水磷耦合对小麦次生根特殊根毛形态与结构的影响

通过水、磷复因子大田试验,以强筋小麦品种郑麦9023为材料,研究了水磷耦合对小麦生育中、后期次生根特殊根毛形态与结构的影响。结果指出,不同水分处理显著影响特殊根毛形态。随着土壤水分含量提高,次生根特殊根毛长度缩短。与土壤湿润处理相比,仅依靠自然降水处理的特殊根毛长度和直径增加(P<0.01),拔节至子粒形成期间完全灌溉处理的根毛长度增加(P<0.01)。随着供磷水平提高,特殊根毛长度和直径增加(P<0.05),其中高磷处理和对照（不施磷）的差异达极显著水平(P<0.01)。同一供水条件下随供磷水平提高,或同一供磷水平上随土壤含水量降低,特殊根毛长度和直径均增加(P<0.05)。拔节以后,仅依靠自然降水—高磷处理组合的特殊根毛细胞饱满,结构完整,细胞壁加厚明显,细胞核、液泡及线粒体清晰可见;而土壤湿润—低磷处理组合的特殊根毛扭曲、变形现象严重,细胞壁变薄,细胞核解体,质膜、微体等细胞器消失。研究表明,适当降低土壤含水量并提高供磷水平,小麦次生根特殊根毛的长度和直径增加,并维持良好的细胞形态和结构。     

水稻无侧根突变体RM109的显微结构及其根毛形态观察

水稻原品种"大力"以NaN3诱变方法获得了稳定突变体RM109.显微结构观察表明,RM109种子根外表根毛稀少且短小,无侧根发生,而"大力"品种则有侧根发生,且密生根毛.根毛观察比较显示,距种子根根端1 cm处的RM109根毛数是"大力"品种的19%,差异极显著,根直径与"大力"品种差异不显著;距根端8 cm处的RM109根毛数和根直径分别是"大力"品种的45%和79%,二者差异极显著;距根端3 cm处,RM109最大根毛长是"大力"品种的33%,差异极显著;RM109种子根根端到根毛发生区的长度,与"大力"品种的差异不显著.     

水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响.结果表明:水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0～174.3条·mm-2.与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加.各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

水培条件下营养元素对枳幼苗根毛发育及根生长的影响

以柑橘砧木枳实生苗为试材,研究水培条件下N、P、 K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Mn等7种营养元素分别缺乏对其根系主根长度、侧根数和主、侧根根毛密度、根毛长度及根毛直径等的影响．结果表明: 水培条件下,不同缺素处理枳实生幼苗的根毛均能生长,但根毛主要集中在近根基段,根尖处分布较少;侧根的根毛密度显著大于主根,而其根毛长度显著小于主根.不同缺素处理对根毛的生长发育影响较大,主根根毛密度为55.0~174.3 条·mm^-2．与对照相比,缺Ca诱发主根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺P使主根的根基段、中段及侧根的根毛密度、长度显著增加;缺Fe使主根根尖段根毛密度显著增加,而长度显著降低;缺K使主根、侧根的根毛密度、长度及根毛直径均显著降低;缺Mg使主根根毛长度显著增加．各处理主根的生长较一致;侧根除缺N、Mg处理外,其他处理均出现脱落后再生的现象.     

苗期水分亏缺对玉米根系发育及解剖结构的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了不同水分亏缺[土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的75%～85%(对照)、65%～75%(轻度)、55%～65%(中度)、45%～55%(重度)]对玉米苗期根系发育及解剖结构的影响.结果表明:干旱抑制了植株生长,随着水分亏缺程度的加重,根系长度缩短、根直径变细、总生物量降低;而根系活力、根冠比、根尖多糖含量均增加;侧根根毛长度、根毛密度、根毛总长度在中度水分亏缺条件下达到最大.组织切片观察结果表明,根直径变细主要是由于根的中柱面积减小、导管直径缩小所致,不同水分亏缺处理间导管的数量差异不大,但水分亏缺使导管壁变得不规整.根尖多糖含量的增加主要表现在表皮细胞和根冠细胞内,在表皮细胞内多糖主要以游离形式分布,在根冠细胞内主要以淀粉粒形式分布.总之,在水分亏缺条件下,玉米通过改变导管结构、增加表皮细胞与根冠细胞内多糖的含量及扩大根毛总表面积,来调节根系对水分的吸收能力,增强玉米植株的抗旱性,但根毛并不随着亏缺程度的加重而无限制的增长,在过度干旱条件下,根毛会受到抑制或损伤.     

