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1.
J. C. Hunter 《Trees - Structure and Function》1997,11(3):169-175
For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic
tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known
environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus
m
e
n
z
i
e
s
i
i (Ericaceae), C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s
c
h
r
y
s
o
p
h
y
l
l
a (Fagaceae), L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s
d
e
n
s
i
f
l
o
r
u
s (Fagaceae), Quercus
c
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s (Fagaceae), Quercus
w
i
s
l
i
z
e
n
i
i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia
c
a
l
i
f
o
r
n
i
c
a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight,
thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits,
and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s, L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding
to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s, L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant
Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for
Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C
h
r
y
s
o
l
e
p
i
s, L
i
t
h
o
c
a
r
p
u
s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels.
Accepted: 22 March 1996 相似文献
2.
Russell Taylor 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2009,18(10):2563-2583
Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is a long-term programmatic approach to rural development
that uses wildlife and other natural resources as a mechanism for promoting devolved rural institutions and improved governance
and livelihoods. The cornerstone of CAMPFIRE is the right to manage, use, dispose of, and benefit from these resources. Between
1989 and 2006, CAMPFIRE income, mostly from high valued safari hunting, totalled nearly USD
30 million, of which 52 allocated to sub-district wards and villages for community projects and household benefits. Whilst a number of assumptions underlying the success of CAMPFIRE as an innovative model for CBNRM have yet to be met, CAMPFIRE confirms the concept that devolving responsibility and accountability for natural resource management can be highly effective for the collective and participatory management of such resources. Elephant numbers in CAMPFIRE areas have increased and buffalo numbers are either stable or decreased slightly during the life of the programme. However, offtake quotas for these two species have increased with a concomitant decline in trophy quality. Although the amount of wildlife habitat diminished after 1980, following the commencement of CAMPFIRE the rate of habitat loss slowed down and in some specific instances was even reversed. More recently there has been increased pressure on habitats and other natural resources as a consequence of deterioraa
30 million, of which 52% was
allocated to sub-district wards and villages for community projects and household benefits. Whilst a number of assumptions
underlying the success of CAMPFIRE as an innovative model for CBNRM have yet to be met, CAMPFIRE confirms the concept that
devolving responsibility and accountability for natural resource management can be highly effective for the collective and
participatory management of such resources. Elephant numbers in CAMPFIRE areas have increased and buffalo numbers are either
stable or decreased slightly during the life of the programme. However, offtake quotas for these two species have increased
with a concomitant decline in trophy quality. Although the amount of wildlife habitat diminished after 1980, following the
commencement of CAMPFIRE the rate of habitat loss slowed down and in some specific instances was even reversed. More recently
there has been increased pressure on habitats and other natural resources as a consequence of deteriorating socio-economic
conditions in the country. Where devolution has been successful, promising results have been achieved and the recent acceptance
and implementation of direct payments to communities is probably the most significant development since 2000. That this has
happened can be attributed to CAMPFIRE enabling communities to maximize their roles within the existing set of rules, and
by so doing, allowing these rules to be challenged. Donor (73%) and government (27%) investments into the programme amounted
to 35 million during the period 1989 to 2003. Since 2003 however, donor funding has been reduced to <$600,000 over the past
5 years. 相似文献
3.
Kwang‐Su Lee Tae Hwa Kang Ji Woong Jeong Dong Pyo Ryu Heung‐Sik Lee 《Entomological Research》2015,45(5):225-234
A taxonomic review of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. A total of nine species of five subgenera with two unrecorded species are listed: Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar Linnaeus 1758, L. (P.) xylina Swinhoe 1903, L. (Lymantria) monacha (Linnaeus 1758), L. (L.) minomonis Matsumura 1933 (new to Korea), L. (L.) similis monachoides Schintlimeister 2004 (new to Korea), L. (L.) lucescens (Butler 1881), L. (Nyctria) mathura Moore 1865, L. (Collentria) fumida Butler 1877, and L. (Spinotria) bantaizana Matsumura 1933. Lymantria (Lymantria) minomonis and L. (L.) similis monachoides are newly added to the Korean fauna. Lymantria (L.) minomonis was found only on Bogildo Island of Jeollanam‐do in the southern part of Korea, and L. (L.) similis monachoides was collected in central Korea. Lymantria (Porthetria) xylina and L. (Collentria) fumida were not examined in this study, and it is considered that the previous records were due to misidentification or they are only distributed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. We provide diagnoses of two unrecorded species and adult habitus and genitalia photos of the Korean Lymantria species. 相似文献
4.
