次氯酸钠离析法观测甘蓝叶片脉序的处理条件优化筛选

次氯酸钠(NaClO)离析法主要用于植物叶片表皮的观测, 在研究过程中发现该法也可用于叶片脉序的观测。以甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)为实验材料, 采用二次正交设计方法对水煮时间、NaOH浓度、NaOH处理时间、NaClO浓度、NaClO处理温度和处理时间等各种处理条件进行优化筛选, 以期得到适合于甘蓝叶片脉序观测的最佳处理条件组合。实验结果表明, 新鲜甘蓝叶片水煮3分钟, 10%的NaOH溶液60°C水浴处理2.5小时, 3%的NaClO溶液40°C水浴离析2小时,叶片脉序的观测效果最佳。     

碱法提取喜树碱工艺的研究

通过正交试验设计,探讨了以稀NaOH溶液为溶剂从喜树果实中提取喜树碱的工艺条件。确定的最佳工艺条件为:NaOH溶液浓度为0.3%,NaOH溶液用量16ml/g原料·次,提取时间为3~4h,提取温度为室温。     

垂序商陆叶片总皂苷的提取及杀虫活性研究

对纤维素酶-微波协同提取垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana Linn.)叶片总皂苷过程中纤维素酶用量、纤维素酶作用时间、微波提取时间和微波功率进行单因子实验和L9(34)正交实验,测定了4月至10月叶片总皂苷含量及总皂苷提取物对小菜蛾[Plutella xylostella(Linn.)]的灭杀活性。结果表明:纤维素酶用量、纤维素酶作用时间、微波提取时间和微波功率均对垂序商陆叶片总皂苷得率有明显影响。垂序商陆叶片总皂苷的最佳提取条件为纤维素酶用量0.08 g·g~(-1)、纤维素酶作用时间100 min、微波提取时间35 s和微波功率400 W;该条件下叶片总皂苷得率为2.53%。随着时间的推移,垂序商陆叶片总皂苷含量呈"升高—稳定—降低"的趋势,总皂苷含量在8月最高,9月之后急剧下降。在同一处理时间,小菜蛾的校正死亡率随着总皂苷提取物质量浓度的提高逐渐升高;同一质量浓度总皂苷提取物条件下,小菜蛾的校正死亡率随着处理时间的延长也逐渐升高。质量浓度5.0 mg·m L-1总皂苷提取物处理96 h时小菜蛾的校正死亡率达73.3%。9月总皂苷提取物对小菜蛾的灭杀效果优于5月和7月。本研究初步建立垂序商陆叶片总皂苷的纤维素酶-微波协同提取条件,明确其叶片总皂苷提取物对小菜蛾具有一定的灭杀活性,为利用垂序商陆叶片开发生物农药提供参考。     

莼菜休眠芽解除休眠及生根的研究

莼菜为世界著名珍稀水生蔬菜,具有很高的食用和药用价值。已有研究显示,可通过冬芽实现莼菜复壮,找出休眠解除的最佳方法是复壮的基本前提。本实验以莼菜冬季型休眠芽（冬芽）为实验材料,通过光照、温度等处理探求莼菜冬芽的休眠解除方法。莼菜冬芽生根率随着光照强度的增加,其生根率由全黑暗0%显著增长至（16.0±1.3）%;温度和处理时间对莼菜冬芽生根率、根长、生根根数和含水量有显著性影响。其中,35 °C水浴处理6 h后各项指标均到达较大值,上述指标分别为（96.1±2.8）%、（7.2±0.2） cm、74.5±6.0和（83.6±0.3）%;40 °C（6 h）、45 °C（1、3和6 h）和50 °C（10、20和30 min）水浴处理后莼菜冬芽绝大部分失绿变黄;随着培养时间的延长,其冬芽全部腐烂。光照能够促进莼菜冬芽生根;土培生根效果较为显著;适度水浴加热处理能有效解除莼菜冬芽的休眠,35 °C水浴处理6 h为最佳处理方案。     

碱法前处理对小麦麸皮酶解制取低聚木糖的影响

以小麦麸皮为原料,用不同浓度NaOH溶液进行预处理后结合微波消解制取低聚木糖。小麦麸皮以料液比1:10,经NaOH浓度2.5%,温度60℃,时间为2.5小时前处理及微波处理后酶解24h的样品中,低聚木糖提取率高到达22.79%.     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子壁黑色素提取方法研究

