广州、深圳地区蔬菜生产基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)研究

对广州 (含增城、花都 )和深圳地区的 9个代表性蔬菜生产基地进行调查采样 ,利用超声波提取 -硅胶柱净化 -气相色谱 /质谱联机检测技术 (GC/ MS) ,分析了土壤中属于 U.S.EPA优控污染物的 6种邻苯二甲酸酯 (PAEs)化合物。结果表明 ,6种PAEs化合物总含量 (Σ PAEs)在 3.0 0～ 4 5 .6 7mg/ kg之间 ,其中 37%样品的Σ PAEs在 10～ 2 0 mg/ kg,2 2 %样品的Σ PAEs在2 0～ 30 m g/ kg。各蔬菜基地中以联兴基地的 Σ PAEs平均值最高 (35 .6 2 m g/ kg) ;广清基地的 Σ PAEs平均值最低 (10 .31m g/kg)。各 PAEs化合物中以 DEHP的含量最高 ,Dn BP次之 ,两者共占 Σ PAEs的 90 %以上。BBP、DEP、DMP和 Dn OP的含量均在 2 .0 mg/ kg以下。与美国土壤 PAEs控制标准相比 ,除了 Dn OP外 ,其余 5个化合物均不同程度超标 ,其中 DEP、Dn OP、DEHP超标较普遍且较严重。但所有 PAEs化合物的含量均低于美国土壤 PAEs治理标准。总体上看 ,上述蔬菜基地土壤中PAEs的含量较高 ,说明受到了不同程度的污染     

细河河水及其沿岸地下水水质的有机污染特征

调查了沈阳市细河河水及其沿岸地下水水质中石油类和美国环保局(USEPA)"黑名单"上的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的有机污染现状,评价细河污染带来的生态风险。结果表明:细河河水中石油类浓度和16种PAHs总浓度范围分别为0.031～1.819mg.L-1和0.026～0.384μg.L-1,平均浓度分别为1.007mg.L-1和0.151μg.L-1;细河沿岸地下水中石油类浓度和16种PAHs总浓度范围分别为0.020～0.987mg.L-1和0.051～0.389μg.L-1,平均浓度分别为0.364mg.L-1和0.133μg.L-1;细河河水和地下水中的石油类污染严重;河水中的PAHs浓度在流经规模较大的城镇或乡镇处出现高值点,苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(k)荧蒽在河水与地下水中的检出率较高,对水生生态系统健康构成了潜在的威胁。     

樟树林生态系统水文学过程中多环芳烃的迁移与转化机理

依据3a定位研究数据,采用气相色谱法对樟树林生态系统水文过程中PAHs的迁移转化机理进行了研究,结果表明:大气降水中携带的PAHs有10种,总含量为288.662μg.L-1;林内穿透水中PAHs有6种,总含量为101.901μg.L-1;树干茎流水中有5种,总含量为82.069μg.L-1;灌木层和草本层穿透水中只有4种,总含量分别为49.049μg.L-1和74.938μg.L-1。大气降水中的PAHs经过树冠、树干、灌木和草本层的吸收、淋溶和淋洗作用后,有的种类表现为完全被吸收而消失,有的种类浓度大幅度降低,而有的种类则浓度增大。随地表径流迁移水中PAHs有5种,总含量为36.866μg.L-1,与大气降水相比,PAHs种类减少50%,浓度降低87%。同时阐述了水文学过程中PAHs迁移转化机理和樟树林具有较高的净化效能。该项研究为城市森林的铲污机制提供了理论依据。     

太子河水体中多环芳烃分布与污染源解析

利用振荡提取-硅胶柱净化-HPLC荧光(FLD)/二级阵列检测器(DAD)检测法测定了太子河水中USEPA16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量。结果表明,枯水期(4月)、丰水期(7月)和平水期(10月)太子河水中PAHs总浓度分别为454.5～1379.7、1801.6～5868.9和367.0～5794.5ng.L-1,同国内外河流相比,太子河水中PAHs污染较严重,且具有明显的季节分布特征,丰水期PAHs浓度远高于枯水期。丰水期、平水期和枯水期太子河水中均以2～3环PAHs为主,但不同季节代表性PAHs的种类不同。污染来源分析表明,枯水期太子河水中PAHs主要来源于石油污染,丰水期和平水期主要来源于石油源和燃烧源的混合源。     

