The belemnites described by Baron Ernst Friedrich von Schlotheim (1764–1832)

E. F. v. Schlotheim described 46 species of Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites in 1813,1820, and 1832. Their type specimens are in part housed at the Humboldt University of Berlin. The holotype ofBelemnites irregularis is here refigured. Lectotypes forB. acuarius, B. canaliculatus, B. clavatus, B. giganteus, andB. tripartitus are designated and figured for the first time. The lectotype ofBelemnites giganteus is designated to be the neotype ofBelemnites suevicus Klein 1773. 36 species are nomina nuda and nomina dubia, because none of their type specimens could be detected, among them the invalidB. paxillosus v. Schlotheim 1820, which is, according to its lectotype designated herein, likeBelemnites giganteus, a junior synonym ofMegateuthis suevica (Klein 1773). An original type specimenof Belemnites mucronatusv. Schlotheim 1813, for which a neotype had already been ruled by the ICZN in 1985, was re-discovered in thev. Schlotheim collection in 1996.v. Schlotheim’s belemnites were up to now designated to be type species of 12 genera.     

Taxonomy of gastropods of the families Ranellidae (= Cymatiidae) and Bursidae. Part 2. Descriptions of 14 new modern Indo-West Pacific species and subspecies,with revisions of related taxa

Abstract

The subgenus Cymatium (Septa) is here restricted to species closely related to C. rubeculum (Linné, 1758). A lectotype is designated for C. rubeculum, neotypes are designated for C. hepaticum (Röding, 1798) and C. flaveolum (Röding, 1798), C. occidentale (Mörch, 1877) (= blacketi Iredale, 1936; = beui Garcia-Talavera, 1985) is recorded from the Indo-West Pacific, C. (Septa) marerubrum Garcia-Talavera, 1985 is ranked as a geographic subspecies of C. rubeculum, and three new taxa are named: C. (Septa) bibbeyi n. sp., Philippine Islands; C. (Septa) closeli n. sp., Indian Ocean; and C. (Septa) peasei n. sp., western Pacific. In the subgenus Cymatium (Ranularia), neotypes are designated for C. guttumium (Röding, 1798) and its synonyms, for C. moniliferum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850), and for C. pyrulum (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850), a lectotype is designated for C. pseudopyrum (Martin, 1899) (a junior synonym of C. pyrulum), other species distinguished are C. encausticum (Reeve, 1844) and C. exile (Reeve, 1844), and new taxa named are C. andamanense n. sp., Andaman Islands, C. springsteeni n. sp., western Pacific and Red Sea, and C. sinense arthuri n. subsp., Red Sea. Other Ranellidae named are Sassia (Sassia) ponderi n. sp., Queensland, and Distorsio (Distorsio) euconstricta n. sp., Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific. A lectotype selected for Murex reticularis Linné, 1758 is a specimen of the species usually known as Distorsio reticulata (Röding, 1798).

In Bursa (Bursa), a lectotype is designated for B. grayana Dunker, 1862 (= B. bufoniopsis Maury, 1917; = B. pacamoni Matthews & Coelho, 1971), western Atlantic, and the similar new Oman to Philippines species B. davidboschi is named. Other Bursa taxa named are B. (Colubrellina) quirihorai n. sp., Philippines, and B. (Colubrellina) latitudo fosteri n. subsp., Philippines. In Bufonaria (Bufonaria), a lectotype designated for Murex rana Linné, 1758 confirms that as the name for the most common western Pacific species, a lectotype designated for Ranella crumena Lamarck, 1816 confirms that as the name for the most common Indian Ocean species, B. elegans (Beck in G. B. Sowerby II, 1836) is illustrated, and the new western Pacific species B. perelegans is named; the four similar species B. nobilis (Reeve, 1844), B. margaritula (Deshayes, 1832), B. gnorima (Melville, 1918), and B. thersites (Redfield, 1846) are distinguished, and the new Madagascar to Philippines species B. ignobilis is named. In Tutufa (Tutufella), the newly named species T. boholica occurs with T. rubeta (Linné, 1758) in deep water in the Philippine Islands.     

Variability and genetics of spacer DNA sequences between the ribosomal-RNA genes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Summary Using restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA extracted from the leaves of 25 hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) cultivars and their hybrids, restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the spacer DNA which separates the ribosomal-RNA genes have been examined. (From one to three thousand of these genes are borne on chromosomes 1B and 6B of hexaploid wheat). The data show that there are three distinct alleles of the 1B locus, designated Nor-B1a, Nor-B1b, and Nor-B1c, and at least five allelic variants of the 6B locus, designated Nor-B2a, Nor-B2b, Nor-B2c, Nor-B2d, and Nor-B2e. A further, previously reported allele on 6B has been named Nor-B2f. Chromosome 5D has only one allelic variant, Nor-D3. Whereas the major spacer variants of the 1B alleles apparently differ by the loss or gain of one or two of the 133 bp sub-repeat units within the spacer DNA, the 6B allelic variants show major differences in their compositions and lengths. This may be related to the greater number of rDNA repeat units at this locus. The practical implications of these differences and their application to wheat breeding are discussed.     