探究稻曲病菌（Ustiloginoidea virens（Cooke） Takahashi）厚垣孢子壁黑色素的最佳提取方法,采用以HCl为提取剂的酸提法和以NaOH为提取剂的碱提法,对该病菌黑色和黄色2种厚垣孢子壁的黑色素进行提取,用3因素3水平进行正交设计试验,结果表明以NaOH作提取剂为佳,其提取黑色素效果最佳的组合条件为3 mol/L NaOH、2 mol/L HC l、水浴温度80℃、水浴时间120 min。     

稻壳作为缓释碳源及载体的改性研究

稻壳可作为废水处理的外加碳源, 通过适当改性处理可提高其应用性能。为探索稻壳的改性条件, 以不同浓度的NaOH、Ca(OH)2、NaClO为改性试剂对稻壳进行改性处理, 并研究了改性后稻壳的表面结构、芽孢杆菌吸附量、静态释碳量、可生化性以及成分含量变化。结果表明: 6% NaOH、0.9% Ca(OH)2和3% NaClO处理对稻壳表面糙化、芽孢杆菌吸附性和静态释碳能力有良好的提升效果。在此三组中, 6% NaOH处理后稻壳可生化效果最佳, CD600增长率为其他处理组的4倍; 纤维素含量增加了16.03%, 灰分含量显著降低, 仅剩4.9%; 且结构改性效果最为明显, 适用于稻壳改性优化。     

响应面法优化氧化胁迫提高透明质酸分子量

本文研究了氧化剂NaClO胁迫培养兽疫链球菌Streptococcuszooepidemicus对透明质酸(HA)分子量的影响。运用响应面分析法优化发酵工艺条件,在单因素实验基础上,采用中心复合法研究了NaClO的加入时间和加入浓度对HA分子量的影响。利用Mintab 16软件分析确定最佳提取工艺,根据实际条件,得到HA最佳的发酵工艺参数为:NaClO加入时间7 h,NaClO加入浓度为0.415 mL/L。HA分子量由178万Da提高到219万Da。     

旱半夏叶柄无菌接种条件的优化

以野生旱半夏的幼嫩叶柄为材料,对叶柄消毒剂的种类、浓度和灭菌时间进行分析比较,以探索叶柄作为外植体的无菌接种最佳条件,为旱半夏的快速繁殖及资源保护提供基础。结果表明:选择广安野生旱半夏叶柄为外植体,70%酒精处理45 s,2%的NaClO处理15 min,4%的NaClO处理9 min和12 min,材料没有污染、褐化和玻璃化现象,是最佳无菌条件,在此条件下培养利于旱半夏的生长。     

常用消毒剂次氯酸钠和二氧化氯对小林三代虫的杀灭效果

为了有效控制三代虫病, 实验以寄生于金鱼的小林三代虫(Gyrodactylus kobayashii)为动物模型, 研究了两种常用消毒剂次氯酸钠溶液(NaClO)和二氧化氯(ClO2)的杀虫效果。结果表明: 在离体(in vitro)条件下, 当NaClO的有效浓度0.2 mg/L或ClO2的有效浓度0.15 mg/L 时, 小林三代虫的平均存活时间均少于2h, 而对照组中小林三代虫的平均存活时间是20.8h。当ClO2的有效浓度0.15 mg/L时, 70%以上的虫体发黑, 而其他浓度处理组, 大部分虫体即使死亡, 虫体依然保持透明。在在体(in vivo)条件下, 当 NaClO的有效浓度0.2 mg/L或ClO2的有效浓度0.5 mg/L 时, 驱虫率都几乎达到100%, 并且驱虫率随着药物浓度的增加而提高,但当ClO2的有效浓度为0.6 mg/L时, 养殖水体出现了白色絮状物。在在体条件下, NaClO的驱虫效果好于ClO2。在金鱼的急性毒性实验中, NaClO和ClO2的安全浓度分别是0.18和0.48 mg/L, 仅稍低于其在在体条件下完全驱除小林三代虫的最小浓度(0.2、0.5 mg/L), 说明次氯酸钠溶液和二氧化氯在驱除三代虫时对金鱼不太安全, 因此, 在治疗金鱼的三代虫病时要慎使次氯酸钠溶液和二氧化氯。然而, 这两种消毒剂能否适用于其他鱼类三代虫病的治疗则有待进一步研究。     

