangered species due to the loss of its habitat, and human pressure. The population of Gouraya National Park (Algeria) lives in a relictual habitat that constitutes about 0.6% of the species range. In addition, this population is a unique case where urban expansion favours contact zones between Barbary macaque habitats and a big city (Bejaia). We quantified the dietary composition of Gouraya macaques over an annual cycle with the objective to understand how diet flexibility of this species may help it adapt to a relictual habitat or cope with urban expansion. We recorded the phenology of plant species every month. This study shows that Gouraya macaques, compared to those living in other forest types of the distribution area, are under lower seasonal constraints. They consume a greater amount of fruit and seeds that are available throughout much of the year, and a lesser amount of costly to find and extract subterranean foods. Therefore the Gouraya relictual habitat appears as a favourable environment compared to other major habitats of that species. This study also shows that colonizing peri-urban zones increases the availability and species richness of diet resources for Barbary macaques as they consume more human foods and exotic plants than in farther sites. Adult males eat more human foods than adult females and immatures do. The exploitation of high-energy anthropogenic food could favour macaque population growth and expansion towards the city center associated with human/macaque conflicts. We recommend applying management actions to restore macaques back to their natural habitat. 相似文献
9.
B. Thierry 《Behavioural processes》1985,11(1):89-95
The development of social relations was studied in 11 infant monkeys over the first ten weeks of life : 5 subjects in a rhesus macaque group (), 3 in a long-tailed macaque group () and 3 in a Tonkean macaque group (). Tonkean infants were found to interact with many different group members because of the permissiveness of their mothers, while social contacts of rhesus and long-tailed infants are less varied due to the restrictiveness of their mothers. These differences were consistent with patterns of adult-adult interactions, Tonkean macaques showing less intense agonistic interactions than the other two species. 相似文献
10.
BACKGROUND: Long-tailed and rhesus macaques are widely used in biomedical research; therefore, the known blood group is important. METHODS: The human-type ABO blood group was determined in wild or semi-wild long-tailed and rhesus macaques in Thailand. A total of 729 long-tailed and 160 rhesus macaques from 20 localities were temporarily caught. RESULTS: The frequency profiles of blood groups, calculated by averaging the frequency of each troop in long-tailed and rhesus macaques, were AB > O > B > A at 29.6%, 27.4%, 27.2%, and 15.8%, and B > AB > A > O at 39.6%, 33.4%, 18.2%, and 8.8%, respectively. Irrespective of locality, the frequencies were AB > O > B > A of 29.6%, 28.0%, 24.4%, and 18.0%, and AB > B > A > O of 37.5%, 28.7%, 26.9%, and 6.9%, respectively, for all long-tailed and rhesus macaques. The frequency profile of blood groups in Thai rhesus macaques was somewhat similar to that in the parapatric long-tailed macaques; however, it was different from other rhesus populations where only group B was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that Indochinese rhesus macaques are hybrids between rhesus and long-tailed macaques in the past. 相似文献
11.
Human provisioning of wildlife with food is a widespread global practice that occurs in multiple socio-cultural circumstances. Provisioning may indirectly alter ecosystem functioning through changes in the eco-ethology of animals, but few studies have quantified this aspect. Provisioning of primates by humans is known to impact their activity budgets, diets and ranging patterns. Primates are also keystone species in tropical forests through their role as seed dispersers; yet there is no information on how provisioning might affect primate ecological functions. The rhesus macaque is a major human-commensal species but is also an important seed disperser in the wild. In this study, we investigated the potential impacts of provisioning on the role of rhesus macaques as seed dispersers in the Buxa Tiger Reserve, India. We studied a troop of macaques which were provisioned for a part of the year and were dependent on natural resources for the rest. We observed feeding behaviour, seed handling techniques and ranging patterns of the macaques and monitored availability of wild fruits. Irrespective of fruit availability, frugivory and seed dispersal activities decreased when the macaques were provisioned. Provisioned macaques also had shortened daily ranges implying shorter dispersal distances. Finally, during provisioning periods, seeds were deposited on tarmac roads that were unconducive for germination. Provisioning promotes human-primate conflict, as commensal primates are often involved in aggressive encounters with humans over resources, leading to negative consequences for both parties involved. Preventing or curbing provisioning is not an easy task as feeding wild animals is a socio-cultural tradition across much of South and South-East Asia, including India. We recommend the initiation of literacy programmes that educate lay citizens about the ill-effects of provisioning and strongly caution them against the practice. 相似文献
12.
Tim W. Clark 《Primates; journal of primatology》1979,20(3):399-410
In 1972 Arashiyama West troop of Japanese macaques was transplanted to southcentral United States and kept in semi-free ranging
conditions. The new environment provided an opportunity to assess aspects of the species' adaptive potential. About 1,500
feeding observations were made monthly over 6.5 months. Unlimited provisioned food was available, but monkeys utilized native
plants immediately and use increased until it included 50+ % of the diet by weight. Shrubs provided 75% of foods in first
month and 32% thereafter. Sorghum comprised 25% in May–July. Soil, arthropods, fungi, bulbs, and roots each comprised less
5%. Between 21 and 37 foods were utilized monthly. Monthly food uses corresponded to availability. Many food plants required
unique handling by monkeys. Four general adaptive responses to potential foods are described. Evolution has clearly shaped
the Japanese macaque into a highly omnivorous and behaviorally flexible animal. 相似文献
13.