沈阳细河水中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

通过测定不同季节细河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,研究了细河水中PAHs的分布,探讨了PAHs的来源,评价了其生态风险。细河水中6月(夏季)16种PAHs的含量为0.214～0.857μg·L-1,平均为0.562μg·L-1;9月(秋季)水中PAHs含量为0.195～0.633μg·L-1,平均0.380μg·L-1;11月(冬季)水中PAHs含量为0.122～0.486μg.L-1,平均含量为0.236μg·L-1。苯并(a)芘含量明显高于国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002);对细河水中PAHs污染来源分析发现,6月和9月PAHs的主要来源为石油污染和石油及其精炼产品的燃烧;通过商值法对细河的初步风险评价表明,细河水中苯并(a)芘存在较大的生态风险,应引起关注。     

大辽河水系表层水中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用GC/MS对大辽河水系的浑河、太子河和大辽河表层水和悬浮物中的多环芳烃 (PAHs) 进行了定量分析,探讨了大辽河水系表层水和悬浮物中多环芳烃分布特征与来源.结果表明,水样和悬浮颗粒物中PAHs总量浓度分布范围分别为：水样946.1～13 448.5 ng·L^-1;悬浮颗粒物317.5～238 518.7 ng·g^-1.多环芳烃的浓度分布表现为太子河>大辽河>浑河,靠近工业区的PAHs浓度明显高于城市和非工业区.水样中PAHs以3～5环为主,悬浮颗粒物样中PAHs以2环为主.PAHs特定分子比率分析表明,大辽河水系受到石油输入和热解的复合PAH污染,采样站位附近石油化工和钢铁工业是PAHs的主要来源.与世界其他河流和海洋地区相比,水和悬浮颗粒物中污染浓度较高,具有一定的生态风险.     

沈阳河流和沿岸地区环境多介质中锰的分布及生态风险评价

对沈阳地区主要河流河水、沉积物及周边地下水、土壤、农作物和人发样品中锰浓度进行了分析,并对其分布特征和生态风险进行了探讨。沈阳河流沿岸地区表层土壤样品中锰浓度平均值处于辽河平原土壤中锰元素背景值范围之内并低于地壳丰度。生活饮用水水源地的水锰浓度(0.01mg·L-1)符合我国集中式生活饮用水地表水源地标准。浑河、细河、沈抚灌渠水中锰浓度为0.06～14.2mg·L-1,与国内外其他河流相比没有明显锰污染;但细河流域部分地区地下水中锰浓度(夏、秋季分别平均为4.17和2.75mg·L-1)超过国家地下水质量标准规定III和IV类水。沈阳彰驿地区农作物中锰浓度范围为3～266μg·g-1干重,不同作物锰浓度差异较大;锰污染较严重的农作物为浅层地下水灌溉所致。当地居民通过饮用水和食用农作物途径的锰摄入量几乎相当,均低于最小中毒剂量0.06mg·kg-1体重·d-1。细河附近一些村庄居民头发中的锰浓度平均达24.6μg·g-1,其中女性平均为26.4μg·g-1,高于男性,接近国内正常发锰(1.3～9.8μg·g-1)上限的3倍;发锰浓度与居民年龄存在着明显关系,20～30岁年龄段人群发锰较高。     

