内蒙古乌兰察布地区鸟类群落结构及季节变化

为了解内蒙古自治区乌兰察布地区的鸟类群落结构季节变化及其影响因素,于2012年10月至2013年12月,采用固定半径样点法和样带法对该地区6种生境类型的鸟类进行调查。共记录到鸟类17目45科153种,其中夏候鸟76种,旅鸟38种,留鸟34种,冬候鸟5种。春、夏、秋季均以夏候鸟为主,冬季则留鸟占优势。非雀形目鸟类所占比例明显高于雀形目。鸟类多样性指数为春季秋季夏季冬季,均匀性指数为春季夏季秋季冬季;聚类分析表明,春季和秋季鸟类群落结构最为相似。不同季节各生境鸟类群落结构亦存在差异,春、夏、秋季的湿地鸟类群落多样性均最高,而农田和居民区的鸟类群落较为相似。栖息地类型、食物资源及候鸟迁徙是该地区鸟类群落结构季节变化的主要影响因素。     

宁夏罗山国家级自然保护区鸟类区系特征及群落结构

自2010年10月至2011年12月对宁夏罗山国家级保护区鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查研究,共记录到鸟类15目46科98属164种,占宁夏已知鸟类总种数的48.81%。其中留鸟51种(31.10%),夏候鸟68种(41.64%),旅鸟38种(23.17%),冬候鸟7种(4.27%)。繁殖鸟119种,其中以古北界鸟类占优势,有88种,占繁殖鸟总数的73.95%;东洋界种15种,占12.61%;广布种鸟类16种,占13.45%。研究发现不同季节、不同生境中的鸟类群落特征差异较大。林地鸟类物种数和多样性指数最高,水域鸟类具有最高的G-F指数。相似性分析显示,山地荒漠草地和废弃村庄的鸟类群落,林地和浅山灌丛鸟类群落,分别具有一定的相似性。春季鸟类群落物种数、G-F指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数最高。     

湖南省永州市鸟类区系特征及群落结构研究

为了探讨不同生境、不同季节对鸟类群落结构及多样性的影响,笔者于2012年3月至2013年2月采用样线调查法对湖南省永州市的鸟类群落组成进行了调查。结果表明,记录到的鸟类共计9目33科121种,该地的夏候鸟有26种,留鸟59种,冬候鸟20种,旅鸟16种。在85种繁殖鸟中,东洋界鸟类有48种,占繁殖鸟总数的56.47%。从数量上看,留鸟是鸟类的构建主体;从整体上看,鸟类的物种数和总数量在春季和秋季呈现高峰,冬季最低。在不同季节中,春季的鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,分别为2.9901和0.7245;在不同生境中,全年鸟类多样性指数由高到低依次为灌草丛地农田林地水域村庄,均匀度指数为灌草丛地农田水域林地村庄。     

甘肃黑河内陆河湿地自然保护区候鸟多样性

甘肃黑河为我国第二大内陆河,位于其中游的黑河湿地自然保护区为内陆河流湿地生态系统自然保护区。2008年分季节采用样线法和样点法调查该保护区湿地、农田村庄、人工林和荒漠4种生境的鸟类种类和数量。调查共记录保护区分布的鸟类17目35科116种,其中夏候鸟73种(占鸟类种类的62.93%),迁徙过路鸟20种(占17.24%),留鸟17种(占14.66%),冬候鸟6种(占5.17%)。其中,属于《湿地公约》的水禽56种。在湿地生境共记录鸟类70种,占保护区鸟类种数的60.34%,其中繁殖期在湿地生境栖息的鸟类有50种,绝大部分为夏候鸟(47种),留鸟只有3种;迁徙季节分布有44种鸟类,其中迁徙过路鸟(只在迁徙季节见到)有17种,占迁徙季节鸟类种类数的38.64%。村庄农田、人工林以及荒漠生境中,繁殖期和迁飞期共记录鸟类57种,夏候鸟有33种,留鸟有17种,迁徙过路鸟只有3种。甘肃张掖黑河湿地保护区是众多水禽在我国西北地区的重要繁殖地和迁徙停歇地,是我国候鸟迁徙西部路线上的关键区域。     