Food attraction of the fungivorous nematodes Aphelenchus avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. to seven fungal species (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani strains AG 3 and AG 2‐1, Verticillium dahliae, Pochonia bulbillosa, Mortierella hyalina and Trichoderma harzianum) was determined on agar plates by counting the number of test nematodes present on the mycelium of each fungus 24 h after inoculation. Population growth of A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. on five of the seven fungi included in the attraction test (P. lycopersici, R. solani strain AG 3, V. dahliae, P. bulbillosa and T. harzianum) was also determined on agar plates by counting nematode numbers every week during a 6‐week period. A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. were attracted to all the fungi tested. A. avenae was preferentially attracted to V. dahliae (P < 0.0001), and Aphelenchoides spp. did not show any preference except for low attraction to R. solani. A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. reproduced on all fungal species tested. After 6 weeks of incubation, the highest number of nematodes was found on P. lycopersici and P. bulbillosa, while the lowest number occurred on R. solani for A. avenae and on T. harzianum for Aphelenchoides spp. The suitability of a fungus as a host was not clearly related to the attraction to that fungus. 相似文献
5.
CHRISTOPHE DAUGERON PATRICK GROOTAERT 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2005,145(3):339-391
Six clades are inferred from a phylogenetic analysis including 42 species belonging to the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea‐group. These clades are named as follows: E. (C.) acris, E. (C.) aspina, E. (C.) atratata, E. (C.) hyalea, E. (C.) jacobsoni and E. (C.) nahaeoensis. The presence of two dorsal more or less developed epandrial projections is considered autapomorphic for the E. (C.) hyalea‐group in addition to two characters previously found to support the monophyly of this group (presence of an unsclerotized zone in the middle of labella and epandrium unpaired). Amongst the cladistically analysed species, 24 are newly described [ E. ( C. ) acris , E. ( C. ) aspina , E. ( C. ) cameronensis , E. ( C. ) duplex , E. ( C. ) incurva , E. ( C. ) inferiseta , E. ( C. ) kuaensis , E. ( C. ) lachaisei , E. ( C. ) lamellalta , E. ( C. ) lata , E. ( C. ) loici , E. ( C. ) longiseta , E. ( C. ) mengyangensis , E. ( C. ) menglunensis , E. ( C. ) missai , E. ( C. ) nimbaensis , E. ( C. ) padangensis , E. ( C. ) parvula , E. ( C. ) projecta , E. ( C. ) pseudonahaeoensis , E. ( C. ) submetallica , E. ( C. ) urumae , E. ( C. ) vitisalutatoris and E. ( C. ) woitapensis ], five are reviewed [E. (C.) hyalea Melander, E. (C.) jacobsoni De Meijere, E. (C.) ostentator Melander, E. (C.) sinensis Melander and E. (C.) thiasotes Melander] and 13 were recently described in two previous papers. Two additional species, E. (C.) abbrevinervis De Meijere and E. (C.) multipennata Melander, are also reviewed but not included in the cladistic analysis since they are only known from the female. A lectotype is designated for E. (C.) jacobsoni. A key is provided to the six clades of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group as well as to species of each clade. A catalogue of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group, including 72 species, is given. The taxonomic status of 25 additional species mainly described by Bezzi and Brunetti, from the Oriental and Australasian regions, is discussed. The E. (C.) hyalea‐group is firstly recorded from the Palaearctic Region and Australia. Finally, the distribution and the habitats of the species compared with their phylogeny suggest a possible relationship between the diversification of the group and forest fragmentations during the Quaternary. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145 , 339–391. 相似文献
6.
7.