南亚热带典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃和有机氯农药研究

参考美国EPA标准方法对南亚热带潮汕地区农业土壤中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃（PAHs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）进行分析,并对其分布和来源进行研究,最后探讨了不同种植方式下污染物的污染特征。结果表明：该区农业土壤中PAHs含量范围从22．1ng／g到1256．9ng／g,与其它地区的污染程度和一些土壤环境质量标准相比,该区处于中等污染水平。高温裂解是土壤PAHs的主要来源。OCPs在被禁止20a后在土壤中仍有残留,残留水平从4．6ng／g到1021．5ng／g,其中HCHs和DDTs的残留未超过国家土壤环境质量标准。早期使用残留是其主要污染源,但新近仍有DDT和硫丹的输入。PAHs和OCPs的污染主要集中在土壤表层和亚表层,且随着深度的加深,污染逐渐减少,但40cm以下,污染变化很小。菜地土壤PAHs污染水平低于稻田土壤,而OCPs污染水平高于稻田土壤。     

二化螟盘绒茧蜂及稻虱缨小蜂对挥发物的嗅觉反应

【目的】揭示二化螟盘绒茧蜂Apanteles chilonis Munakata与稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae对单一水稻挥发物组分的选择行为,了解水稻挥发物在其寄主搜寻过程中的作用,为水稻害虫寄生蜂引诱剂的研发提供技术基础。【方法】利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了二化螟盘绒茧蜂与稻虱缨小蜂对11种水稻挥发物组分(反-2-己烯醛、α-蒎烯、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-石竹烯、反-3-己烯醛、水杨酸甲酯、罗勒烯、苯甲醛、2-壬酮、柠檬烯)的嗅觉行为反应。【结果】β-石竹烯(10、50μg/kg)、罗勒烯(0.1、1、10μg/kg)、2-壬酮(10μg/kg)及反-2-己烯醛(50μg/kg)对二化螟盘绒茧蜂行为具有显著影响;稻虱缨小蜂对反-2-己烯醛(50μg/kg)、反-3-己烯醛(1、10、50μg/kg)、芳樟醇(0.1、1、10μg/kg)、β-石竹烯(0.1、50μg/kg)、罗勒烯(1μg/kg)、α-蒎烯(1μg/kg)和水杨酸甲酯(0.1、1、10、50μg/kg)有显著的嗅觉反应。【结论】寄生蜂对水稻挥发性气味的识别与挥发物的种类和浓度有很大关系,研发水稻害虫寄生蜂的引诱剂时需考虑挥发物的种类与浓度。     

藏东南大气氮湿沉降动态变化——以林芝观测点为例

利用量雨器和湿沉降收集仪在藏东南通过2a的试验, 研究了该区大气氮素沉降的浓度、沉降量以及季节变化规律.结果表明:藏东南大气氮素湿沉降(无机氮)为1.33～3.05 kg/ (hm2·a),平均值为2.36 kg/ (hm2·a),降水中铵态氮和硝态氮的平均浓度分别为0.36 mg/L和0.10 mg/L ,NH+4-N/ NO-3-N接近4 .各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性,其中NH+4-N月均浓度动态变化明显,5、6、7月份浓度较高(＞0.5 mg/L),NO-3-N 12月份浓度(0.49 mg/L)为全年最高;氮浓度的季节变化,以春冬较高,夏秋季较低,离散程度以春季最大.降水量与各形态氮沉降呈一定幂型负相关,相关系数为0.705,0.641,分别达到0.006 (NH+4-N)和0.019(NO-3-N)的显著水平.氮月沉降以5～6月份最高,占全年的32.3%;氮季沉降以夏季所占比例最高,约占50%,冬季最低(2%～3%).     