四川察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性和区系分析

通过野外调查并结合相关文献,共记录四川察青松多白唇鹿国家级自然保护区鸟类17目52科232种,其中,留鸟136种(58.62%),夏候鸟62种(26.72%),旅鸟29种(12.50%),冬候鸟5种(2.16%);古北界物种112种(48.28%),东洋界物种90种(38.79%),广布种30种(12.93%);世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录鸟类15种(濒危3种,易危4种,近危8种);国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类10种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类24种;中国特有鸟类14种。研究结果表明,在不同生境类型之间,Shannon-Wiener指数为灌丛最高(3.520),裸岩最低(2.548);在不同季节中,夏、秋季物种数目、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数均明显高于春、冬季,尤其在夏季,各项指数均达到最大值。鸟类群落多样性指数峰值均出现在海拔4 050～4 200 m,随着海拔升高,各项指数迅速下降,垂直分布格局呈现出明显的中峰模式。保护区具备多样的生境类型和丰富的鸟类物种多样性,其中还包括了相当数量的珍稀濒危物种和特有种,应加强调查研究和保护。研究保护区内鸟类多样性与区系,有助于了解其多样性分布现状和格局,为保护区管理提供科学参考。     

内蒙古乌海市鸟类区系特征及群落结构

2009年4月至2010年3月对内蒙古乌海市的鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类132种,隶属于17目37科。其中留鸟26种,夏候鸟71种,旅鸟27种,冬候鸟8种。繁殖鸟有97种,其中古北界鸟类有83种,占繁殖鸟类种数的85.6%。研究发现不同季节、不同生境中的鸟类群落特征差异较大。春季的鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数均最高;湿地的鸟类多样性指数最高。本文基于研究结果提出了对乌海市鸟类及其生存环境的保护建议。     

太白山北坡夏秋季鸟类物种多样性

2006年5月～7月(夏季),9月～10月(秋季)在秦岭主峰太白山的北坡根据海拔和典型植被划分生境类型,在6种生境中选择典型样区划定样线并采用样线法对鸟类进行调查,根据鸟类的绝对数量和估算面积计算鸟类的绝对密度,并根据密度等级划分各生境类型中优势物种和常见物种。共观察到鸟类144种,其中留鸟102种,夏候鸟41种,冬候鸟1种。不同的海拔和不同生境类型中的鸟类物种丰富度和多度有较大差异,而且同一生境中鸟类多样性的季节性变化也很明显。无论是夏季还是秋季,低海拔农田带生境中鸟类的总密度最高,而高山灌丛草甸生境中的鸟类总密度最低。优势物种和常见物种在不同的生境类型组成也不相同,而且在不同季节也有变化。夏秋季的鸟类食性组成在农田带有显著差异,而其它生境类型中的鸟类食性夏秋季无明显差异,但是秋季植食性鸟类在各个生境类型中都有增多的趋势。物种丰富度和海拔梯度的关系显示在中海拔地区的鸟类丰富度最高。总体上,和20世纪80年代相比,太白山北坡的鸟类已经发生了明显的变化。     

