人类骨组织特征研究

为解决杀人毁尸案中骨骼残片的法医鉴定问题,对人类不同部位的骨骼进行组织学研究,为比较骨骼残片是否为人类骨骼提供科学基础。本研究提取的人类骨骼有颅骨、四肢长骨。将提取的骨片制成骨组织片,在显微镜下观察,并将观察结果输入计算机进行分析。通过对人类不同部位骨骼的组织学特征研究,描述了人类骨组织的板层结构、骨单位及骨小管的形态。本研究结果在法医学、人类学及考古学等领域有一定的应用价值。     

古人类骨中羟磷灰石的XRD和喇曼光谱分析

人骨残骸是生物考古的主要对象,而骨骼污染鉴别是样品选择的依据,也是生物考古的前提。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和喇曼光谱相结合的方法,通过对新疆克雅河圆沙古城遗传出土的人类骨骼中羟磷灰石的分析,来辨析骨骼污染程度。研究结果表明,两种方法的有机结合,准确反映了骨骼中羟磷石结晶度的变化,从而可简单、较为有效地鉴别古代人类骨骼样品的污染。     

山东小高全新世早期遗址人类对獐的利用

小高遗址是山东地区近年来发现的一处全新世早期遗址,出土有大量的獐骨骼。本文主要从年龄结构、季节性特征及骨骼单元分布频率等角度对獐的骨骼进行研究。年龄结构的研究结果显示,人类的狩猎对象以7-24个月的青年和中年的个体为主;且越到晚期,未成年个体所占比例越高,这表明大多数獐是在接近或达到最大体重后成为人类的狩猎对象,且人类狩猎活动对獐的种群结构造成了一定影响。季节性研究结果显示,人类对獐的狩猎活动多发生在食物资源比较短缺的冬季及春季。骨骼单元分布频率和骨骼破裂程度研究表明,小高遗址可能还存在对骨髓的充分开发与利用。结合獐的生物学特征,我们认为,小高先民对獐的利用模式符合全新世早期动物资源广谱性和强化利用的特征,也表明人与动物之间存在着密切的互动关系。     

人骨的年龄、性别和人种鉴定

人类学工作者在野外发掘中发现古代遗留的人类骨骼;考古学家收集到墓葬中的骨头,而没有关于此墓主人的任何文字记载;公安机关收到一具皮肉已经腐烂的人体残骸,死者是谁?多大年龄?是男是女?哪个种族?死于何因?外貌如何?一系列问号接踵而来。要从这些“无头案”中理出一点头绪,自然首     

现代化需要人体测量学

由于数学、物理和化学已被广泛用于生产实践之中,所以人们对它们的内容和应用价值了解得比较多。但是,对于人体测量学这门学科究竟研究什么,有什么用处,许多人还感到陌生,或并不完全了解。其实,人体测量学是人类学的一个分支学科。内容包括骨骼测量和活体(和死体)测量。它的主要任务是通过测量数据,对人体特征进行数量分析,进而描述人类体质特征的变化规律。例如,骨骼测量可以提供人类在系统发育和个体发育各个阶段的骨骼大小尺寸,帮助我们了解在人类进化的不同时期和不同人种或民族的骨骼变化发展的情况,以及他们的相互关系,同时也可以了解骨骼在生长和衰老过程中的变化等等。活体测量,顾名思义就是对活人的头面部以及身体各部位进行测量。然后,将测量所得的人体各部位的尺寸,经过数学统计,进而对人体特征做数量上的分析。     

华南地区史前人类骨骼的生物力学特征

本文的主要目的是了解华南地区史前时期人类在行为活动上的历时性变化,希望在此基础上认识该地区史前人类文化行为模式和生业方式变迁问题。应用骨骼生物力学方法,对顶蛳山遗址、鲤鱼墩遗址、冲塘遗址、江边遗址及何村遗址古人类肢骨的相关骨骼生物力学特征进行了比较,并在更广泛的时空范围内和生业方式下进行了更多人群的对比。研究结果表明,华南地区史前时期在距今8000-4000年的时期内,不同考古学文化人群在活动方式上较为相似。虽然多数华南史前时期人群之间在骨骼的抗压和抗拉伸力以及抗扭转力方面存在显著性差异,但他们都表现出较高的活动性,均未显示出低水平行为活动的现象。这些人群在诸多骨骼生物力学特征上与已知的狩猎—采集型人群的最为相似,与农业定居型人群的差异显著。本文认为上述华南史前时期人群在行为活动上更接近狩猎-采集型。     

中国古代礼仪植物探析

植物是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,各种不同的植物因其不同的形态特征及生长习性,在特定的文化语境中被比附、神化而被赋予不同的意蕴和文化内涵,成为古代礼仪活动中不可或缺的重要元素.在研究文献资料的基础上,对应用于我国古代各类礼仪活动中的植物进行系统地梳理,重点探析了古代祭祀礼仪植物、古代丧葬礼仪植物及古代生活礼仪植物的种类、...     