Aims: To evaluate the frequency of the aerolysin (aerA), cytotoxic enterotoxin (alt) and serine protease (ahp) genes in Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from different sources, and to determine the relationship between the presence of these genes and virulence of A. hydrophila in zebrafish. Methods and Results: Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from clinical cases (n = 40), from healthy fish (n = 22) and from water environment (n = 21) were analysed with respect to the prevalence of aerA, alt and ahp genes by PCR assay. These virulence factors occur among clinical isolates as well as among isolates from healthy fish and water environment. The majority (97·6%) of the strains examined carried one or more virulence genes. The isolates were divided into seven genetic profiles on the basis of PCR result: aerA+alt+ahp+ (62·7%), aerA+alt+ahp? (13·3%), aerA+alt?ahp+ (10·8%), aerA?alt+ahp+ (4·8%), aerA?alt?ahp+ (3·6%), aerA+alt?ahp? (2·4%) and aerA?alt?ahp? (2·4%). A higher frequency of genetic group aerA+alt+ahp+ was determined in the isolates from diseased animals compared to those from healthy fish or water environments. Virulence properties of 26 representative strains belonging to the seven genetic profiles were further characterized. Results demonstrated that as the present of virulence genes increased, the proteolytic, haemolytic and cytotoxic activities of extracellular products also increased. And the 50% lethal doses (LD50s) of aerA+alt+ahp+ isolates (<105) in zebrafish were lower when compared with the strains expressing one or combinations of two virulence genes (>106). Conclusions: Virulence properties of A. hydrophila correlated well with the presence of virulence genes tested. aerA+alt+ahp+ was more frequent virulence genotype in A. hydrophila isolates from clinical diseases than from healthy fish and water environment, and the aerA+alt+ahp+ isolates were more virulent to zebrafish compared to the other six genetic profiles. Significant and Impact of the Study: The detection for aerA, alt and ahp can be used for virulence typing of A. hydrophila isolates. 相似文献
8.
Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
JOHN F. REINERT RALPH E. HARBACH IAN J. KITCHING 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2004,142(3):289-368
Higher‐level relationships within Aedini, the largest tribe of Culicidae, are explored using morphological characters of eggs, fourth‐instar larvae, pupae, and adult females and males. In total, 172 characters were examined for 119 exemplar species representing the existing 12 genera and 56 subgenera recognized within the tribe. The data for immature and adult stages were analysed separately and in combination using equal (EW) and implied weighting (IW). Since the classification of Aedini is based mainly on adult morphology, we first tested whether adult data alone would support the existing classification. Overall, the results of these analyses did not reflect the generic classification of the tribe. The tribe as a whole was portrayed as a polyphyletic assemblage of Aedes and Ochlerotatus within which eight (EW) or seven (IW) other genera were embedded. Strict consensus trees (SCTs) derived from analyses of the immature stages data were almost completely unresolved. Combining the adult and immature stages data resulted in fewer most parsimonious cladograms (MPCs) and a more resolved SCT than was found when either of the two data subsets was analysed separately. However, the recovered relationships were still unsatisfactory. Except for the additional recovery of Armigeres as a monophyletic genus, the groups recovered in the EW analysis of the combined data were those found in the EW analysis of adult data. The IW analysis of the total data yielded eight MPCs consisting of three sets of two mutually exclusive topologies that occurred in all possible combinations. We carefully studied the different hypotheses of character transformation responsible for each of the alternative patterns of relationship but were unable to select one of the eight MPCs as a preferred cladogram. Overall, the relationships within the SCT of the eight MPCs were a significant improvement over those found by equal weighting. Aedini and all existing genera except Ochlerotatus and Aedes were recovered as monophyletic. Ochlerotatus formed a polyphyletic assemblage basal to Aedes. This group included Haemagogus and Psorophora, and also Opifex in a sister‐group relationship with Oc. (Not.) chathamicus. Aedes was polyphyletic relative to seven other genera, Armigeres, Ayurakitia, Eretmapodites, Heizmannia, Udaya, Verrallina and Zeugnomyia. With the exception of Ae. (Aedimorphus), Oc. (Finlaya), Oc. (Ochlerotatus) and Oc. (Protomacleaya), all subgenera with two or more species included in the analysis were recovered as monophyletic. Rather than leave the generic classification of Aedini in its current chaotic state, we decided a reasonable and conservative compromise classification would be to recognize as genera those groups that are ‘weighting independent’, i.e. those that are common to the results of both the EW and IW analyses of the total data. The SCT of these combined analyses resulted in a topology of 29 clades, each comprising between two and nine taxa, and 30 taxa (including Mansonia) in an unresolved basal polytomy. In addition to ten genera (Armigeres, Ayurakitia, Eretmapodites, Haemagogus, Heizmannia, Opifex, Psorophora, Udaya, Verrallina and Zeugnomyia), generic