Uttara Mendiratta Ajith Kumar Charudutt Mishra Anindya Sinha 《American journal of primatology》2009,71(11):939-947
The newly described Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala occurs largely in sub‐tropical to temperate environments at elevations of c. 1,800–3,000 m in Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. We studied its over‐wintering strategy by comparing the diet, ranging, and behavior of a troop of 24 individuals during winter and spring (December 2005 to May 2006) through instantaneous scan sampling (3,002 records, 448 scans, 112 hr of observation). We also monitored the phenology of food plants. The macaques spent more time (41–66%) feeding in the winter than in spring (33–51%), whereas time spent moving and resting was greater in spring. The diet composed largely of plants, with animal matter being eaten rarely. The number of plant species in the diet increased from 18 to 25 whereas food types rose from 18 to 36 from winter to spring, respectively. Although only two species formed 75% of the winter diet, seven species comprised this proportion in spring. Availability of fruits and young leaves increased in spring; the troop moved more and utilized a larger part of its range during this time. Seasonal changes in behavior could be explained by the scarcity of food and the costs of thermoregulation in winter. Our study suggests that the Arunachal macaque inhabits a highly seasonal environment and has an over‐wintering strategy that includes subsisting on a high‐fiber diet by increasing the time spent feeding, and minimizing energy expenditure by reducing the time spent moving. Am. J. Primatol. 71:939–947, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
14.
Qihai Zhou Hua Wei Huaxing Tang Zhonghao Huang Ali Krzton Chengming Huang 《Primates; journal of primatology》2014,55(1):125-137
Comparative studies of sympatric species are essential in understanding those species’ behavioral and ecological adaptations as well as the mechanisms that can reduce resource competition enough to allow coexistence. We collected data on diet, activity budget and habitat use from two sympatric macaque species, the Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) and the rhesus macaque (M. mulatta), in a limestone seasonal rainforest of Nonggang Nature Reserve, southwestern Guangxi, China. Our results show that the two sympatric macaques differ in diet, activity budget, and habitat use: (1) out of the 131 plant species that were used by both macaque species as food over the year, only 15 plant species (11 %) were shared. Rhesus macaques used more plant species as major foods, and had higher dietary diversity and evenness indexes than Assamese macaques. (2) Assamese macaques fed predominantly on leaves, whereas rhesus macaques fed more selectively on fruits. The rhesus macaques’ diet varied according to season, and was significantly correlated to season fluctuation in fruit availability. (3) Assamese macaques devoted more time to resting, and less time to feeding than rhesus macaques (4) Assamese macaques were present mostly on the cliff, and tended to stay on the ground, whereas rhesus macaques were present mostly on the hillside, and showed preference to lower and middle canopy. The observed differences in diet and habitat use between the two macaque species represent behavioral patterns enabling their coexistence. 相似文献
15.
Alfonso Troisi Filippo Aureli Gabriele Schino Fabio Rinaldi Nicoletta de Angelis 《Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie》1990,86(4):303-310
Yawning behavior was studied in two species of macaques: the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and the Japanese macaque (M. fuscata). Japanese macaques yawned much more than long-tailed macaques. Age, sex, and dominance rank exerted different effects on yawning in the two species. In the long-tailed macaques, sex differences in frequency of yawning emerged only after sexual maturity; yawning rates increased significantly in both males and females as they reached sexual maturity; and, among males, dominance rank was positively correlated with frequency of yawning. Differently, in the Japanese macaques, males, both mature and immature, yawned more than same-aged females; sexual maturity was associated with an increase in yawning in males only; and male rank did not correlate with the frequency of yawning. Regardless of interspecific differences, the overall results supported only in part the finding that, in Old World monkeys, yawning is largely influenced by plasma concentrations of androgens. There was evidence that social factors were also important in influencing the age-sex class distribution of yawning. 相似文献
16.
Wanyi Lee Takashi Hayakawa Mieko Kiyono Naoto Yamabata Goro Hanya 《American journal of primatology》2019,81(12)
In recent decades, human–wildlife interaction and associated anthropogenic food provisioning has been increasing and becoming more severe due to fast population growth and urban development. Noting the role of the gut microbiome in host physiology like nutrition and health, it is thus essential to understand how human–wildlife interactions and availability of anthropogenic food in habitats can affect an animal's gut microbiome. This study, therefore, set out to examine the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) with varying accessibility to anthropogenic food and the possibility of using gut microbiota as indicator for macaques’ reliance on anthropogenic food. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, we described the microbial composition of Japanese macaques experiencing different types of human disturbance and anthropogenic food availability—captive, provisioned, crop‐raiding, and wild. In terms of alpha diversity, our results showed that observed richness of gut microbiota did not differ significantly between disturbance types but among collection sites, whereas Shannon diversity index differed by both disturbance types and sites. In terms of beta diversity, captive populations harbored the most distinctive gut microbial composition, and had the greatest difference compared with wild populations. Whereas for provisioned and crop‐raiding groups, the macaques exhibited intermediate microbiota between wild and captive. We identified several potential bacterial taxa at different taxonomic ranks whose abundance potentially could help in assessing macaques’ accessibility to anthropogenic food. This study revealed the flexibility of the gut microbiome of Japanese macaques and provided possible indices based on the gut microbiome profile in assessing macaques’ accessibility to/reliance on anthropogenic foods. 相似文献
17.