斑马鱼作为骨骼疾病模型的研究进展

斑马鱼作为一种优良的动物模型已被广泛应用于人类相关疾病机理及药物筛选的研究。由于斑马鱼骨骼发育过程和调控机制与哺乳动物高度保守,目前已成功构建斑马鱼骨骼疾病模型。本文首先介绍斑马鱼骨骼发育过程和分子调控机制,并对斑马鱼模型骨骼研究的基本方法及在骨骼药物筛选中的研究现状进行分析和总结,以期对斑马鱼作为骨骼疾病模型进行药物筛选或基础研究提供参考。     

动物考古学所要研究和解决的问题

动物考古学,译自英文Zooarchaeology,是考古学与动物学相结合的一门科学。它的研究对象是从人类各个历史时期考古遗址中发掘出的动物骨骼。通过对这些动物骨骼的鉴定与解释,从而了解古代居民居址附近的自然条件和生态环境、他们狩猎的对象、对食物的选择以及家畜畜养等情况,也即用动物学的方法研究考古学的有关问题。因此它首先应该和考古学、动物学有密切关系,此外为了解释古代居民的一些风俗、习惯,还必须借鉴一些少数民族的资料,故与民族学、民俗学也有一定的关系。 按理,动物考古学的研究对象应包括旧石器时代遗址中出土的动物,但后者的研究,     

新疆和静县察吾呼沟口四号墓地出土人骨化学元素的含量分析

近几十年来,古代人群的食谱研究已经成为现代科技考古学的一个重要组成部分,也是当前国际科技考古学研究领域的一项前沿性课题。人类骨骼的化学元素分析为重建古代居民的食谱提供了大量信息。本文采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES),对新疆和静县察吾呼沟口四号墓地出土人骨中的Sr、P、Zn、Ca、Cu、Mg、Fe、Ba、Mn等8种化学元素进行了测定,结果显示:察吾呼沟口四号墓地古代居民的饮食结构中以肉类食物为主,植物类食物为辅。     

中国古代人类麻风病和梅毒病的骨骼例证

文中记述了从中国不同时代考古遗址出土的人类麻风病和梅毒病骨骼标本的若干宏观病理特征,通过与国外资料对比,认为麻风病和梅毒病已经在秦汉时期的中国居民中传播,但是,目前至少还没有找到可靠病骨例证来证实麻风病和梅毒病均起源于中国。     

Health status of the Neolithic population of Alepotrypa Cave, Greece

During the Neolithic, human health and lifestyle changed following the adoption of domesticated plants and animals and sedentism. This paper presents a study on human osteological remains from Alepotrypa Cave, an important and very well-preserved Late and Final Greek Neolithic site occupied from 5000-3200 BC. The Alepotrypa sample comes from primary and secondary burials as well as scattered bone, and consists of a minimum number of 161 individuals. It includes equal proportions of adults and subadults and males and females, is characterized by high child mortality, and falls within the range of other Neolithic sites in terms of age profiles and stature. The most frequent pathological conditions observed in this population are: 1) anemic conditions (cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis), mild or healed in manifestation, most probably of nutritional origin, resulting from a poor diet focused on terrestrial resources such as domesticated cereals; 2) osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal stress markers, indicative of increased physical activity and heavy workloads; and 3) elevated prevalence of healed, depressed cranial fractures, serving as evidence of violent, nonlethal confrontations. Teeth exhibit a low prevalence of dental carries and linear enamel hypoplasia. The overall demographic, pathological, and behavioral results are consistent with observations of Neolithic populations elsewhere in Greece and the Mediterranean.     

中国古代人骨眶上孔和舌下神经管二分发生率的调查与日本人起源问题的讨论

通过对两千余中国古代人骨眶上孔和舌下神经管二分形态小变异发生率的调查 ,探讨中国古代人群与日本古代人群之间的关系 ,支持日本渡来系弥生人与中国大陆古代人群之间有着密切联系的观点。     

Paleoepidemiology,healing, and possible treatment of trauma in the medieval cemetery population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls,York, England

Traumatic lesions are commonly found in the archeological record and have potential to provide insight into the lives of past populations. This paper examines patterns of long bone fractures in the British medieval population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls from York (approximately 1100–1550) in an effort to determine patterns of healing and evidence for treatment. Long bones were macroscopically and radiologically examined. Clinical data were used to assess whether a fracture had successfully or unsuccessfully healed. The results indicate that fractures of the radius and ulna were most common. Males displayed more fractures than women. Most fractures were healed, well aligned, and without substantial deformity. Lack of evidence for deformity in bones likely to be severely affected by fracture implied that immobilization and possibly reduction was practiced on even the poorest residents of the medieval city. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Mechanical boundary conditions of fracture healing: borderline indications in the treatment of unreamed tibial nailing

