Taxonomy of Marine Bacteria: Beneckea parahaemolytica and Beneckea alginolytica

A collection of 169 strains, including 91 obtained from cases of gastroenteritis and 41 from localized tissue infections and infections of the eye and ear, was submitted to an extensive nutritional, physiological, and morphological characterization. The nutritional and physiological data obtained from these strains, as well as data for strains of other species of the genus Beneckea, were submitted to a numerical analysis which grouped the strains into clusters on the basis of phenotypic similarity. Strains from cases of gastroenteritis formed a group of three clusters which linked at a similarity value of 68%. These three clusters could not, however, be separated from each other by universally positive or negative traits, and on the basis of their overall phenotypic similarity were assigned to a single species, B. parahaemolytica. The majority of the strains from human, nonenteric sources segregated into two distinct clusters, one designated B. alginolytica and the other unassigned with respect to species (group C-2). B. parahaemolytica, B. alginolytica, and group C-2 could be readily distinguished from one another as well as from the remaining species of the genus Beneckea by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. Activities of selected enzymes of glucose and gluconate catabolism in cell-free extracts of B. parahaemolytica, B. alginolytica, and group C-2 suggested that these organisms utilized glucose primarily via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and gluconate primarily via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Similar results were observed in the other members of the genus Beneckea.     

Taxonomy of Marine Bacteria: Beneckea nigrapulchrituda sp. n

Fourteen bacterial strains of marine origin, which formed colonies containing crystals of a blue-black pigment, were submitted to a morphological, physiological, and nutritional characterization. The results indicated that these organisms form a new species of the genus Beneckea.     

Taxonomy of the Genus Triticum L.

In the present paper, an brief historical account and the comments on the modern taxonomic systems of the genus Triticum L. are made. The author suggests that principles to determine a species be (1) a special type of genome, and (2) reproductive isolation. The principles to determine a subspecies are the special co-type of genome and incomplete reproductive isolation. There are no differences on the level of genome constitution and no reproductive isolation between the varieties or concultivars. According to these principles, the author schemes a taxonomic system of the genus Triticum L. based on biosystematics as follows: Triticum monococcum L. sensu lat. subsp. boeoticum (Boiss.) Yen, st. nov. var. thaoudar (Reut ) Flaksb. concv. Einkhorn subsp. urartu (Tum.)Vap. T. timopheevi Zhuk. sensu lat. var. araraticum (Jakubz.) Yen, st. nov. T. zhukovskyi Men. et Er. T. turgidum L. sensu lat. var. dicoccoides (Körn. in litt. in Schweinf.) Bowden concv. (1) Emmer, (2) Durum wheat, (3) Rivet wheat, (4) Polish wheat, (5) Persian wheat. T. aestivum L. sensu lat. concv. (1) Tibetian weed wheat, (2) Spelt, (3) Vavilov wheat, (4) Macha wheat, (5) Yunnan hulled wheat, (6) Winter common wheat, (7) Spring common wheat, (8) Branch-eared wheat, (9) Club wheat, (I0) Indian dwarf wheat, (11) Xinjiang ricewheat.     

八角属植物分类

根据对18个国家和地区121个标本馆收藏的万余份八角属植物标本研究,结合在国内8个省区野外调查、采集、引种和对生长发育与物侯的观察,本文对世界性八角属植物做了分类学修订。根据花蕾和花被片形态特征的变异,将八角属分为2组:八角组-含9种1亚种,其花蕾卵球形,花被片长圆形、椭圆形、披针形至狭舌状,扁平;八角茴香组-含25种2亚种1变种,其花蕾球形,花被片宽卵形至圆形,下凹。将凹脉组作为八角组的新异名,圆被亚属作为八角茴香组的新异名;指定了红茴香和柬埔寨八角的后选模式。本文还分析了八角属植物的分类学性状,作出有分类检索表,提供有各种植物的地理分布资料,列举出查阅的主要标本,并对各分类单元均作了分类学注释。     

八角属植物分类

根据对18 个国家和地区121 个标本馆收藏的万余份八角属植物标本研究, 结合在国内8 个省区野外调查、采集、引种和对生长发育与物侯的观察, 本文对世界性八角属植物做了分类学修订。根据花蕾和花被片形态特征的变异, 将八角属分为2 组:八角组-含9 种1 亚种, 其花蕾卵球形, 花被片长圆形、椭圆形、披针形至狭舌状, 扁平;八角茴香组-含25 种2 亚种1 变种, 其花蕾球形, 花被片宽卵形至圆形, 下凹。将凹脉组作为八角组的新异名, 圆被亚属作为八角茴香组的新异名;指定了红茴香和柬埔寨八角的后选模式。本文还分析了八角属植物的分类学性状, 作出有分类检索表, 提供有各种植物的地理分布资料, 列举出查阅的主要标本, 并对各分类单元均作了分类学注释。     

Genes of NAD+-Dependent Formate Dehydrogenases in Taxonomy of Aerobic Methylotrophic Bacteria of the Genus Ancylobacter

Microbiology - Comparative phylogenetic analysis of NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenases (NAD+-FDH) genes, which have been detected in all available genomes of methylotrophs of the genera...     

