ACTIVATION OF THE CORPORA ALLATA IN RELATION TO OVARIAN MATURATION IN THE SEASONAL FORMS OF THE BUTTERFLY, POLYGONIA C-AUREUM L.

In Polygonia c-aureum , there are two seasonal forms, viz. , the summer form and the autumn form. Previous experiments (E ndo , 1970) showed that the corpora allata of the summer form accelerate the maturation of ovarian follicles soon after imaginal ecdysis. On the other hand, the corpora allata of the autumn form do not stimulate ovarian maturation during a period of 2 to 3 weeks after the emergence.
In the summer form (S) as well as in the autumn form (A), the corpora allata remained in an inactive state for about 15 days after emergence when they had been isolated microsurgically from the brain and the corpora cardiaca during the larval period. Further, when separation of the brain into the right and left hemispheres or ablation of the medial neurosecretory group cells of the pars intercerebralis had been carried out on S-pupae of 28 hr after pupation or of earlier ages, they developed into autumn form in respect to wing pattern and their corpora allata did not stimulate ovarian maturation until 2 to 3 weeks after emergence. On the other hand, when the above operations had been performed 34 hr after the pupation or of later ages, they developed into summer form in respect to wing pattern and ovarian maturation was evident soon after the emergence. In these cases, stimulation of the corpora allata is closely connected with the development of seasonal-forms of wing pattern.
From these experiments, it is clear that the medial neurosecretory group cells of the pars intercerebralis in S-insects stimulate the corpora allata about 30 hr after pupation by way of the nervi corporis cardiaci and the activated corpora allata promote ovarian maturation throughout adult life. In A-insects, on the other hand, the medial neurosecretory group cells of the brain are inactive and fail to activate the corpora allata which in turn have no influence on ovarian maturation.     

FACTORS AFFECTING CORPORA ALLATA ACTIVITY IN THE ADULT LADY BEETLE COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA L.

Abstract Corpora allata are the defined site of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in reproductive adult insects and their activity is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the adult lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata , it has been well established that the development of ovaries is controlled by JH (Guan 1987). The present study aims at the elucidation of the influence of some factors regulating reproduction of the lady beetle. They include topical application of JH analogues, presence of neuropeptides in the extract from the brain, as well as the development of ovary and type of food on CA activity. JH synthesis in CA is monitored with radiochemical assay and immunoelectrophoresis.     

THE EFFECT OF CORPORA ALLATA ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND “ADULT DIAPAUSE” IN MALES OF THE RED LOCUST

Males of the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata, allatectomized 3–11 days after the moult to the adult stage did not exhibit any sexual behaviour and remained in a state comparable to adult diapause, while all the sham-allatectomized controls exhibited distinct sexual behaviour. Implantations of four pairs of active corpora allata (originating from sexually mature males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides) into the allatectomized males of the red locust led to sexual behaviour; in contrast, all those allatectomized males in which shamimplantations (appropriate surgical treatment without actual implantation of corpora allata) were performed remained in adult diapause showing no sexual behaviour.Comparison of the results with other data revealed that in some species of Acridids the corpora allata completely control (in a direct or indirect manner) male sexual behaviour, while in other species of the same family this control is either incomplete or perhaps does not exist at all. The presence or absence of a complete endocrine control of male sexual behaviour may perhaps be correlated with the fact that the species involved has or has not the ability to undergo a state of adult diapause.

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Zusammenfassung Männchen der Roten Heuschrecke, Nomadacris septemfasciata, die 3–11 Tage nach der Häutung zur Imago allatektomiert worden waren, zeigten keinerlei sexuelle Aktivität und verharrten in einem der Adult-Diapause vergleichbaren Zustand, während alle scheinallatektomierten Kontrolltiere ausgeprägtes Sexualverhalten aufwiesen. Implantationen von 4 Paar Corpora allata (aus geschlechtsreifen Männchen von Locusta migratoria migratorioides stammend) in allatektomierte Männchen der Roten Heuschrecke führten zu Sexualverhalten; im Gegensatz dazu verharrten alle diejenigen allatektomierten Männchen, bei welchen Schein-Implantationen durchgeführt wurden (entsprechende operative Behandlung ohne Implantation von Corpora allata) in Adult-Diapause und zeigten keine sexuelle Aktivität.Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit anderen Daten lassen erkennen, daß bei einigen Acridier-Arten die Corpora allata das männliche Sexualverhalten (auf direkte oder indirekte Weise) beeinflussen, während dieser Einfluß bei anderen Arten der gleichen Familie entweder unvollständig ist oder überhaupt nicht auftritt. Vorkommen oder Fehlen einer vollständigen endokrinen Kontrolle des männlichen Sexualverhaltens mag vielleicht von dem Umstand abhängen, ob die betreffende Art die Fähigkeit hat, ein Stadium adulter Diapause zu durchlaufen oder nicht.