status is proposed for the following: (i) 32 existing subgenera of Aedes and Ochlerotatus, including nine monobasic subgenera within the basal polytomy, i.e. Ae. (Belkinius), Ae. (Fredwardsius), Ae. (Indusius), Ae. (Isoaedes), Ae. (Leptosomatomyia), Oc. (Abraedes), Oc. (Aztecaedes), Oc. (Gymnometopa) and Oc. (Kompia); (ii) three small subgenera within the basal polytomy that are undoubtedly monophyletic, i.e. Ae. (Huaedes), Ae. (Skusea) and Oc. (Levua), and (iii) another 20 subgenera that fall within the resolved part of the SCT, i.e. Ae. (Aedes), Ae. (Alanstonea), Ae. (Albuginosus), Ae. (Bothaella), Ae. (Christophersiomyia), Ae. (Diceromyia), Ae. (Edwardsaedes), Ae. (Lorrainea), Ae. (Neomelaniconion), Ae. (Paraedes), Ae. (Pseudarmigeres), Ae. (Scutomyia), Ae. (Stegomyia), Oc. (Geoskusea), Oc. (Halaedes), Oc. (Howardina), Oc. (Kenknightia), Oc. (Mucidus), Oc. (Rhinoskusea) and Oc. (Zavortinkius). A clade consisting of Oc. (Fin.) kochi, Oc. (Fin.) poicilius and relatives is raised to generic rank as Finlaya, and Downsiomyia Vargas is reinstated from synonymy with Finlaya as the generic name for the clade comprising Oc. (Fin.) leonis, Oc. (Fin.) niveus and their relatives. Three other species of Finlaya?Oc. (Fin.) chrysolineatus, Oc. (Fin.) geniculatus and Oc. (Fin.) macfarlanei? fall within the basal polytomy and are treated as Oc. (Finlaya) incertae sedis. Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) is divided into three lineages, two of which, Oc. (Och.) atropalpus and Oc. (Och.) muelleri, are part of the basal polytomy. The remaining seven taxa of Oc. (Ochlerotatus) analysed, including the type species, form a reasonably well‐supported group that is regarded as Ochlerotatus s.s. Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) is retained as a subgenus within Ochlerotatus s.s. Ochlerotatus (Nothoskusea) is recognized as a subgenus of Opifex based on two unique features that support their sister‐group relationship. A new genus, Tanakaius gen. nov. , is proposed for Oc. (Fin.) togoi and the related species Oc. (Fin.) savoryi. The taxonomic status and generic placement of all currently valid species of Aedini are listed in an appendix. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 142 , 289?368. 相似文献
9.
10.
The antifungal activities of volatile phase effects of essential oils from Origanum onites, O. syriacum, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare, O, marjorana, Thymus vulgaris, T. serpyllum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Micromeria fruticosa were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Verticillium dahliae. Carvacrol was the main component of O. onites, O. minutiflorum and O. vulgare essential oils, while γ-terpinene was the main component of O. syriacum. P-cymene and thymol were the dominant component of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum. β- thujone and l-camphor were the main component of S. officinalis. Polegone and isomenthone were the dominant components of M. fruticosa essential oil. Based on the in vitro test, the degree of fungistatical effects can be ranked in the following order of inhibition:
O. syriacum = O. onites = O. minutiflorum = O. vulgare = T. vulgaris > T. serpyllum > M. fruticosa > S. officinalis = O. marjorana > R. officinalis. The essential oils of S. officinalis, O. marjorana and R. officinalis displayed moderate antifungal activity, that increased with increasing concentrations. Among the VCGs, VCG2A and VCG4B were
found to be highly sensitive to the essential oils. The essential oils of O. syriacum, O. onites, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare and T. vulgaris were the most efficacious, demonstrating strong antifungal activity against all of the tested VCGs of V. dahliae at relatively low concentrations and they could find practical application as natural fungicides in the prevention and protection
of plants from V. dahliae infections. 相似文献
11.
Genetics of tolerance to iron chlorosis was investigated in eight crosses involving parents distinctly different in their level of tolerance. The segregating populations with parents and F1s were screened under actual stress conditions in the field. Also, selected crosses were studied for Fe3+ uptake capacity. Tolerance/moderate tolerance to Fe chlorosis was dominant over susceptibility and it was controlled by two sets of nonallelic genes with complementary interaction. Gene Ic
1 has been found to be basic and in complementation with Ic
3 it confers tolerance. Likewise, Ic
2 with Ic
4 confers tolerance. The basic genes Ic
1 and Ic
2 are nonallelic and, in the absence of their respective complementary genes Ic
3
and
4
, ineffective, which results in susceptibility. Of tolerant cultivars, ARC 10372 and Cauvery have been tentatively assigned the genotype of Ic
1
, Ic
2
, Ic
3
, Ic
4
, and moderately tolerant IET 7613, Prasanna and Akashi Ic
1
,
2
Ic
3
Ic
4
. The susceptible ARC 5723 has been assigned Ic
1
,
2
, Ic
3
, Ic
4
, and IET 9829, Ic
1
,
2
Ic
3
Ic
4
. IET 7614 is susceptible, due to the presence of inhibitory genes I-Ic
1
, I-Ic
2
together with ic
1
pt>, ic
2
, Ic
3
, Ic
4
. Further, the gene Pc for purple coleoptile shows linkage with one of the complementary genes with a crossover value of 15.26%, while the gene(s) for seedling height Ts with Ic
1 with a crossover value of 1.7%. It is possible that the gene(s) for iron chlorosis tolerance might belong to the second linkage group, where genes for purple leaf were located. 相似文献
12.