Taxonomy of the Genus Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae)

The genus Oreocharis as circumscribed here consists of 27 species including 5 varieties, of which 5 species and 4 varieties are described as new in the present paper. In the work analysed were the external morphology and geographic distribution and examined under SEM were pollen exine of 22 species and seed coat of 16 species. As a result, three types of the corolla, two types of the anther, three types of the pollen exine and three types of the seed coat are distinguished here in the paper. It is discovered that the corolla in the genus is relatively stable, though diverse, and highly correlated with the characters of pollen grains and seeds. The corolla clearly bilabiate but constricted at the throat, occurring in O. auricula, O. cordatula, O. aurantiaca, etc., for an example, is correlated with smooth, reticulate pollen exine and partial tectum and the reticulate and smooth seed coat. For this reason the subdivision of the genus in the paper is mainly based on the characters of the corolla, but combined with those of the anther, pollen and seed coat. The genus is divided into four sections in the present classification. Dasydesmus Craib, based on a single species. O. bodinieri, is reduced here, and the reasons are given. The genus is distributed mainly in the subtropics, and less frequently in the tropics, of China south of 32.5°N and east of 98.5°E, with only two species beyond the border, O. hirsuta in Thailand (only a single locality in Chiengmai) and O. aurea also found in north Vietnam (see Fig. 1, Table 3). Sect. 1. Stomactin (Clarke) Fritsch. Corolla urceolate-tubular, constricted at the throat, with limb distinctly bilabiate; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, smooth, rarely minutely tuberculate; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum partial and smooth, luminae slightly unequal in size. Sect. 2. Orthanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate or campanulate-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, muri smooth, rarely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, with partial and smooth tectum and luminae slightly unequal in size, rarely exine insular and fine-tuberculate, tectum perforate. Setc. 3. Oreocharis Corolla thin-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat densely spinyprocessed, rarely fine-tuberculate; pollen exine insular, densely spiny-processed, rarely finereticulate and smooth, luminae unequal in size. Sect. 4. Platyanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate; anthers hippocrepiform; seed coat densely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum perforate, luminae small, nearly equal in size. In the section Stomactin, although the constriction of corolla at its throat is a specialized character, the characters of seed coat, pollen grains and anthers are apparently primitive. Therefore it may be said at least that more primitive characters are preserved in the section. In the section Oreocharis, on the contrary, the characters of corolla, seed coat and pollen exine are all advanced. And in the section Platyanthera, the seed coat, pollen (with perforate tectum) and anthers have developed rather specialized characters.     

Paramoeba: A Common Marine Genus

Amoebae of the genus Paramoeba Schaudinn, 1896, have been found in British waters, further attesting to the wide distribution and common occurrence of these unusually interesting marine protozoa. The British strains belong to the species P. pemaquidensis Page, 1970, first described from the Atlantic coast of North America. The Nebenkörper appears to be characteristic of a morphologically and systematically homogeneous group of amoebae.     

Structure and Arrangement of Flagella in Species of the Genus Beneckea and Photobacterium fischeri

Species of marine bacteria belonging to the genus Beneckea and strains of Photobacterium fischeri were negatively stained and examined by means of the electron microscope to determine the structure and arrangement of their flagella. All of the species of the genus Beneckea had single, polar, sheathed flagella when grown in liquid medium. When grown on solid medium, most strains of B. campbellii and B. neptuna and all strains of B. alginolytica and B. parahaemolytica had unsheathed, peritrichous flagella in addition to the single, sheathed, polar flagellum. The remaining species, B. nereida, B. pelagia, and B. natriegens, had a single, polar, sheathed flagellum when grown on solid medium. Strains of P. fischeri had sheathed flagella arranged in polar tufts. Only one group (B-2) of marine bacteria included in this study was found to have polar, unsheathed flagella.     

昆虫病原线虫共生菌的分类

昆虫病原线虫共生菌是存在于昆虫病原线虫肠道内的一类细菌 ,属肠杆菌科 (Enterobacteriaceae) ,兼性厌氧 ,包括致病杆菌属 (Xenorhabdus) [1] 和光杆状菌属 (Photorhabdus) [2 ] ,它们分别与斯氏线虫属 (Stein ernema)和异小杆线虫属 (Heterorhabditis)的线虫共生[3] 。在自然界 ,共生菌存在于 3龄侵染期线虫的肠道中[4 ] ,不能从土壤中分离获得 ,是昆虫病原线虫的主要致病因子。昆虫病原线虫共生菌直到 2 0世纪 5 0年代末期才被发现 ,其分类地位也经常发生变动 ,鉴定工作尽管几十年来陆陆续续时有报道 ,但并不十分深入和系统。近年来 ,…     