     

南京紫金山地区鳞翅目蝶类种类分布及其季节性变化

1994－04－2000－07对国家级旅游风景区钟山紫金山地区蝴蝶种类、分布及季节性变化进行了调查。首次报道了紫金山地区内鳞翅目蝶类本底调查结果,共8科,41属,76种。其中6种为南京新记录,10仆种属珍稀观赏蝶类。研究表明在低山丘陵地区植被类型及季节性变化是决定该地区蝴蝶各类组成与分布的关键因素。人为活动是当地蝴蝶种群消长的敏感因素。     

兔输卵管峡部平滑肌阵发性活动与卵巢激素的关系

本文记录了不同卵巢激素状态下兔离体输卵管峡部平滑肌收缩活动及肌电变化。成年动情兔和排卵兔输卵管峡部活动强,呈现阵发性收缩或放电;幼兔及切除卵巢成年兔峡部活动弱,无典型的阵发收缩,若给这种兔补充雌激素阵发性收缩又可出现。结果表明峡部平滑肌阵发性活动与卵巢激素有密切关系,雌激素在维持阵发性活动中起着相当重要的作用。     

THE SEASONAL CAMBIUM ACTIVITY OF CHILEAN AND CALIFORNIAN SHRUBS

The sclerophyllous evergreen shrub vegetation of southern California and central Chile is characterized by several examples of morphologically similar species. For each one out of a group of four Californian shrub species, four morphologically analogous sclerophyllous evergreens from Chile were chosen. In monthly intervals two-year branchlets from these eight species were collected and their cambium activity was evaluated by means of a histological analysis. Similar shrub species from Chile and California show a surprisingly strong coincidence in their seasonal fluctuations of cambium activity regardless of their systematic position. This observation is interpreted to mean that convergence has taken place.     

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE PROPORTIONS OF SUBERIZED AND UNSUBERIZED ROOTS OF TREES IN RELATION TO THE ABSORPTION OF WATER

Growing root tips usually constituted less than 1 per cent and mycorrhizal roots less than 6 per cent of the total root surface under a 34-year-old pine stand. Growing root tips usually constituted less than 1 per cent of the total root surface under a yellow poplar stand, although one sample taken in May contained 9 per cent of unsuberized roots. The water permeability of various types of roots was measured under a pressure gradient of 31 cm of mercury. It differed widely among individual roots, ranging from an average of 6.6. mm³/cm²/hr for suberized pine roots 1.33 mm in diameter, to 36.6 mm³ for suberized pine roots 3 mm in diameter, and 178 mm³/ cm²/hr for unsuberized roots grown in water culture. Water intake through a group of unsuberized roots grown in soil averaged 37.4 mm³/cm²/hr. The permeability of yellow poplar roots varied even more, ranging from essentially zero to 30,000 mm³/cm²/hr. It is concluded that the major part of water absorption in pine occurs through suberized roots, some through mycorrhizal roots, and relatively little through growing root tips. Likewise, in yellow-poplar most of the water probably enters through suberized roots. Further study is needed of the role of suberized roots in water and salt absorption.     

THIOCYANATE INSECTICIDES: THE RELATION BETWEEN KNOCK-DOWN ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION

The results of an investigation into the relation between chemical constitution and the knock-down activity and toxicity of thiocyanate insecticides are recorded. Linkage of the toxic thiocyano radical through a ketomethylene group to a lipoid soluble hydrocarbon residue gives rise to knock-down activity. The most active α-thiocyanoketones R. CO.CH₂.SCN and thiocyanoacetates R. O. CO. CH₂. SCN are too irritant to the eyes and nose for inclusion in domestic fly-sprays. Thiocyanoacetates derived from saturated 10-carbon alcohols, however, are non-irritant to the mucous membranes while possessing moderately high activity. The mode of action of these compounds is discussed.     

海洋浮游藻类细胞质膜氧化还原活性与细胞外CA活性的关系

海洋浮游藻类除通过吸收和释放分子与离子来改变其环境的化学成分外,还可通过细胞外表面一些酶的作用引起质膜外化学物质变化。在这方面,海洋浮游藻类一个主要的细胞外表面酶-碳酸酐酶(CA),在经胰蛋白酶处理从细胞质膜上释放出来后,仍保留其催化活性。当细胞外表面CA(简称细胞外CA)具活性时,可催化质膜外HCO_3~-与CO_2的相互转化,为Rubisco(磷酸核酮糖羧化酶)提供一稳定的CO_2流量环境,以维持正常的光合作用。     

四种单宁植物形成层的活动周期和次生韧皮部的季节变化

余甘子Ｐｈｙｌｌａｎｔｈｕｓｅｍｂｌｉｃａ．Ｌ杨梅Ｍｙｒｉｃａｒｕｂｒａ（Ｌｏｕｒ）．Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔＺｕｃｃ,黑荆树ＡｃａｃｉａｍｅａｒｓｉｉＤｅＷｉｌｄｅ形成层的活动有明显的季节性,形成层活动期分别为５～１１月,３～１２月,２～１０月,其他时间休眠,细枝木麻黄ＣｗａｓｕａｒｉｎａｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｉａｎａＭｉｑ的形成层周年都在活动１,２月的材料中也见到成膜林,４种树木在冬季都保留相当数量的具功能     

RELATION BETWEEN THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF MITOTIC RATE AND CHOLESTEROL-7α-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN THE REGENERATING LIVER

The evolution of mitoses and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity were studied in parallel in the regenerating liver after a partial hepatectomy performed at two different hours of the nycthemeral period, i.e. 10 a.m. and 8 p.m.
The mitotic index was used to assess the function of cell division while cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase activity was taken as a test of the tissue-specific function. The results showed a different evolution of these two functions according to the time of the surgery. The data indicated that a mutually exclusive relationship took place between the function of cell-division and the tissue-specific function.
These observations suggested that, during liver regeneration, the derepression of the genes coding the enzymes of these two different functions takes place in a complementary fashion, at two different phases of the nycthemeral period.