用胶体金免疫电镜技术研究水分胁迫对蚕豆根中ABA分布与含量的影响

用胶体金免疫电镜技术对蚕豆 ( Vicia faba L.)根中 ABA的定位结果表明 ,在原分生组织金颗粒主要分布在细胞核。在基本分生组织或伸长区前部皮层细胞的质膜附近有较多的金颗粒标记 ,维管柱特别是维管组织的质外体中发现有大量金颗粒标记。伸长区中部及根毛区细胞也有较多的金颗粒标记。水分胁迫可导致初生分生组织或伸长区前部细胞金颗粒标记密度大增 ,伸长区中部及根毛区细胞的金颗粒密度也明显增加。对根中 ABA在超微结构水平上的分布及其与运输的关系进行了讨论 ,为 ABA有可能作为由根向地上部分传递的逆境信息提供了进一步的证据。     

根瘤形成过程中豆科植物根毛和根外层传递细胞的诱发

对7种豆科植物接种根瘤菌后根部的形态和内部结构进行了研究.结果表明:根瘤菌可诱发根瘤形成部位根段的根毛增生、形变和根外层传递细胞的发育.根外层传递细胞发生在根毛伸长形变时期,一直可持续到根瘤形成,传递细胞壁内突发育过程是先由根表皮细胞外切向壁一侧细胞质膜向细胞质内陷形成囊状壁傍体,次生细胞壁物质在初生壁上沉积并逐渐充满囊状体,最终形成传递细胞典型的壁内突结构.根瘤形成过程中根外层传递细胞的诱发与培养方式(水培、固培)没有直接关系.在不接菌的对照苗的根段内未发现壁内突结构,研究证明豆科植物根外层传递细胞的形成是由根瘤菌诱导所致.     

X射线对根尖细胞分裂和分化的作用

用30—70GyX射线照射小麦幼苗(浸种后5天)后发现根毛区到根尖的距离缩短,根毛变密,根毛长度为对照的2—3倍。照射后2—3天就可看到该现象。根毛着生处到根尖的距离随剂量增加而减少,甚至根尖全为根毛所复盖,另外还看到有分叉的根毛。根尖纵切片表明根尖分生区随剂量增加而缩小,分生区后接着就出现输导组织。玉米和黄瓜也有类似现象。这现象说明根细胞的分裂过程对射线很敏感,而分化过程则相当耐辐射,细胞分裂停止后立即转向细胞分化过程。     

甘蓝型油菜根系突变体lrn1、prl1和野生型根系显微结构的差异

油菜外源细胞分裂素不敏感突变体lrn1和prl1表现为磷高效。营养液培养0.2μmol/L细胞分裂素(6-BA)处理,与甘蓝型油菜野生型‘宁油7号’(WT)相比,突变体lrn1侧根较多,prl1主根较长。本研究利用体式显微技术、非切片压片法以及石蜡切片等技术,对3个基因型在ddH2O和0.2μmol/L 6-BA处理下的根毛、根表皮细胞分化及根尖解剖结构的差异进行了观察,结果表明:ddH2O处理,种子发芽后第1、3、6、9 d,lrn1、prl1和WT根尖成熟区根毛较少。0.2μmol/L 6-BA处理,种子发芽后第3 d,lrn1、prl1和WT根尖形成大量根毛,其中WT根毛最多、密度最大;prl1根毛最少,密度也最小;lrn1处于两者之间。种子发芽后第6 d,lrn1、prl1和WT分生区和伸长区明显缩短,lrn1和prl1分生区面积无显著差异,但两者均显著大于WT;lrn1和prl1根冠细胞结构较正常,而WT根冠细胞结构畸形;lrn1皮层原细胞之间排列较WT和prl1紧密。种子发芽后第9 d,lrn1已有4条侧根,但prl1与WT无侧根形成。6-BA处理,prl1主根较长,与其根尖分生区面积较大密切相关;lrn1侧根较多,可能与中柱原细胞排列密度较高密切相关。     

根毛分化过程中的细胞生理学变化

根表皮的显著特征是发育出根毛,根毛集中分布在根端以上的根毛区(Farr,1928)。根毛对植物从土壤吸收水份和矿质营养起重要作用。关于根毛发育的形态学研究已有较详尽的报道(Leavitt.1904;Cormack,1949)。在多数根表皮中,由于原表皮细胞的不均等分裂产生短型生毛细胞和长型不形成毛的细胞。     

The distribution and abundance of wheat roots in a dense,structured subsoil – implications for water uptake