The predominantly Holarctic bee genus Osmia Panzer is species‐rich and behaviourally diverse. A robust phylogeny of this genus is important for understanding the evolution of the immense variety of morphological and behavioural traits exhibited by this group. We infer a phylogeny of Osmia using DNA sequence data obtained from three nuclear genes (elongation factor 1‐α, LW‐rhodopsin and CAD) and the mitochondrial gene COI. Our taxon sampling places special attention on North American members of the subgenus Melanosmia Schmiedeknecht; we discuss the novel placement of a number of species traditionally assigned to O. (Melanosmia) and examine the relative support for alternative classifications of this species‐rich subgenus. We use this new phylogeny to guide a reassessment of morphological and behavioural characters within Osmia. Our results provide support for the recognition of Osmia (Hapsidosmia), subgen.n ., a monotypic subgenus containing Osmia iridis Cockerell & Titus. We synonymize Osmia (Mystacosmia) Snelling under O. (Melanosmia), syn.n . We synonymize Osmia (Acanthosmioides) Ashmead under O. (Melanosmia), syn.n ., propose ‘odontogaster species group’ as a replacement for the subgeneric name Acanthosmioides, and refine the morphological characters that serve to diagnose the species group. We additionally propose ‘nigrifrons species group’ for a clade within O. (Melanosmia) containing most species formerly placed in Osmia (Centrosmia) Robertson. We demonstrate more cohesive patterns of nest substrate use in the nigrifrons and odontogaster species groups than was previously believed to occur, reconsider character polarity of aspects of the female mandible, and show that a large number of morphological characters have evolved convergently within the genus. In order to facilitate discussion of relevant taxa, we propose the following 15 new synonymies: O. bakeri Sandhouse under O. melanopleura Cockerell; O. crenulaticornis Michener under O. pinorum Cockerell; O. claremontensis Michener under O. sedula Sandhouse; O. cockerelli Sandhouse under O. dakotensis Michener; O. francisconis White under O. enixa Sandhouse; O. hurdi White under O. austromaritima Michener; O. sladeni Sandhouse under O. nifoata Cockerell; O. titusi Cockerell under O. phenax Cockerell; O. subtrevoris Cockerell, O. physariae Cockerell, and O. erecta Michener under O. giliarum Cockerell; and O. universitatis Cockerell, O. integrella Cockerell, O. amala Cockerell, and O. metitia Cockerell under O. nigrifrons Cresson, syn.n . We remove O. wyomingensis Michener from synonymy with O. nifoata Cockerell, stat.n ., and O. pinorum Cockerell from synonymy with O. physariae Cockerell, stat.n . This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A3E7D63B‐5C4C‐4ACF‐BF33‐48E5C5DD1B0D . 相似文献
13.
Fujii T Tanaka N Yokoyama T Ninaki O Oshiki T Ohnuma A Tazima Y Banno Y Ajimura M Mita K Seki M Ohbayashi F Shimada T Abe H 《Genetica》2006,127(1-3):253-265
Bombyx mori is a female-heterogametic organism (female, ZW; male, ZZ) that appears to have a putative feminizing gene (Fem) on the W chromosome. The paternally transmitted mutant W chromosome, Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem, derived from the translocation-carrying W chromosome (p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
), is inert as femaleness determinant. Moreover, this Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome has been thought to have a female-killing factor because no female larvae having the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome are produced. Initially, to investigate whether the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome contains any region of the W chromosome or not, we analyzed the presence or absence of 12 W-specific RAPD markers.
The Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome contained 3 of 12 W-specific RAPD markers. These results strongly indicate that the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome contains the region of the W chromosome. Moreover, by using phenotypic and molecular markers, we confirmed that
the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome is connected with a partially deleted Z chromosome and that this fused chromosome behaves as a Z chromosome during
male meiosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the ZZW-type triploid female having the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome is viable. Therefore, we concluded that the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome does not have a female-killing factor but that partial deletion of the Z chromosome causes the death of the ZW-type
diploid female having the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome. Additionally, our results of detailed genetic analyses strongly indicate that the female-killing chromosome composed
of the Df(p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
)Fem chromosome and deleted Z chromosome was generated by translocation between the Z chromosome and the translocation-carrying
W chromosome, p
Sa
+
p
W +
od
. 相似文献
14.
Ortega E Bosković RI Sargent DJ Tobutt KR 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2006,276(5):413-426
Cross-compatibility relationships in almond are controlled by a gametophytically expressed incompatibility system partly mediated by stylar RNases, of which 29 have been reported. To resolve possible synonyms and to provide data for phylogenetic analysis, 21 almond S-RNase alleles were cloned and sequenced from SP (signal peptide region) or C1 (first conserved region) to C5, except for the S
29
allele, which could be cloned only from SP to C1. Nineteen sequences (S
4
, S
6
, S
11
–S
22
, S
25
–S
29
) were potentially new whereas S
10
and S
24
had previously been published but with different labels. The sequences for S
16
and S
17
were identical to that for S
1
, published previously; likewise, S
15
was identical to S
5
. In addition, S
4
and S
20
were identical, as were S
13
and S
19
. A revised version of the standard table of almond incompatibility genotypes is presented. Several alleles had AT or GA tandem repeats in their introns. Sequences of the 23 distinct newly cloned or already published alleles were aligned. Sliding windows analysis of Ka/Ks identified regions where positive selection may operate; in contrast to the Maloideae, most of the region from the beginning of C3 to the beginning of RC4 appeared not to be under positive selection. Phylogenetic analysis indicated four pairs of alleles had ‘bootstrap’ support > 80%: S
5
/S
10
, S
4
/S
8,
S
11
/S
24
, and S
3
/S
6
. Various motifs up to 19 residues long occurred in at least two alleles, and their distributions were consistent with intragenic recombination, as were separate phylogenetic analyses of the 5′ and 3′ sections. Sequence comparison of phylogenetically related alleles indicated the significance of the region between RC4 and C5 in defining specificity.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
15.
This paper summarizes the data on the oribatid mite fauna of the family Suctobelbidae Grandjean, 1954, recorded from the Caucasus.
The distribution of 47 species of the genera Suctobelba Paoli, 1908, Suctobelbella Jacot, 1937, and Suctobelbila Jacot, 1937 in the territory of the Caucasus is shown. The following five new species and four new subspecies are described:
Suctobelba cornigera sp. n., S. flagelliseta sp. n., S. scalpellata caucasica ssp. n., Suctobelbella (Suctobelbella) liacariformis sp. n., S. (S.) acutidens pilososetosa ssp. n., S. (S.) subcornigera maculata ssp. n., S. (Flagrosuctobelba) diversosetosa arilloi ssp. n., S. (F.) nana sp. n., and S. (F.) sensillinuda sp. n. Four species belonging to the genus Suctobelbella changed their status: S. (S.) acutidens duplex (Strenzke, 1950) stat. n., S. (S.) acutidens sarekensis (Forsslund, 1941) stat. n., S. (S.) subcornigera vera (Moritz, 1964) stat. n. and S. (Flagrosuctobelba) forsslundi moritzi Mahunka, 1987 stat. n. S. (S.) hammerae (Krivolutsky, 1965) was synonymized to S. (S.) acutidens duplex. The genus Suctobelbila and the species Suctobelbila dentata europaea Moritz, 1974, Suctobelba altvateri Moritz, 1970, S. atomaria Moritz, 1970, S. secta Moritz, 1970, Suctobelbella (S.) acutidens sarekensis, S. (S.) hastata Pankow, 1986, S. (S.) subcornigera vera stat. n., S. (Flagrosuctobelba) ancorhina Chinone, 2003, S. (F.) elegantula (Hammer, 1958), S (F.) flagellifera Chinone, 2003, S (F.) granifera Chinone, 2003, S. (F.) forsslundi moritzi Mahunka, 1987 stat. n., and S. (F.) multiplumosa (Hammer, 1979) are recorded from the Caucasus for the first time. A key to the species is given. 相似文献
16.