Alkaline subcritical water gasification of dairy industry waste (Whey)

The near-critical water gasification of dairy industry waste in the form of Whey, a product composed of mixtures of carbohydrates (mainly lactose) and amino acids such as glycine and glutamic acid, has been studied. The gasification process involved partial oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of NaOH. The reactions were studied over the temperature range from 300°C to 390°C, corresponding pressures of 9.5-24.5 MPa and reaction times from 0 min to 120 min. Hydrogen production was affected by the presence of NaOH, the concentration of H(2)O(2), temperature, reaction time and feed concentration. Up to 40% of the theoretical hydrogen gas production was achieved at 390°C. Over 80% of the Whey nitrogen content was found as ammonia, mainly in the liquid effluent.     

Optimization of pretreatment and saccharification for the production of bioethanol from water hyacinth by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Alkaline-oxidative (A/O) pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification were optimized for bioethanol fermentation from water hyacinth by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Water hyacinth was subjected to A/O pretreatment at various NaOH and H(2)O(2) concentrations and reaction temperatures for the optimization of bioethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae. The most effective condition for A/O pretreatment was 7% (w/v) NaOH at 100 °C and 2% (w/v) H(2)O(2). The carbohydrate content was analyzed after reaction at various enzyme concentrations and enzyme ratios using Celluclast 1.5 L and Viscozyme L to determine the effective conditions for enzymatic saccharification. After ethanol fermentation using S. cerevisiae KCTC 7928, the concentration of glucose, ethanol and glycerol was analyzed by HPLC using a RI detector. The yield of ethanol in batch fermentation was 0.35 g ethanol/g biomass. Continuous fermentation was carried out at a dilution rate of 0.11 (per h) and the ethanol productivity was 0.77 [g/(l h)].     

Cellulose nanofibrils prepared from softwood cellulose by TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO₂ systems in water at pH 4.8 or 6.8

Catalytic oxidation of softwood cellulose using NaClO and either 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-H-TEMPO) or 4-acetamido-TEMPO (4-AcNH-TEMPO) was applied with NaClO(2) used as a primary oxidant in an aqueous buffer at pH 4.8 or 6.8. When the 4-AcNH-TEMPO-mediated oxidation was applied to softwood cellulose in water at pH 4.8 and 40 °C, the carboxylate content rose to ～1.3 mmol/g after reaction for 48 h and the DP(v) value was more than 1100. This 4-AcNH-TEMPO-oxidized softwood cellulose was mostly converted to individual nanofibrils by mechanical disintegration in water, with uniform widths of 3-4 nm and lengths greater than 1 μm.     

Pretreatment of corn stover by combining ionic liquid dissolution with alkali extraction

Pretreatment plays an important role in the efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuels. A highly effective pretreatment method is reported for corn stover which combines mild alkali-extraction followed by ionic liquid (IL) dissolution of the polysaccharides and regeneration (recovery of the polysaccharides as solids). Air-dried, knife-milled corn stover was soaked in 1% NaOH at a moderate condition (90°C, 1 h) and then thoroughly washed with hot deionized (DI) water. The alkali extraction solublized 75% of the lignin and 37% of the hemicellulose. The corn stover fibers became softer and smoother after the alkali extraction. Unextracted and extracted corn stover samples were separately dissolved in an IL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C(4) mimCl), at 130°C for 2 h and then regenerated with DI water. The IL dissolution process did not significantly change the chemical composition of the materials, but did alter their structural features. Untreated and treated corn stover samples were hydrolyzed with commercial enzyme preparations including cellulases and hemicellulases at 50°C. The glucose yield from the corn stover sample that was both alkali-extracted and IL-dissolved was 96% in 5 h of hydrolysis. This is a highly effective methodology for minimizing the enzymatic loading for biomass hydrolysis and/or maximizing the conversion of biomass polysaccharides into sugars.     