湖南娄底市城区公园绿地鸟类物种多样性及保护对策

城市公园绿地作为城市生态系统的重要自然组成部分,是鸟类及其他动物的重要生境和载体.快速城市化导致城市公园绿地空间格局剧烈变化,公园绿地因在城市中呈斑块状分布而具有许多岛屿栖息地的特性,对鸟类群落产生了明显的影响.为了摸清娄底市城区的鸟类群落组成及物种多样性,为制定鸟类保护措施提供依据, 2010年11月至 2012年1月采用样带和样方法对城区内7个公园绿地中鸟类物种的分布及其生境进行调查,共记录到鸟类56种,隶属于11目27科.其中留鸟为32种,占57.2%;夏候鸟、冬候鸟各12种,分别占21.4%.东洋界27种,占48.2%;古北界14种,占25.0%;广布种15种,占26.8%.国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类7种,占物种总数的12.5%.娄底市城区公园绿地鸟类群落物种Shannon指数、Pielou指数、G-F指数分别为1.49、0.85、0.62.珠山公园的物种数(42)、Shannon指数(1.41)、G指数(3.46)、F指数(6.12)、G-F指数(0.43)均最高,而月琴山公园的Pielou指数最高(0.92).对娄底市绿地鸟类资源较为贫乏的主要原因进行了分析,并提出了合理的保护建议.     

兰州大学榆中校区及其附近鸟类多样性研究

2008年5月～2012年5月对兰州大学榆中校区及附近的鸟类进行调查,共计发现鸟类117种,隶属于10目35科65属,其中夏候鸟40种,留鸟53种,旅鸟16种,冬候鸟8种;在鸟类区系方面,古北界鸟种占52.1%,广布种占40.2%,东洋界鸟种占7.7%,其鸟类群落组成兼有黄土高原鸟类与兴隆山山地鸟类的特点;在三种鸟类生境类型中,鸟类多样性和群落的均匀度最高的是校园人工园林,山区灌丛草地的鸟类多样性位居其次,且具有一些黄土高原特有留鸟,农田与居民点的鸟类多样性最低而优势度最高。     

巢湖湖岸带鸟类多样性的初步研究

2008年2月、7月、11月到2009年7月,采用路线调查和定点观察相结合的方法对巢湖沿岸及湖滨带不同生境的鸟类种类及数量进行了调查。记录到鸟类15目33科103种,其中属于国家Ⅱ级重点保护的鸟类3种,安徽省地方重点保护鸟类33种。季节型中,留鸟33种,夏候鸟37种,冬候鸟27种,旅鸟9种。繁殖鸟类的地理型中,古北界种23种,占33.3%;东洋界种30种,占43.5%;两界广布种16种,占23.2%。水鸟33种,近湖岸500m以内水面游禽有10种。优势种5种,广布性种15种。在湖岸5类生境中,树林、灌丛和抛荒地鸟类多样性指数最高,湖滨及浅滩鸟类多样性指数最低。湖泊污染和盲目开发导致鸟类栖息地破坏和丧失,影响鸟类多样性,因此应加强湖泊污染治理,恢复沿岸滩涂及其植被,维持巢湖丰富的鸟类多样性。     

Does Invasion of Exotic Plants Promote Invasion of Exotic Flower Visitors? A Case Study from the Temperate Forests of the Southern Andes

Habitat disturbance, particularly of human origin, promotes the invasion of exotic plants, which in turn might foster the invasion of alien-interacting animals. Here we assess whether the invasion of exotic plants – mostly mediated by habitat disturbance – facilitates the invasion of exotic flower visitors in temperate forests of the southern Andes, Argentina. We recorded visit frequencies and the identity of visitors to the flowers of 15 native and 15 exotic plant species occurring in different highly disturbed and less disturbed habitats. We identified three alien flower visitors, the hymenopterans Apis mellifera, Bombus ruderatus, and Vespula germanica. We found significantly more visitation by exotic insects in disturbed habitats. This pattern was explained, at least in part, by the association between alien flower visitors and flowers of exotic plants, which occurred more frequently in disturbed habitats. However, this general pattern masked different responses between the two main alien flower visitors. Apis mellifera exploited almost exclusively the flowers of a subset of herbaceous exotic plants that thrive under disturbance, whereas B. ruderatus visited equally flowers of both exotic and native plants in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. We did not find any strong evidence that flowers of exotic plants were more generalist than those of native plants, or that exotic flower visitors were more generalist than their native counterparts. Our results suggest that alien plant species could facilitate the invasion of at least some exotic flower visitors to disturbed habitats. Because flowering plants as well as flower visitors benefit from this mutualism, this association may enhance, through a positive feedback, successful establishment of both exotic partners.     