Historically, humans and other primates (primates henceforth) have coexisted across cultures and contexts, and many primate populations use anthropogenic food sources as their main or supplementary food. While primates may actively forage for such food, they are also directly provisioned by humans in many regions. Ethnoprimatology views humans and primates as cohabitants of integrated socioecological spaces who mutually influence each other’s ecologies and social lives. We contextualized provisioning of primates by humans within an ethnoprimatological framework and examined if the availability of anthropogenic food affected primate diets or the amount of time primates spent in anthropogenic habitats and whether primates influenced the human act of provisioning. To this end, we used scan sampling on a group of rhesus macaques across a year, and conducted interviews with 86 people who paused at a nearby tea shop for refreshments. We found that the macaques’ consumption of natural resources and dietary diversity decreased, and they spent more time in human-modified habitats when provisioned food was available. We also found that particular behaviors of the provisioned macaques stimulated provisioning by humans. Our findings show that provisioning influences macaque feeding ecology and habitat use, and that the behavior of the macaques themselves drives people to provide them with food subsidies, illustrating a complex web of interactions between the sympatric species. 相似文献
18.
Yukio Takahata Shigeru Suzuki Naobi Okayasu David Hill 《American journal of primatology》1994,33(4):317-322
A wild Japanese macaque troop decreased in size because the birth rate dropped and infant mortality increased. In the 1989 mating season, the last male left the troop, and the remaining two females joined a neighboring troop. Thus, the troop ceased to exist as an independent troop. A lower limit to troop size may exist, below which a troop cannot effectively defend its range, forcing the females to join a larger troop. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
19.
Sree Kanthaswamy Jessica Satkoski Debra George Alexander Kou Bethany Joy-Alise Erickson David Glenn Smith 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(5):1295-1311
We used genotypes for 13 short tandem repeats (STRs) to assess the genetic diversity within and differentiation among populations
of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from mainland Asia and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) from mainland and insular Southeast Asia. The subjects were either recently captured in the wild or derived from wild-caught
founders maintained in captivity for biomedical research. A large number of alleles are shared between the 2 macaque species
but a significant genetic division between them persists. The distinction is more clear-cut among populations that are not,
or are unlikely to have recently been, geographically contiguous. Our results suggest there has been significant interspecific
nuclear gene flow between rhesus macaques and long-tailed macaques on the mainland. Comparisons of mainland and island populations
of long-tailed macaques reflect marked genetic subdivisions due to barriers to migration. Geographic isolation has restricted
gene flow, allowing island populations to become subdivided and genetically differentiated. Indonesian long-tailed macaques
show evidence of long-term separation and genetic isolation from the mainland populations, whereas long-tailed macaques from
the Philippines and Mauritius both display evidence of founder effects and subsequent isolation, with the impact from genetic
drift being more profound in the latter. 相似文献
20.
Paul C. S. Divis Balbir Singh Fread Anderios Shamilah Hisam Asmad Matusop Clemens H. Kocken Samuel A. Assefa Craig W. Duffy David J. Conway 《PLoS pathogens》2015,11(5)
Human malaria parasite species were originally acquired from other primate hosts and subsequently became endemic, then spread throughout large parts of the world. A major zoonosis is now occurring with Plasmodium knowlesi from macaques in Southeast Asia, with a recent acceleration in numbers of reported cases particularly in Malaysia. To investigate the parasite population genetics, we developed sensitive and species-specific microsatellite genotyping protocols and applied these to analysis of samples from 10 sites covering a range of >1,600 km within which most cases have occurred. Genotypic analyses of 599 P. knowlesi infections (552 in humans and 47 in wild macaques) at 10 highly polymorphic loci provide radical new insights on the emergence. Parasites from sympatric long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) were very highly differentiated (FST = 0.22, and K-means clustering confirmed two host-associated subpopulations). Approximately two thirds of human P. knowlesi infections were of the long-tailed macaque type (Cluster 1), and one third were of the pig-tailed-macaque type (Cluster 2), with relative proportions varying across the different sites. Among the samples from humans, there was significant indication of genetic isolation by geographical distance overall and within Cluster 1 alone. Across the different sites, the level of multi-locus linkage disequilibrium correlated with the degree of local admixture of the two different clusters. The widespread occurrence of both types of P. knowlesi in humans enhances the potential for parasite adaptation in this zoonotic system. 相似文献