Seven newSalmonella types

Seven hitherto unrecognizedSalmonella types are described.S.leiden (13, 22, 36 : z 38),S. enschede (35 : z 10 : l,w) andS. hillegersberg (9, 46 : z 35 : 1,5) were isolated from patients in the Netherlands.S. lawra (44 : k : e,n,z 15) was isolated from a healthy student in Ghana.S. overvecht (30 : a : 1,2),S. woerden (17 : c : z 39) andS. odijk (30 : a : z 39) were isolated from animals kept in zoological gardens in the Netherlands.     

Twelve newSalmonella types

Twelve hitherto unrecognizedSalmonella types are described. S. heerlen (11 : i : 1,6) andS. sloterdijk (1, 4, 12, 27 : z 35 : z 6) were isolated from patients in the Netherlands,S. maartensdijk (40 : g, p) was isolated from a healthy calf,S. maastricht (11 : z 41 : 1, 2(7)) from imported fishmeal,S. parera (11 : z 4, z 23 : -.) from water on the island Bonaire,S. putten (13, 23, 36 : d : 1, w),S. hoograven (50 : z 10 : z 6 : z 42),S. schalkwijk ((6), 14, (24) : i : e, n, ...),S. hilversum (30 : k : 1, 2) andS. harmelen (51 : z 4, z 23 : -.) from reptiles,S. breukelen (6, 8 : 1, z 13 : e, n, z 15) from a cuscus andS. maarssen (9, 46 : z 4, z 24 : z 39 : z 42) from a lizard.     

Stomatal types ofCactaceae

The stomatal types (i.e. the arrangement of epidermal cells in the vicinity of a stomatal pore in superficial view) have been examined in more than 150 taxa ofCactaceae, mostly using documented material. Preparations have been made by mazerating pieces of tissue with modified Jeffrey's Solution and staining with chlore-zinc-jodine.—The examined members of the subfamilyCactoideae showed parallelocytic stomata with only minor deviations in a number of cases. Members of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae show parallelocytic stomata on the leaves, but the stomatas of the stem represent a different type, which apparently is not yet described. It is termed opuntioid here. In most cases the stomata are superficial but a few taxa show markedly sunken or hidden stomata.—In taxa of the subfamiliesPereskioideae andOpuntioideae the stomata are generally oriented parallel to the stem axis with only minor deviations. The stomata of taxa of the subfamilyCactoideae do in general not show a particular orientation with the notable exception of a number of epiphytic genera from the tribeHylocereeae.—The results of these investigations in general coincide well with the generic classification of theCactaceae byHunt (1967). A few cases where stomatal characters suggest a differing classification merit further investigations.—Additionally, the possibilities to distinguish between paracytic and parallelocytic stomata are discussed and an amended definition for the latter is given.     

European allergenic pollen types

Summary Pollen data have been collected from 66 stations, situated in 19 European countries thanks to the initiative of both the Working Group «European Aeroallergen Network» (of the Int. Assoc. of Aerobiology) and the Subcommittee «Aerobiology of inhalant allergens» of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Volumetric data over periods of 3 to 5 years (up to 1988) were included, and 15 both aerobiologically and allergologically relevant taxa were selected. Geographically adjacent stations were grouped together into regions looking at the peak period of the airborne grass-pollen presence. The result is a collection of 21 regional European pollen calendars, some of which are covering several countries (e.g. «Western Europe»), others are applicable only to a part of one country (e.g. «Southern Italy»).Comparing the calendars, general features are the South-to-North delay shift in the appearance of tree-pollen types in Spring, and the reverse shift for the weed-pollen types in late summer. The presence ofAmbrosia pollen in the air in several parts of Central Europe is clearly shown.     

Mating types inPichia membranaefaciens

Mating types have been found in a strain ofPichia membranaefaciens. The implication of this finding for the classification of some heterothallic species provisionally placed in the genusEndomycopsis is considered.     

Seven types of adaptationism

Godfrey-Smith (2001) has distinguished three types of adaptationism. This article builds on his analysis, and revises it in places, by distinguishing seven varieties of adaptationism. This taxonomy allows us to clarify what is at stake in debates over adaptationism, and it also helps to cement the importance of Gould and Lewontin’s ‘Spandrels’ essay. Some adaptationists have suggested that their essay does not offer any coherent alternative to the adaptationist programme: it consists only in an exhortation to test adaptationist hypotheses more thoroughly than was usual in the 1970s. Here it is argued that the ‘Spandrels’ paper points towards a genuinely non-adaptationist methodology implicit in much evolutionary developmental biology. This conclusion helps to expose the links between older debates over adaptationism and more recent questions about the property of evolvability.

Cerumen types in Eskimos

High frequencies of dry type cerumen were found in Eskimos of the Nome and Bethel areas of Alaska, supporting the assumption of decreasing frequency of dry cerumen with increasing distance from the Bering Strait.     

Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae

There is a need to quantify and qualify the ability of ectomycorrhizae to improve tree growth and nutrition and, in particular, to define criteria to classify ectomycorrhizae with respect to ecologically relevant features. Whereas the numbers of ectomycorrhizae and morphotypes give useful information when related to root biomass, root length or soil volume, the development and differentiation of the extramatrical mycelium may represent important predicative features relevant to the ecological classification of ectomycorrhizae. Here, different exploration types of ectomycorrhizae are distinguished based on the amount of emanating hyphae or the presence and differentiation of rhizomorphs. Their putative ecological importance is discussed. Accepted: 27 March 2001     

Danish deciduous forest types

In this study, the first comprehensive multivariate statistical analysis of Danish native forest vegetation, based on 1768 sample plots, is presented. Data were composed of data from literature sources and newly collected data. A series of cluster analyses resulted in 24 forest community types, grouped in beech (Fagus sylvatica), oak (Quercus robur-Q. petraea), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), alder-ash (Alnus-Fraxinus) and lime (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos) types, in addition to mixed forest communities with several co-dominant tree species. The described communities are provisionally arranged syntaxonomically, when possible, according to the international phytosociological system. The distribution of ecological indicator values of pH, soil moisture and nitrogen is gradual in relation to the perceived plant communities. Many forest types, such as beech and oak dominated types, obtain indicated values for pH that span most of the indicated gradient. It is suggested that natural Danish forests probably would be composed of a multitude of canopy forming tree species. The present stands with one or a few tree species forming the canopy is the result of long anthropogenic influence and selective logging.