Floral visitors in urban gardens and natural areas: Diversity and interaction networks in a neotropical urban landscape

Because cities concentrate 50% of the world’s population, and are experiencing a re-emergence of urban agriculture, we investigated the influences of urban agriculture and surrounding natural areas on floral visitors (bees, wasps, butterflies and flies) and plant species in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Mexico.Throughout the frost, dry and rainy seasons of 2015, we sampled floral visitors in nine urban gardens and nine natural areas. We found 210 floral visitor species: 78% pollinators, 18% predators, and 4% florivores. Rarefaction curves showed that natural areas harbor significantly more floral visitor species (148) than home gardens (132). However, the differences in species composition between habitats and seasons highlight the need to view natural areas and home gardens as complementary habitats with which floral visitors interact in varying ways, during successive seasons, to meet different needs. Furthermore, mean species richness of floral visitors was influenced mainly by seasonality, and increased as seasons progressed from the dry, frost season to the rainy season. Nonetheless, some taxa were influenced by both season and habitat type. Floral visitor abundance was influenced by both habitat type and season, with home gardens showing higher abundance across seasons. Moreover, interaction networks for each season were more asymmetric in natural areas than in home gardens. Urban cover in the surrounding landscape influenced in a quadratic way the species number of floral visitors, but not their abundance. Thus, our results are evidence that natural areas surrounding cities and urban agriculture contribute to floral visitor communities and their networks.     

河南安阳平原农耕区鸟类区系及多样性

2009年7月～2011年8月对河南安阳平原农耕区鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类109种,隶属13目33科,其中雀形目鸟类59种,占鸟种总数的54.1%;留鸟30种,占总种数的28.4%;夏候鸟33种,占总种数的30.3%;冬候鸟8种,占6.4%;旅鸟38种,占34.9%。在生境分布上,以村庄农田鸟类种类最多,其次是林地果园,鸟种最少的是河流水域。在调查研究的基础上提出了鸟类保护的一些建议。     

Avian distribution in treefall gaps and understorey of terra firme forest in the lowland Amazon

We compared the bird distributions in the understorey of treefall gaps and sites with intact canopy in Amazonian terra firme forest in Brazil. We compiled 2216 mist-net captures (116 species) in 32 gap and 32 forest sites over 22.3 months. Gap habitats differed from forest habitats in having higher capture rates, total captures, species richness and diversity. Seventeen species showed a significantly different distribution of captures between the two habitats (13 higher in gap and four higher in forest). Gap habitats had higher capture rates for nectarivores, frugivores and insectivores. Among insectivores, capture rates for solitary insectivores and army ant followers did not differ between the two habitats. In contrast, capture rates were higher in gaps for members of mixed-species insectivore flocks and mixed-species insectivore–frugivore flocks. Insectivores, especially members of mixed-species flocks, were the predominant species in gap habitats, where frugivores and nectarivores were relatively uncommon. Although few canopy species were captured in gap or forest habitats, visitors from forest mid-storey constituted 42% of the gap specialist species (0% forest) and 46% of rare gap species (38% forest). Insectivore, and total, captures increased over time, but did so more rapidly in gap than in forest habitats, possibly as a response to gap succession. However, an influx of birds displaced by nearby timber harvest also may have caused these increases. Avian gap-use in Amazonian terra firme forests differs from gap-use elsewhere, partly because of differences in forest characteristics such as stature and soil fertility, indicating that the avian response to gaps is context dependent.     