Wei Heng Jun Wu Huaqing Wu Yufen Cao Takeshi Nishio Shao-Ling Zhang 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2011,28(4):549-557
Pyrus displays gametophytic self-incompatibility controlled by a single highly polymorphic gene complex termed S locus, which comprises a stylar-expressed gene (S-RNase) tighlty linked with a pollen expressed gene, that determines the specificity of the self-incompatibility locus. Deduced
amino acid sequence of ‘Meigetsu’ S
8
-RNase in Pyrus pyrifolia and ‘Kuerlexiangli’ S
28
-RNase in P. sinkiangensis showed 100% identity. S
3
-RNase in Malus
spectabilis was also found to be similar to S
8
-RNase in P. pyrifolia with 96.9% identity in the deduced amino acid sequence. The intron, which is generally highly polymorphic between alleles,
was also remarkably well conserved within these allele pairs. The intron of PpS
8
-RNase showed 95.3 and 91.9% identity with PsS
28
-RNase and MsS
3
-RNase, respectively. Pollen tube growth in styles, pollen tube length in artificial media containing different S-RNases and
segregation of S haplotypes in F1 plants revealed commonality of the recognition specificity between PpS
8
-RNase and PsS
28
-RNase and between PpS
8
-RNase and MsS
3
-RNase. Results suggested that PpS
8
-RNase, PsS
28
-RNase and MsS
3
-RNase have maintained the same recognition specificity after the divergence of the two species and that amino acid substitutions
found between PpS
8
-RNase and MsS
3
-RNase do not alter the recognition specificity. 相似文献
17.
The D region of the H-2
d
haplotype contains five class I genes: H-2D
d
, D2
d
, D3
d
, D4
d
and H-2L
d
. Although previous studies have suggested the presence of D-end encoded class I molecules in addition to H-2Dd and H-2Ld, segregation of genes encoding such molecules has not been demonstrated. In this report we have used cãtotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to examine the D region of the H-2
d
haplotype for the presence of additional class I molecules. CTL generated in (C3H × B6.K1)F1 (K
k
D
k
, K
b
D
b
) mice against the hybrid class I gene product Q10d/Ld expressed on L cells cross-react with H-2Ld but not H-2Dd molecules, as determined by lysis of transfected cells expressing H-2Ld but not H-2Dd. Although H-2Ld-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) completely inhibit H-2Ld-specific CTL from killing B10.A(3R) (K
b
D
d
L
d
) target cells, only partial inhibition of anti-Q10 CTL-mediated lysis was observed, suggesting the presence of an additional D-end molecule as a target for these latter CTL. To identify the region containing the gene encoding the Q10 cross-reactive molecule, we show that anti-Q10 CTL lyse target cells from a D-region recombinant strain B10.RQDB, which has H-2D
d
, D2
d
, D3
d
, D4
d
, and H-2D
b
but not the H-2L
d
H-2
d
, and H-2L
d
(including D2
d
, D3
d
, and D4
d
, lacks this anti-Q10 CTL target molecule. Together, these data demonstrate that a class I gene mapping between H-2D
d
and H-2L
d
encodes an antigen recognozed by anti-Q10 CTL. A likely candidate for this gene is D2
d
, D3
d
or D4
d
. 相似文献
18.
A. Vilenkin 《Biopolymers》1977,16(8):1657-1675
A new technique is presented for treating the ground state of an heteropolymer with a random sequence of components. An exact system of equations is found for determining the ground state energy E which is equal to the polymer free energy f in the lowest-order approximation in T/V (V/2 is the large “surface” energy arising at the boundaries between coiled and “helical” sections: V ? T, Uk; U1 and –U2 are the free energies of the components counted from the corresponding coiled state energies). These equations are essentially simplified at certain fixed values of the ratio U1/U2. For integer values of U2/U1 and U1/U2 a solution is obtained with an accuracy exp(–V/Uk). The ground-state energy as a function of U1 and U2 is shown to be highly irregular: its derivatives have jumps at an infinite number of points. These jumps provide a fine structure of the melting curves. A smoothed over the jumps function E′ is found by way of analytic continuation from the integer values of U1/U2 and U2/U1. The accuracy of the approximation f ≈ E is estimated and the correctional term of order T/V is determined. 相似文献
19.