Distribution,Levels, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Singed Cattle Hide

Human beings are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various occupational, environmental, and dietary sources. The study was carried out in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana to assess the levels of PAHs in treated and untreated cattle hide and the associated health risks thereof. Treated cattle hide (wele) is one of the most well-patronized meat products in Ghana. A total of 90, treated (n = 36), untreated (n = 36), and control (n = 18) cattle hide samples were treated and analyzed using a gas chromatography flame ionization detection (GC/FID) technique. The total PAH concentration in the treated cattle hide ranged from 5.9 μg/kg naphthalene to 719.9 μg/kg benzo[b]fluoranthene. The total PAHs in untreated hide ranged from 57.6 μg/kg naphthalene to 19840.9 μg/kg benzo[b]fluoranthene. The amount of PAHs in the control hide, however, ranged from non-detectable for many of the PAHs to 0.5 μg/kg for fluorene. The carcinogenic risk value associated with the consumption of treated hide in children ranged between 1.0 × 10^?3 and 9.4 × 10^?3 whereas that of adults ranged between 1.9 × 10^?4 and 2.1 × 10^?5. This implies that the continuous consumption of heavily burnt cattle hide may not exempt the consumers from all the possible health cases associated with PAHs.     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

This paper describes a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk samples. The method involves a liquid-liquid extraction procedure after saponification of milk samples with sodium hydroxide. Reproducible determination with highly sensitive detection was attained by HPLC with fluorescence detection using 1,2-bis(9-anthryl)ethane as an internal standard. The detection limits of 12 kinds of PAHs ranged from 1.3 to 76 ng/kg milk at a signal/noise ratio of 3. By the proposed method, the presence of 12 and 11 kinds of PAHs could be confirmed in commercial milk and human milk samples, respectively. The average concentrations of total PAHs (mean+/-SD, micro g/kg) were found to be 0.99+/-0.37 for commercial milk (n=14), 2.01+/-0.30 for infant formula (n=3) and 0.75+/-0.47 for human milk (n=51). High correlation coefficients between the concentrations of total PAHs and triglyceride were observed for commercial milk (r=0.659) and human milk (r=0.645).     

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Trace Metals in New Orleans Soils and Sediments

Soil and sediment samples from New Orleans have been collected and analyzed for contamination by 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 8 trace metals. Total PAH contents were found to vary from 40 μ g/kg to 40,000 μ g/kg, and concentrations of total metals varied in the range of 80 mg/kg and 7600 mg/kg. Source analysis of PAHs using diagnostic concentration ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/ pyrene indicated that PAHs found at elevated concentrations in New Orleans soils and sediments were of pyrolytic origins. Spearman rank bivariate correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between soil PAHs and metals (r = 0.80, p < 0.0001) and between sediment PAHs and metals (r = 0.62, p < 0.05), suggesting common pollution sources for the two groups of environmental pollutants. Strong correlations were also found between Pb and Zn in soils (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001) as well as in sediments (r = 0.65, p < 0.05).     

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons could increase the risk of low birth weight by affecting the DNA methylation states in a Chinese cohort

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as a kind of endocrine disruptors, can enter the fetus body cross the placental barrier from prenatal PAHs exposure to cause adverse birth outcomes. However, it is controversial association between prenatal PAHs exposure and low birth weight (LBW) of their infants. So the present study aimed to estimate the effects of prenatal PAHs exposure during the pregnancy on the risk of LBW in a Chinese cohort through modifying the DNA methylation states. A longitudinal prospective study with 407 pregnant women was established from May to October 2019. The prenatal PAHs exposure during the pregnancy was assessed using the internal dose such as the PAHs metabolites and PAH-DNA adducts in the umbilical cord blood. The methylation levels of genomic DNA and growth-related genes (IGF1 and IGF2) were assessed, while the expressions of these genes were both determined by RT-PCR and Elisa methods. The growth outcomes and relevant Z-scores were recorded at birth. The correlations between the DNA methylation status and concentrations of PAHs, expression levels of growth-related genes and body weight/WAZ were investigated as the measures. According to the PAH-DNA adducts, the subjects were divided into two groups: PAHs-exposed group (PAH-DNA adducts>0, n = 55) and non-exposed group (PAH-DNA adducts = 0, n = 352). Compared with the non-exposed group, it displayed marked decreased birth weight, and increased concentrations of PAHs and DNA methylation levels of the global genomic, IGF1 and IGF2 with their lower expressions in the PAHs-exposed group. These hypermethylation (global genomic, CpG14 and CpG15 of IGF1, and CpG14 of IGF2) were positively correlated with the contents of PAHs in the umbilical cord blood, and negatively correlated with the growth outcomes and their expressions. Totally, prenatal PAHs exposures may contribute to an increased risk of LBW of their infants by modulating the DNA methylation states of genomic DNA and growth-related genes (IGF1 and IGF2) in the umbilical cord blood, which could provide the prenatal prevention of PAHs exposure from possible environmental media except from the occupation and tobacco usage to ensure the health of their infants.     

Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of trace elements of total atmospheric deposit (TAD) around a smelting industry: Aerial pollution monitor

This study monitored total atmospheric deposit (TAD) around a smelting plant in Ile-Ife, Nigeria to assess the contributions of the industry to Nigeria's air-shed pollution. Samples were collected for 12 consecutive months using an Australian model gauge, harvested after 30 d of exposure, filtered and dried to constant weights using oven. Monthly deposition rates were determined and elemental characterizations of the TAD samples were done using proton-induced X-ray emission technique. Results revealed that the monthly deposition rates ranged from 0.69 to 4.62 gm^?3 and was more pronounced in Harmattan. Twenty-three elements were detected; their total elemental concentrations ranged from 1.23 to 13.63 mg m^?3 with Fe having the highest concentrations, while Na has the least. Pearson correlation indicated that some elements have common sources and/or similar chemical properties; enrichment factor showed that Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn were extremely enriched in the study area, modified degree of contamination (3.75) and pollution load intensity (1.21) showed that the neighborhoods could be exposed to high air pollution related impacts. Positive matrix factorization model revealed three distinct sources: Smelting emission (63%), biomass burning (17%), and suspended input material emissions (21%). The study concluded that the smelting activities posed a great hazard to receptors around the smelting industry.     

长江经济带典型锌冶炼园区不同固废处置模式生态效率研究

我国铜铅锌有色冶炼固废种类多、存量大,富含多种环境毒害元素如镉铬汞砷等,而目前固废末端处置方式单一,对其所含的大量铜铅锌银镍等有价金属组分也未能有效分离,固废污染防控与高效资源化利用问题突出,已成为制约产业绿色可持续发展的关键因素。以长江经济带典型铜铅锌综合冶炼基地为例,设置直接处理(情景1)、内部循环(情景2)和协同利用(情景3)三种锌冶炼固废处置情景模式,结合物质投入产出法、层次分析法与熵值法,构建资源能耗、环境风险、物质循环与经济效益的多维生态效率指标核算方法体系,对三种情景模式开展生态效率综合评估分析。结果表明,情景3因加强了锌冶炼固废在铜、铅冶炼系统间的协同转化,其生态效率综合评价指数最高,为0.2246,较情景1和情景2分别高出313.6%和25.5%;从资源能耗角度来看,情景2单位产品能耗最高,达0.3086;而从物质循环和经济效益角度来看,情景3固废综合利用率最高,达97.6%,铜铅锌三种有价金属回收率达97.2%,利润总额达48131.3万元;但在环境风险方面,尽管情景3固废中重金属污染排放减少1470.4 t/a,但废气中铅砷镉汞等重金属污染排放却比情景1增加了3倍...     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pollution in Agricultural Soil in Tianjin,China

Representative soil samples (n = 60) collected from suburban agricultural land in Tianjin were analyzed to determine 16 PAHs in this study. Accelerated solvent extraction, GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), and SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) clean-up procedures were employed for PAH preparation prior to analysis with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the total PAHs (T-PAHs) ranged from 228.6 ng/g to 14722.1 ng/g with the mean value of 613.1 ng/g. Bap concentrations in many sites exceeded the suggested standards. Spatial variation of PAHs in soil was illustrated; the pollution status and comparison to other cities were also investigated. Severe PAH soil pollution was observed in some sites near urban areas. Higher PAH concentrations were detected at the downwind side of the urban areas, indicating the influence of human activities. Two indicative ratios (Fl/(Fl+Pyr, Baa/(Baa+Chr)) and principal component analysis were used to identify the possible sources of PAHs. These suggested that coal combustion was still the most important source of PAHs in Tianjin, which coincided well with the previous studies. These data can be further used to assess the health risk associated with soils polluted by PAHs and can help local government find proper ways to reduce PAHs’ pollution in soils.     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient particulate matter PM2.5 and 1-hydroxypyrene in children from an area near an oil refinery in Northeast Mexico