Dynamic viscoelastic properties of cellulose carbamate dissolved in NaOH aqueous solution

Dynamic viscoelastic properties of cellulose carbamate (CC) dissolved in NaOH aqueous solution were systematically studied for the first time. CC was microwave-assisted synthesized from the mixture of cellulose and urea and then dissolved in 7 wt % NaOH aqueous solution precooled to -7 °C. The obtained CC solution is transparent and has good liquidity. To clarify the rheological behavior of the solution, the CC solutions were investigated by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. The shear storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G') as a function of the angular frequency (ω), concentration (c), nitrogen content (N %), viscosity-average molecular weight (M(η)), temperature (T), and time (t) were analyzed and discussed in detail. The sol-gel transition temperature of CC (M(η) = 7.78 × 10(4)) solution decreased from 36.5 to 31.3 °C with an increase of the concentration from 3.0 to 4.3 wt % and decreased from 35.7 to 27.5 °C with an increase of the nitrogen content from 1.718 to 5.878%. The gelation temperature of a 3.8 wt % CC solution dropped from 38.2 to 34.4 °C with the M(η) of CC increased from 6.35 × 10(4) to 9.56 × 10(4). The gelation time of the CC solution was relatively short at 30 °C, but the solution was stable for a long time at about 15 °C. Moreover, the gels already formed at elevated temperature were irreversible; that is, after cooling to a lower temperature including the dissolution temperature (-7 °C), they could not be dissolved to become liquid.     

Preparation of low-molecular-mass peptides by enzyme autolysis oF Paphia undulata

Paphia undulata was used to prepare low-molecular-mass peptides by enzyme autolysis. The optimum condition for autolysis was studied to reach a maximum yield of peptides. Results showed that the yield of low-molecular-mass peptides was 4.33% and 78.57% of the total protein can be recovered under the optimized condition: pH = 6.5, temperature = 45 °C, reaction time = 4 h, ratio of starting material and water = 1:3 and the enzyme dosage was 1374.0 U/g.     

Effects of thermo-chemical pre-treatment of grass silage on methane production by anaerobic digestion

Dried grass silage (GS) was pre-treated at different NaOH loading rates (1%, 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% by volatile solids (VS) mass in grass silage) and temperatures (20 °C, 60 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C) to determine effects on its bio-degradability in terms of the hydrolysis yield and degradation of ligno-cellulosic materials for biogas production. At 100 °C and the four NaOH loadings, up to 45% of the total COD was solubilised and up to 65.6%, 36.1% and 21.2% of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were removed, respectively; biological methane production potentials obtained were 359.5, 401.8, 449.5 and 452.5 ml CH?/g VS added, respectively, being improved by 10-38.9% in comparison with untreated GS. VS removals following anaerobic digestion were 67.6%, 76.9%, 85.3%, 95.2% and 96.7% for untreated GS and GS treated at the four NaOH loadings, respectively. 100 °C and the NaOH loading rate of 5% is recommended as a proper GS pre-treatment condition.     

锁阳种子生活力测定及前处理的方法

以野生充分成熟的锁阳净种子为材料,研究了附属物清除、硬实破除及生活力测定的方法。结果表明,清除锁阳种子附属物最有效的方法是开水烫种,冷至室温浸种24h后用尼龙纱网搓揉和1％的NaOH溶液处理。破除硬实,去除种皮最适宜的方法是1．0mol·L-1的NaOH处理5h、1．5mol·L-1的NaOH处理4～5h、2．0mol·L-1的NaOH处理3～5h。测定锁阳种子生活力的最佳方法是20℃光照条件下离体培养15d。     

基于正交实验法优化从栀子黄色素中制备藏红花酸的工艺

基于正交实验法,优化从栀子黄色素中提取制备藏红花酸的碱水解工艺,以期可以简单高效地获得高纯度藏红花酸。建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定藏红花酸含量,以藏红花酸的含量和得率为考察指标,采用正交实验法考察碱水解工艺中的料液比、NaOH浓度、水解温度和水解时间对产品中藏红花酸含量和得率的影响。确定栀子黄色素碱水解的最佳条件:料液比1∶6 g/mL、NaOH浓度3 mol/L、水解温度55℃、水解时间60 min。在该条件下制备获得的藏红花酸得率可达15.33%±1.25%;含量可达到97.24%±0.78%。优化后方法步骤简单易行,绿色无污染,一步制得高纯度藏红花酸,适用于工业化生产。