H. M. Rüffer Liwei Wan A. Lübbert K. Schügerl 《Bioprocess and biosystems engineering》1994,11(4):153-159
Gas-residence time distribution (RTD) response curves measured in a 23 m high pilot plant airlift tower loop reactor, which consisted of a riser, a special downcomer construction and at the top of the riser a large head. The measurements were evaluated by means of a deterministic dispersion model, which yielded the following particular parameters for the riser, downcomer and the head: Gas-Bo numbers, gas-mean residence times, gas holdups, liquid velocities, gas and liquid circulation times as well as a fraction of the large and small bubbles in a model medium (water) and during cultivation of baker's yeast.List of Symbols
A
cross section
-
Bo
Bodenstein number
-
Bo
d
(= l
d
w
G,d
/D
d
)
-
Bo
h
(= l
h
w
G,h
/D
h
)
-
Bo
r
(= l
r
w
G,r
/D
r
)
-
D
longitudinal dispersion coefficient
-
E
gas holdup
-
E(t)
RTD-density function
-
L, l
length parameter
-
q
fraction of the gas throughput which is not recirculated (approximately equal to fraction of the large bubbles)
-
r
fraction of the throughput which is recirculated (approximately equal to the fraction of the small bubbles)
-
t
c
circulation time
-
t
cL
liquid circulation time
-
t
c,L
*
liquid circulation time calculated from the measured w
Ld
in the downcomer
-
V
h
hydrodynamical calculated gas-liquid volume
-
V
d
h
(=V
d+0.75/2 V
k
)
-
V
k
h
=(0.25V
k
)
-
V
r
h
= (V
r+0.75/2 V
k
)
-
V
L
liquid volume
-
V
G
dispersed gas volume
-
V
G
*
gas throughput at the gas distributor (given in m3/h) under standard conditions, 1 bar and 25°C)
-
V
G,d
*
gas throughput in downcomer (=V
G
*
)
-
V
G,h
*
gas throughput in head (=V
G
*
)
-
V
G,r
*
gas throughput in riser (V
G
*
(1+)
-
w
g
gas velocity
-
w
G,rel
relative gas velocity with respect to the liquid velocity w
L
-
w
G,d
gas velocity in the downcomer (=w
G,rel
–w
Ld
)
-
w
G,h
gas velocity in the head (=w
G,rel
) (since wLh = o)
-
w
G,r
gas velocity in the riser (=w
G,rel
+w
Lr
)
-
w
L
liquid velocity
-
w
L,d
liquid velocity in the downcomer measured with mass flow meter
-
w
sg
·w
SL
superficial gas and liquid velocities
-
first moment of the response curve
-
mean residence time
Indices
d
downcomer
-
G
gas phase
-
h
head
-
L
liquid phase
-
r
riser
-
h
hydrodynamic (upper position)
Dedicated to the 65th birthday of Proffessor Fritz Wagner.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the Krupp Industrietechnik, Grevenbroich and the support of Pleser Co, Darmstadt. H. M. Rüffer thanks the Verband der Chemischen Industrie for a Fond der Chemie scholarship, and W. Liwei thanks the government of Lower Saxony for a graduate scholarship. 相似文献
20.
Annika Sanfilippo 《Marine Micropaleontology》1990,15(3-4)
Work on the exceptionally well-preserved, rapidly accumulating Bath Cliff Section, Barbados and supplementary Deep Sea Drilling Project samples, has revealed the evolutionary origins of three stratigraphically useful species in theCryptoprora ornata Zone straddling the Eocene/Oligocene boundary and demonstrated the origin of the genusCyclampterium. Elucidation of the origin ofCyclampterium milowi necessitates a revision of the generaLophocyrtis andCyclampterium.Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis)jacchia is the ancestor ofL. (Cyclampterium)hadra, the earliest member in the subgenusCyclampterium which comprises the anagenetic lineage leading fromL. (C.)hadra toL. (C.)neatum. The monotypic subgenusSciadiopeplus branches off from an early member in theCyclampterium lineage. The new speciesL. (L.)exitelus andL. (S.)oberhaensliae terminate the subgeneraLophocyrtis andSciadiopeplus, respectively. During the investigation it also became clear that morphotypes resembling earlyL. (C.)milowi could be found in mid and high latitude assemblages in the late Early and late Middle Eocene. The origin of one these morphotypes was also traced toL. (Lophocyrtis)jacchia giving rise to the new subgenusParalampterium. This lineage includes the new speciesL. (Paralampterium)dumitricai and two species questionably assigned to it,L. (Paralampterium)?longiventer and the new speciesL. (Paralampterium) ?galenum. The relationship ofL. (P.)dumitricai toL. (P.) ?longiventer andL. (P.) ?galenum is unknown. 相似文献