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been associated with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Urban areas characteristically have high concentrations of PAHs associated with vehicle traffic and industry; among these oil refining stands out. One of the six refineries in Mexico has operated in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey since 1979. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposure to PAHs by determining 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) concentration in children living in an urban area near an oil refinery as well as to determine the relative health risk by exposure to PAHs in this population. This study included 90 children of both sexes aged 5–12 years. Two urine samples were collected, one in summer and one in winter to determine urinary 1-OHP. At the same time, the concentrations of PAHs associated with PM_2.5 were collected in the study area. The mean concentration of 1-OHP was 0.14 μmol/mol of creatinine. Twelve PAHs were quantified, seven are potential carcinogenics and one (benzo[a]pyrene) is carcinogenic for humans, and used as an indicator of cancer relative risk from exposure to PAHs. The annual average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene suggest an excess lifetime cancer risk of 1/100,000 habitants, in the study area.     

Equine Welfare Assessment: Exploration of British Stakeholder Attitudes Using Focus-Group Discussions

The equine industry in Great Britain has not been subject to the same pressures as the farming industry to engage with welfare assessment, but this may change as concern about equine welfare increases. Stakeholder attitudes toward welfare assessment may impact the implementation of welfare assessment practices. Focus-group discussions regarding welfare assessment were conducted with 6 equine stakeholder groups: leisure horse owners (caregivers; n = 4), grooms (n = 5), veterinary surgeons (n = 3), welfare scientists (n = 4), welfare charity workers (n = 5), and professional riders (n = 4). Three themes emerged from the discussions: (a) Participants predominantly interpreted welfare assessment as a means of identifying and correcting poor welfare in an immediate way; (b) participants believed that horse welfare varied over time; and (c) attributes of the assessor were viewed as an important consideration for equine welfare assessment. The views of equine industry members give insight into the value welfare assessments may have to the industry and how equine welfare assessment approaches can achieve credibility within the industry and increase the positive impact of welfare assessments on equine welfare.     

基于投入产出表的北京市产业生态效率

提高生态效率对协调经济发展与环境保护的关系至关重要。为了了解北京市产业转型过程中各产业部门生态效率的变化趋势,识别提高影响北京市产业生态效率的关键部门,基于北京市投入产出表,运用指标体系法,选取水资源效率,以及废水、二氧化硫、工业固体废弃物的环境效率作为生态效率的衡量指标,核算了北京市2007、2010和2012年各部门的水资源效率以及2005、2007和2010年各部门的环境效率,并比较分析了各部门的水资源的完全用水系数以及污染物的完全排放系数,计算各部门之间完全排放量的相互贡献比例,识别了提高生态效率的关键部门。研究结果:(1)2007—2012年,北京市各部门水资源效率和2005—2010年废水、二氧化硫(SO_2)、工业固体废弃物的环境效率整体呈波动上升趋势。(2)农林牧渔业和废品废料部门是提高水资源效率的关键部门。(3)水的生产和供应业、化学工业、食品制造及烟草加工业、纺织业和造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业是提高废水环境效率的关键部门。(4)石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业、非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、电力及热力的生产和供应业是提高SO_2环境效率的关键部门。(5)煤炭开采和洗选业、金属矿采选业、木材加工及家具制造业、非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、电力及热力的生产和供应业、水的生产和供应业是提高工业固体废弃物环境效率的关键部门。