Taxonomy of Aerobic Marine Eubacteria

Two hundred and eighteen strains of nonfermentative marine bacteria were submitted to an extensive morphological, physiological, and nutritional characterization. All the strains were gram-negative, straight or curved rods which were motile by means of polar or peritrichous flagella. A wide variety of organic substrates served as sole sources of carbon and energy. The strains differed extensively in their nutritional versatility, being able to utilize from 11 to 85 carbon compounds. Some strains had an extracellular amylase, gelatinase, lipase, or chitinase and were able to utilize n-hexadecane and to denitrify. None of the strains had a yellow, cell-associated pigment or a constitutive arginine dihydrolase system, nor were they able to hydrolyze cellulose or agar. The results of the physiological and nutritional characterization were submitted to a numerical analysis which clustered the strains into 22 groups on the basis of phenotypic similarities. The majority of these groups were separable by a large number of unrelated phenotypic traits. Analysis of the moles per cent guanine plus cytosine (GC) content in the deoxyribonucleic acid of representative strains indicated that the peritrichously flagellated groups had a GC content of 53.7 to 67.8 moles%; polarly flagellated strains had a GC content of 30.5 to 64.7 moles%. The peritrichously flagellated groups were assigned to the genus Alcaligenes. The polarly flagellated groups, which had a GC content of 43.2 to 48.0 moles%, were placed into a newly created genus, Alteromonas; groups which had a GC content of 57.8 to 64.7 moles% were placed into the genus Pseudomonas; and the remaining groups were left unassigned. Twelve groups were given the following designations: Alteromonas communis, A. vaga, A. macleodii, A. marinopraesens, Pseudomonas doudoroffi, P. marina, P. nautica, Alcaligenes pacificus, A. cupidus, A. venustus, and A. aestus. The problems of assigning species of aerobic marine bacteria to genera are discussed.     

Deinococcus属细菌分类和应用的研究进展

Deinococcus属菌株是一类对引起细胞致死效应的辐射有极强抵抗能力的细菌。目前已有23个有效发表种,对Deinococcus属的应用研究也受到了广泛关注。对其分类和应用研究进行了综述。     

Isolation of Bacteriophages of the Marine Bacterium Beneckea natriegens from Coastal Salt Marshes

Bacteriophages of the marine bacterium Beneckea natriegens were isolated from coastal marshes where they were limited to brackish and marine waters. The phages were widely distributed and morphologically diverse in the marshes.     

竹亚科刚竹属植物新资料

描述了竹亚科Bambusoideae刚竹属Phyllostachys Sieb. et Zucc.的2个新种和5个新变型：瓜竹Ph. longiciliata、浙江甜竹Ph. zhejiangensis、黄槽黄古竹Ph. angusta f. flavosulcata、绿槽人面竹Ph. aurea f. koi、蝶毛竹 Ph. edulis f. abbreviata、黄条燥壳竹Ph. hirtivagina f. flavovittata和花竹Ph. nidularia f. basipilis;作出3个新组合变型：厚皮毛竹Ph. edulis f. pachyloen、安吉锦毛竹Ph. edulis f. anjiensis和花秆早竹Ph. violascens f. viridisulcata;对金条竹Ph. aureosulcata f. flavostriata、对花竹Ph. bambusoides f. duihuazhu、黄槽斑竹Ph. bambusoides f. mixta和黄皮毛竹Ph. edulis f. holochrysa的模式标本给予了重新指定。     

The Diatom Genus Tabellaria: I. Taxonomy and Morphology

A morphological study of natural populations of Tabellaria infresh water suggested that there were two fundamentally differenttypes of growth (and therefore frustule structure) in the genus,and this has been confirmed by means of unialgal clone cultures.The existence of these different types of growth forms the basisfor a revision of the genus. A diagnosis of T. quadriseptatanov. spec, is given, the specific limits of T. fenestrata andT. flocculosa are redefined, and the occurrence of T. binalisin Britain is reported for the first time.     

镰刀菌属分类学研究历史与现状

镰刀菌是农作物和经济作物的重要病原菌,其产生的真菌毒素可危及人畜健康。近十几年来欧美的科学家在研究技术上有新的突破,使镰刀菌属种的概念在认识上有迅速的发展,尤其是那些引起谷类作物严重病害,并产生毒素的种类。在我国,从谷类粮食、饲料中检出镰刀菌毒素的现象屡有报道,我们对镰刀菌属种以及产生这些毒素的菌种(菌株)的认识还有待进一步加强。     

杨属植物分类的研究进展和展望

自林奈建立杨属（Populus）以来,众多的学者对杨属的分类进行了研究,并建立了较多的分类系统。目前的国际杨属分类,总体上还停留在传统形态分类阶段,存在明显的地域和国别特征。尽管各国在主流上都采用“属—组—种”的分类阶元,但在种、亚种、变种的划分上,却存在很大的不同。中国和美国分别是细分派和聚合派的代表,两国的分类系统存在很大分歧,但各有优点和缺点。即使在国内,杨属分类也还有很多需要解决的问题。新兴的分子系统学研究,为杨属的分类修订提供了一些有益参考,但总体贡献不大。国际杨属分类的趋势和终极目标是建立基于系统发生的统一分类系统。这需要基于种群和综合物种概念,融合形态学、生态学、生物地理学、基因组生物信息学和进化生物学等的综合系统分类来实现。