Carboxyl Proteinase from the Wood Deteriorating Basidiomycete Pycnoporus coccineus :Substrate Specificity with Oxidized Insulin Peptide B1 ~ B16 and B15 ~ B24, Angiotensin and Proangiotensin

The specificity of highly purified carboxyl proteinase from Pycnoporus coccineus (formerly designated Trametes sanguined) was investigated with oligopeptides at pH 2.7. Hydrolysis of oxidized insulin peptide Bl ~ B16 was observed at two peptide bonds (His¹⁰-Leu¹¹ and Ala¹⁴-Leu¹⁵) during 3-hr incubation. The enzyme did not hydrolyze oxidized insulin peptide B15 ~ B24. Hydrolysis of angiotensin (formerly designated angiotensin II) was observed at the Tyr⁴-Ile⁵ bond. Hydrolysis of proangiotensin (formerly designated angiotensin I) was also at the Tyr⁴-Ile⁵ bond. In conclusion, peptide bonds which have a hydrophobic amino acid in the P′₁ position (as defined by Schechter and Berger, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 27, 157 (1967)) are preferentially cleaved by the trypsinogen activating carboxyl proteinase of Pycnoporus coccineus.     

Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of DNA sequences encoding the Type I chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptide of photosystem I in Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato)

We report the isolation and characterization of a tomato nuclear gene encoding a chlorophyll a/b-binding (CAB) protein of photosystem I (PSI). The coding nucleotide sequence of the gene, designated Cab-6B, is different at eight positions from that of a previously isolated cDNA clone derived from the Cab-6A gene, but the two genes encode identical proteins. Sequence comparison with the cDNA clone revealed the presence of three short introns in Cab-6B. Genetic mapping experiments demonstrate that Cab-6A and Cab-6B are tightly linked and reside on chromosome 5, but the physical distance between the two genes is at least 7 kilobases. Cab-6A and Cab-6B have been designated Type I PSI CAB genes. They are the only two genes of this branch of the CAB gene family in the tomato genome, and they show substantial divergence to the genes encoding CAB polypeptides of photosystem II. The Type I PSI CAB genes, like the genes encoding PSII CAB proteins, are highly expressed in illuminated leaf tissue and to a lesser extent in other green organs.     

The Complex-Heterozygotes of Oenothera grandiflora L'Her.

Complex-heterozygotes discovered in populations of O. grandiflora in Alabama are composed of a typical grandiflora (B) complex and an altered B complex which modifies the phenotype in the direction of O. villosa (A). A cytogenetic analysis of the new complex, designated B^A, is reported including results of its compatibility with different plastomes. The evidence suggests that the B^A complex resulted from hybridization between O. grandiflora and the pollen complex of the sympatric O. biennis.     

Isolation and Characterization of Two Novel Nematicidal Depsipeptides from an Imperfect Fungus,Strain D1084

Two novel nematicidal cyclodepsipeptides, designated bursaphelocides A and B, were isolated from the culture filtrate of an imperfect fungus, strain D1084, belonging to Mycelia sterilia. Bursaphelocide A (1), containing 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid, proline, isoleucine, N-methylalanine, N-methylvaline, and β-alanine in sequence, and bursaphelocide B (2), comprising 4-methylproline instead of proline in 1, are novel 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid analogues of insecticidal destruxins.     

Lectotypification of Buxbaumia aphylla Hedw. and B. aphylla var. viridis DC. (Buxbaumiaceae)

Abstract

The two species of Buxbaumia Hedw. known to occur in Europe were both originally discovered on this continent and were the earliest in the genus (as presently delimited) to be described. Already widely known, Buxbaumia aphylla Hedw., was validated by Johannes Hedwig in 1801, whereas B. viridis (DC.) Moug. & Nestl. was initially described as a variety of B. aphylla by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1815. After two centuries in the bryological literature, these taxa are herein effectively typified. Lectotypes for the names B. aphylla and B. viridis are designated based on original herbarium sheets from the Hedwig-Schwägrichen and De Candolle collections in G.     

粉叶小檗(小檗科)的形态变异式样及分类修订

研究了云南省昆明市西山和丽江市玉龙雪山的粉叶小檗(Berberis pruinosa Franch.)叶、花瓣和果实特征的变异式样.粉叶小檗幼叶背面具明显的白色粉霜,而成熟叶,尤其是秋冬季的老叶,叶片背面的白色粉霜几乎完全脱落,并呈灰绿色.虽然粉叶小檗花瓣先端存在缺裂和全缘两种变异式样,但是这些变异式样在居群内是连续的...     

中国酢浆草科1新记录种——长梗感应草及其后选模式指定

报道了酢浆草科(Oxalidaceae)感应草属(Biophytum DC.)的1个中国新记录种——长梗感应草[Biophytum reinwardtii(Zucc.)Klotzsch],提供了其形态描述和标本照片,并对其后选模式作了选定。该种新发现于中国西南部中缅边境的盈江县。长梗感应草与感应草[B.sensitivum(Linn.)Candolle]最为近似,但前者的花梗在花期长5~7mm,而后者的花梗长约1mm,两者容易区别。     

Serological analysis of H-2 mutants

Serological absorption experiments showed that mutant B6.M505 (H-2 ^bd ) lacks an H-2K end specificity present in the parental B6 strain. It has a molecular weight of 45,000 dalton, indicating it is an H-2 antigen. It is a private specificity ofK ^b strains, and has been designated H-2.62.     