We analysed the abundance, spatial distribution and soil contact of wheat roots in dense, structured subsoil to determine whether incomplete extraction of subsoil water was due to root system limitations. Intact soil cores were collected to 1.6 m below wheat crops at maturity on a red Kandosol in southern Australia. Wheat roots, remnant roots, soil pores and root–soil contact were quantified at fresh breaks in the soil cores. In surface soil layers (<0.6 m) 30–40% of roots were clumped within pores and cracks in the soil, increasing to 85–100% in the subsoil (>0.6 m), where 44% of roots were in pores with at least three other roots. Most pores contained no roots, with occupancy declining from 20% in surface layers to 5% in subsoil. Wheat roots clumped into pores contacted the surrounding soil via numerous root hairs, whereas roots in cracks were appressed to the soil surface and had very few root hairs. Calculations assuming good root–soil contact indicated that root density was sufficient to extract available subsoil water, suggesting that uptake is constrained at the root–soil interface. To increase extraction of subsoil water, genetic targets could include increasing root–soil contact with denser root hairs, and increasing root proliferation to utilize existing soil pores.     

Size and morphology of root systems of perennial grasses from contrasting habitats as affected by nitrogen supply

This paper discusses interspecific differences and phenotypic responses to nitrogen supply in various root parameters of five perennial grasses from contrasting habitats. The following root parameters were studied: root:shoot ratio, specific root length, specific root area, mean root diameter, frequency of fine roots, and the length and density of root hairs. Significant between-species variation was found in all of these features. Species from fertile sites had higher root:shoot ratios at high nitrogen supply than species from infertile habitats. All species growing at low nitrogen supply showed a significant increase in root:shoot ratio. Specific root length, specific root area, mean root diameter and frequency of fine roots were not affected significantly by nitrogen supply. Species from infertile sites responded to low nitrogen supply by a significant increase in root hair length and root hair density.     

Investigation of the initial stages of interaction of the bacteriumAzospirillum brasilense with wheat seedling roots: Adsorption and root hair deformation

The initial stages of colonization of wheat roots by cells ofAzospirillum brasilense strains 75 and 80 isolated from soils of the Saratov oblast were studied. The adsorption of azospirilla on root hairs of soft spring wheats rapidly increased in the first hours of incubation, going then to a plateau phase. Within the first 15 h of incubation, exponential-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than stationary-phase cells. Conversely, stationary-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than exponential-phase cells, if the period of azospirilla incubation with the wheat roots was extended. As the time of incubation increased, the attachment of azospirilla to the wheat roots became stronger. The effect of cell attachment to root hairs was strain-dependent; the number of adsorbed cells of a given strain of azospirilla was greater in the case of host wheat cultivars. The deformation of wheat root hairs was affected by the polysaccharide-containing complexes isolated from the capsular material of azospirilla. The suggestion is made that common receptor systems are involved in the adsorption of azospirilla on roots and in root hair deformation     

亚热带典型树种根毛特征及其与共生真菌的关系

根毛和共生真菌增加了吸收面积,提高了植物获取磷等土壤资源的能力。由于野外原位观测根表微观结构较为困难,吸收细根、根毛、共生真菌如何相互作用并适应土壤资源供应,缺乏相应的数据和理论。该研究以受磷限制的亚热带森林为对象,选取了21种典型树种,定量了根毛存在情况、属性变异,分析了根毛形态特征与共生真菌侵染率、吸收细根功能属性之间的关系,探讨了根表结构对低磷土壤的响应和适应格局。结果表明:1)在亚热带森林根毛不是普遍存在的, 21个树种中仅发现7个树种存有根毛, 4个为丛枝菌根(AM)树种, 3个为外生菌根(ECM)树种。其中,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)根毛出现率最高,为86%;2)菌根类型是理解根-根毛-共生真菌关系的关键,AM树种根毛密度与共生真菌侵染率正相关,但ECM树种根毛直径与共生真菌侵染率负相关; 3) AM树种根毛长度和根毛直径、ECM树种根毛出现率与土壤有效磷含量呈负相关关系。该研究揭示了不同菌根类型树种根毛-共生真菌-根属性的格局及相互作用,为精细理解养分获取策略奠定了基础。     

Correlation between infection by Rhizobium leguminosarum and lectin on the surface of Pisum sativum L. roots