Unreamed nailing favors biology at the expense of the achievable mechanical stability. It is therefore of interest to define the limits of the clinical indications for this method. The extended usage of unreamed tibial nailing resulted in reports of an increased rate of complications, especially for the distal portion of the tibia. The goals of this work were to gain a thorough understanding of the load-sharing mechanism between unreamed nail and bone in a fractured tibia, to identify the mechanical reasons for the unfavorable clinical results, and to identify borderline indications due to biomechanical factors. In a three-dimensional finite element model of a human tibia, horizontal defects were stabilized by means of unreamed nailing for five different fracture locations, including proximal and distal borderline indications for this treatment method. The loading of the bone, the loading of the implant and the inter-fragmentary strains were computed. The findings of this study show that with all muscle and joint contact forces included, nailing leads to considerable unloading of the interlocked bone segments. Unreamed nailing of the distal defect results in an extremely low axial and high shear strain between the fragments. The results suggest that mechanical conditions are advantageous to unreamed nailing of proximal and mid-diaphyseal defects. Apart from biological reasons, clinical problems reported for distal fractures may be due to the less favorable mechanical conditions in unreamed nailing. From a biomechanical perspective, the treatment of distal tibial shaft fractures by means of unreamed nailing without additional fragment contact or without stabilizing the fibula should be carefully reconsidered.     

A histologic evaluation of fracture repair in the midface

Although much has been written regarding the treatment of facial bone fractures, at the present time there are no available investigations of human microscopic sections to verify the exact nature of the healing process. The consensus in the literature is that following fractures of the midface, the bone segments are united by fibrous union. Biopsies of the healed fracture sites were obtained in 10 consecutive patients who underwent secondary reconstructive procedures to correct residual deformities. Clinical assessment confirmed that the fractures were completely healed and stable. Histologic sections were obtained across the healed fracture sites, sent for H&E staining, and then examined by light microscopy. All specimens showed that the defects between the segments were obliterated by the formation of a mature compact bone. This bridging bone was characterized by concentric lamellae surrounded by a typical bony architecture. From this study it can be concluded that fractures of the midface heal by direct bony union.     

The area moment of inertia of the tibia: A risk factor for stress fractures

In a prospective study of stress fractures among Israeli infantry recruits, the area moment of inertia of the tibia was found to have a statistically significant correlation with the incidence of tibial, femoral and total stress fractures. Recruits with "low" area moments of inertia of the tibia were found to have higher stress fracture morbidity than those with "high" area moments of inertia. The best correlation was obtained when the area moment of inertia was calculated about the AP axis of bending at a cross-sectional level corresponding to the narrowest tibial width on lateral X-rays, a point which is at the distal quarter of the tibia. This finding indicates that bending forces about the approximate AP axis are an important causal factor for tibial and many other stress fractures. The bone's bending strength, or ability to resist bending moments, as measured by the area moment of inertia, helps determine risk to stress fracture.     

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype analysis in beta-defensin genes in different ethnic populations

Beta-defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides expressed by epithelial cells and exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. The defensins are part of the innate host defense network and may have a significant protective role in the oral cavity and other mucosa. Defects or alteration in expression of the beta-defensins may be associated with susceptibility to infection and mucosal disorders. We examined the occurrence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human beta-defensin genes DEFB1 and DEFB2 encoding human beta-defensin-1 and -2 (hBD-1, hBD-2), respectively, in five ethnic populations and defined haplotypes in these populations. Fifteen SNPs were identified in both DEFB1 and DEFB2. Coding region SNPs were found in very low frequency in both genes. One nonsynonymous DEFB1 SNP, G1654A (Val --> Ile), and one nonsynonymous DEFB2 SNP, T2312A (Leu --> His), were identified. Seven sites in each gene exhibited statistically significant differences in frequency between ethnic groups, with the greatest variation in the promoter and in the 5'-untranslated region of DEFB1. DEFB1 displayed 10 common haplotypes, including one cosmopolitan haplotype. Eight common haplotypes were found in DEFB2, including one cosmopolitan haplotype shared among all five ethnic groups. Our results show that genotypic variability among ethnic groups will need to be addressed when performing associative genetic studies of innate defense mechanisms and susceptibility to disease.     

A greenstick osteoporotic tibial fracture while on chemotherapy in a 12-year-old girl with osteosarcoma of the knee: does a preventive role exist for agents that reduce iatrogenic bone loss and skeletal-related events?

In patients with osteosarcoma several causative factors are implicated in the occurrence of osteoporosis, such as no weight-bearing, pre- and post-surgical immobilization, and neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. Nevertheless, osteoporotic fractures are a rare complication in young patients. We report the case of a spontaneous greenstick fracture of the distal tibia occurring during adjuvant chemotherapy in a 12-year-old Caucasian girl. Among the various drugs, the main role of methotrexate was investigated. A review of the literature is also presented along with a discussion about the role of preventive agents able to reduce the occurrence of osteopenia and/or osteoporosis following cancer treatment.