The genus Bipinnula (Orchidaceae: Chloraeinae) in Argentina

A taxonomic synopsis of Bipinnula Comm. ex Juss. (Orchidaceae: Chloraeinae) in Argentina is presented. Three species are recognized: B. biplumata Rchb.f., B. penicillata (Rchb.f.) Cisternas & Salazar and B. polysyka Kraenzl. A key to separate these species is presented and their distribution in Argentina is presented. All species are described in detail and photographs of diagnostic vegetative and floral features, as well as distributional, ecological and nomenclatural comments are included. Lectotypes for the basionyms Arethusa biplumata L.f., Chloraea arechavaletae Kraenzl. and B. polysyka Kraenzl. are designated. All studied species are terrestrial orchids that grow in grasslands of the heavily transformed Pampas biome; two of them are restricted to a few counties. Therefore, an assessment on their conservation status is urgently needed.     

Typification,taxonomy, and worldwide distribution of Braunia secunda (Hook.) Bruch & Schimp. (Hedwigiaceae)

Diagnosis and illustrations are given for Braunia secunda (Hook.) Bruch & Schimp., and a Humboldt and Bonpland specimen (BM) is selected as the lectotype. Also a collection by Arséne (BM) is designated as the lectotype for B. secunda var. crassiretis Thér. This variety is retained as synonym of B. secunda. The species concept of B. secunda is revised and a provisional key is provided to help in the identification of 23 species of Braunia, based on examination of herbarium specimens worldwide. About half of specimens from Mexico actually represent another species, B. andrieuxii Lorentz. All material examined from India, previously identified as B. secunda belongs to B. macropelma (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger, whereas collections from Africa are actually B. rupestris (Mitt.) A.Jaeger, B. entodonticarpa Müll.Hal., or B. diaphana (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger. These and other species should no longer be considered synonyms of B. secunda. The worldwide distribution of the species is documented for the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Venezuela, and Bolivia.     

Taxonomy of Producing Organism,and Production,Isolation, Physico-chemical Properties and Biological Activities of Cirratiomycin A and B

The new peptide antibiotics have been obtained from the culture filtrate of a streptomycete, strain 248-Sq2, isolated from a soil sample collected at Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

On the basis of taxonomic studies, the producing organisms is designated as Streptomyces cirratus. Two active principles are named cirratiomycin A and B.

These antibiotics exhibit a narrow range of activities against Lactobacillus casei and some strains of Streptococcus and Mycobacterium.     

Mapping and characterization of the DQ subregion of the ovine MHC

A map of the ovine MHC class II DQ subregion has been constructed from overlapping cosmid clones. This region consists of two loci linked on a linear tract of 130 kb DNA. Each locus consists of a DQA and a DQB gene in a tail-to-tail orientation. The genes in each locus are transcribed but only those designated DQ1 express class II molecules at the surface of mouse L cells following DNA-mediated gene transfection. The DQA1 and DQB1 genes are separated by 11kb while the DQA2 and B2 genes are 25 kb apart. The loci are separated by 22 kb.     

Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and characterization of a new cell wall hydrolase, CwIL, of Bacillus licheniformis

We have cloned a DNA fragment containing the gene for a cell wall hydrolase from Bacillus licheniformis FD0120 into Escherichia coli. Sequencing of the fragment showed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF; designated as cwlL), which is different from the B. licheniformis cell wall hydrolase gene cwlM, and encodes a polypeptide of 360 amino acids with a molecular mass of 38 994. The enzyme purified from the E. coli clone is an N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase, which has a M_r value of 41 kDa as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and is able to digest B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and Micrococcus luteus cell walls. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of cwlL are very similar to those of ORF3 in the putative operon xpaL1-xpaL2-ORF3 in B. licheniformis MC14. Moreover, the amino acid sequence homology of CwlL with the B. subtilis amidase CwlA indicates two evolutionarily distinguishable regions in CwlL. The sequence homology of CwlL with other cell wall hydrolases and the regulation of cwlL are discussed.     

Enhanced growth and nutrition of micropropagated Ficus benjamina to Glomus mosseae co-inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus coagulans

A greenhouse investigation was conducted to study the influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae and the plant growth-promoting rhizomicroorganisms (PGPRs) Bacillus coagulans and Trichoderma harzianum on the growth and nutrition of micropropagated Ficus benjamina plantlets. The AM fungus was inoculated either singly or in combination with the PGPRs. Plants showed maximum plant height, biomass, P content, mycorrhizal root colonization, spore numbers and populations of T. harzianum and B. coagulans in root zone soil when all the three organisms were inoculated together. Thus, when G. mosseae co-inoculated with PGPRs enhances growth and nutrition of Ficus benjamina. T. harzianum and B. coagulans are thus designated as mycorrhizal helper organisms.