The lectin on the surface of 4- and 5-dold pea roots was located by the use of indirect immunofluorescence. Specific antibodies raised in rabbits against pea seed isolectin 2, which crossreact with root lectins, were used as primary immunoglobulins and were visualized with fluorescein- or tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate-labeled goat antirabbit immunoglobulin G. Lectin was observed on the tips of newly formed, growing root hairs and on epidermal cells located just below the young hairs. On both types of cells, lectin was concentrated in dense small patches rather than uniformly distributed. Lectin-positive young hairs were grouped opposite the (proto)xylematic poles. Older but still-elongating root hairs presented only traces of lectin or none at all. A similar pattern of distribution was found in different pea cultivars, as well as in a supernodulating and a non-nodulating pea mutant. Growth in a nitrate concentration which inhibits nodulation did not affect lectin distribution on the surface of pea roots of this age. We tested whether or not the root zones where lectin was observed were susceptible to infection by Rhizobium leguminosarum. When low inoculum doses (consisting of less than 10⁶ bacteria·ml^-1) were placed next to lectin-positive epidermal cells and on newly formed root hairs, nodules on the primary roots were formed in 73% and 90% of the plants, respectively. Only a few plants showed primary root nodulation when the inoculum was placed on the root zone where lectin was scarce or absent. These results show that lectin is present at those sites on the pea root that are susceptible to infection by the bacterial symbiont.Abbreviations FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - TRIC tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate     

Initial stages of interaction of Azospirillum brasilense bacteria with wheat germ roots: adsorption, deformation of root hairs

The initial stages of colonization of wheat roots by cells of Azospirillum brasilense strains 75 and 80 isolated from soils of the Saratov oblast were studied. The adsorption of azospirilla on root hairs of soft spring wheats rapidly increased in the first hours of incubation, going then to a plateau phase. Within the first 15 h of incubation, exponential-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than stationary-phase cells. Conversely, stationary-phase cells were adsorbed more intensively than exponential-phase cells, if the period of azospirilla incubation with the wheat roots was extended. As the time of incubation increased, the attachment of azospirilla to the wheat roots became stronger. The effect of cell attachment to root hairs was strain-dependent; the number of adsorbed cells of a given strain of azospirilla was greater in the case of host wheat cultivars. The deformation of wheat root hairs was affected by the polysaccharide-containing complexes isolated from the capsular material of azospirilla. The suggestion is made that common receptor systems are involved in the adsorption of azospirilla on roots and in root hair deformation.     

Potassium uptake by plants,as characterized by root density,species and K/Rb ratio

Summary A small fraction of the plant K requirement is attained by root interception. The bulk of K has to be transported to the growing roots by mass-flow and diffusion in which diffusion mechanism plays the major role. Studies were undertaken to evaluate soil and plant parameters that might have influence on K supply mechanisms in soil and on plant uptake of K. Increasing wheat plant density led to competition for K absorption and resulted in lower K uptake by plant. In high plant density treatment, about 60% of the K requirement was met by diffusion process whereas in low plant density treatment mass-flow contributed most of the K demand. Solution diffusion and mass-flow were the major mechanisms of K supply to wheat roots. The mechanism of K supply to wheat root was compared with corn and onion. The major mechanism of K supply to corn and onion roots was exchange and solution diffusion. The mechanism of K supply to different crop species is attributable to differences in the K requirements, water flux rates and to the differences in root parameters.     

青杨人工林根系生物量、表面积和根长密度变化

在植物生长季节,采用钻取土芯法对秦岭北坡50年生青杨人工林根径≤2 mm和2～5 mm根系的生物量、表面积和根长密度进行测定.结果表明：在青杨人工林根系(＜5 mm)中,根径≤2 mm根系占总生物量的77.8%,2～5 mm根系仅占22.2%;根径≤2 mm根系表面积和根长密度占根系总量的97%以上,而根径2～5 mm根系不足3%.随着土层的加深,根径≤2 mm根系生物量、表面积和根长密度数量减少,根径2～5 mm根系生物量、表面积和根长密度最小值均分布在20～30 cm土层.≤2 mm根系生物量、表面积和根长密度与土壤有机质、有效氮呈极显著相关,而根径2～5 mm根系的相关性不显著.     

Patterns of variability in the diameter of lateral roots in the banana root system

The relative importance of root system structure, plant carbon status and soil environment in the determination of lateral root diameter remains unclear, and was investigated in this study. Banana (Musa acuminata) plants were grown at various moderate levels of soil compaction in two distinct experiments, in a field experiment (FE) and in a glasshouse experiment (GE). Radiant flux density was 5 times lower in GE. The distribution of root diameter was measured for several root branching orders. Root diameters ranged between 0.09 and 0.52 mm for secondary roots and between 0.06 and 0.27 mm for tertiary roots. A relationship was found between the diameter of the parent bearing root and the median diameter of its laterals, which appears to be valid for a wide range of species. Mean lateral root diameter increased with distance to the base of the root and decreased with branching density [number of lateral roots per unit length of bearing root (cm(-1))]. Typical symptoms of low light availability were observed in GE. In this case, lateral root diameter variability was reduced. Although primary root growth was affected by soil compaction, no effects on lateral root diameter were observed.