浙江天童国家森林公园鸟类区系和群落特征

2006～2009年对浙江天童国家森林公园地区的7个样点、6条样线的3种生境鸟类资源状况进行调查。共发现鸟类16目45科142种,其中东洋界75种、古北界59种、广布型8种;留鸟59种、旅鸟30种、冬候鸟30种、夏候鸟23种。国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类23种,中日候鸟保护协议鸟种49种,中澳候鸟保护协议鸟种9种,CITES附录Ⅰ物种1种,CITES附录Ⅱ物种23种。于2009年1月23日发现浙江新纪录1种——日本歌鸲(Erithacus akahige)。调查地区鸟类区系上偏重于东洋界,居留型上以留鸟为主;生境丰富,无绝对优势种,森林和农田鸟类多样性及均匀度均较湿地生境高。     

四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区鸟类物种及垂直多样性研究

2016年12月—2018年6月采用样带法和样点法对四川美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区的鸟类资源进行了调查,根据调查并结合相关文献记录,统计出保护区分布有鸟类268种,隶属17目56科。其中,留鸟146种(54.5%)、夏候鸟91种(34.0%)、冬候鸟18种(6.7%)、旅鸟13种(4.9%),以繁殖鸟为主。繁殖鸟类中,以东洋界物种为主(67.5%)。保护区的珍稀濒危鸟类物种数量较多,有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生鸟类2种、国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生鸟类16种;列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ1种、附录Ⅱ12种;列入世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危(EN)1种、易危(VU)3种、近危(NT)2种;中国特有种14种。各生境类型中的鸟类丰富度为针叶林>阔叶林>针阔混交林>灌丛及灌草丛>高山灌丛草甸>水域;针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林之间的鸟类群落结构相似性最高,水域与其他生境的最低。保护区鸟类物种丰富度在2600~3000m的中海拔地区最高,在高海拔和低海拔较低,物种垂直分布呈中峰模式。本研究丰富了保护区和凉山山系的鸟类资料,为鸟类垂直多样性研究提供了重要案例。     

Floral Visitors and Pollination of Psychotria tenuinervis (Rubiaceae): Distance from the Anthropogenic and Natural Edges of an Atlantic Forest Fragment1

Pollinators, especially insects, could be influenced by forest fragmentation. The aim of this paper was to examine whether there were differences in 1) the communities of floral visitors; 2) the frequency of visits; and 3) the fruit and seed sets of individuals of Psychotria tenuinervis occurring at anthropogenic edges (AEs), natural edges (NEs), and in the forest interior (FI) in 2 yr of study. In 2002, the total number of flower visits was greater in NE and lower in AE, while no difference among habitats was found in 2003. There were differences among sample plots, within habitats, in both years. Bees were the most frequent visitors of P. tenuinervis flowers, and the introduced honeybee Apis mellifera was the most common species observed. There were no differences in the fruit and seed sets, or in the density of reproductive individuals of P. tenuinervis among habitats. However, in 2002, NE showed the greatest proportion of fruits per flower and AE the smallest. The similarity among the habitats was probably due to the marked variation or heterogeneity among the sample plots and among the plants within the habitats, which may have masked any interhabitat differences. The observed heterogeneity and the likely importance of other factors, such as gaps and the age of the edge, on the fragment studied, could be viewed as important issues for conservation programs.     

四川格西沟国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性初探

鸟类多样性研究是国家级自然保护区的重要工作。2020年6月—2021年5月,采用样线法和样点法,调查了四川格西沟国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性。结果显示:结合历史文献资料,保护区共有鸟类19目56科249种。其中,国家一级重点保护动物10种,国家二级重点保护动物35种,中国特有种11种。居留型以留鸟为主,共156种(62.65%),其次是夏候鸟60种(24.10%)、旅鸟19种(7.63%)、冬候鸟14种(5.62%)。区系组成以东洋界为主,共116种(46.59%),古北界103种(41.37%)、广布种30种(12.04%)。各生态系统中森林和灌丛生态系统Shannon-Wiener指数最高,其他生态系统最低,森林和灌丛生态系统的Sorenson相似性指数最高;夏、秋季的Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数最高,冬季最低。建议保护区建立长期监测体系,并持续开展鸟类保护宣传活动,加大巡护和管控力度,降低保护区内的人为干扰,同时注重鸟类所利用栖息地的保护。