寄主植物-甜菜夜蛾-寄生蜂三级营养关系的研究进展

综述了近年来甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)、寄主植物和寄生蜂互作关系方面的研究进展。介绍了甜菜夜蛾取食诱导的植物抗虫性产生的原因和机制;阐述了诱导植物产生抗性的甜菜夜蛾激发子volicitin的合成途径和功能,以及虫害诱导的植物挥发物和蛋白酶抑制剂对甜菜夜蛾及其寄生蜂的生态学功能;展望了植物诱导抗虫性在甜菜夜蛾的生物防治和新型抗虫品种开发等领域的应用前景。     

β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在植物抗真菌病基因工程中的研究进展

β-1,3-葡聚糖酶是植物抗真菌病的重要抗性物质之一,植物β-1,3-葡聚糖酶可由病原物(如Mg)、化学因子(如水杨酸、乙烯、赤霉素)或物理因子(如紫外线照射、机械损伤)等多种生物因子和非生物因子诱导产生.将外源β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因导入植物,可提高植物的抗真菌病害的能力;而将β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因与其他防卫蛋白基因同时导入植物,将更大程度的提高植物的抗真菌病能力,是植物抗真菌病防治的有效新途径.文章中主要对β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的生物学特性、植物β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因在转基因植株中的独立表达及其与其他抗真菌病基因的协同表达等进行了综述.     

外源茉莉酸和茉莉酸甲酯诱导植物抗虫作用及其机理

综述了茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)和茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmo nate, MJA)的分子结构和应用其诱导的植物抗虫作用及其机制。植物受外源茉莉酸或茉莉酸甲酯刺激后,一条反应途径是由硬脂酸途径激活防御基因,另一条途径是直接激活防御基因。防御基因激活后导致代谢途径重新配置,并可能诱导植物产生下列4种效应：（1）直接防御,即植物产生对害虫有毒的物质、抗营养和抗消化的酶类,或具驱避性和妨碍行为作用的化合物;（2）间接防御,即产生吸引天敌的挥发物;（3）不防御,即无防御反应;（4）负防御,即产生吸引害虫的挥发物。     

植物蛋白酶抑制素抗虫作用的研究进展

植物自身为抵抗昆虫等的为害,在长期进化过程中形成了复杂的化学防御体系,其中起主导作用的是一些植物化学物质。这些化合物能影响昆虫（或其它有机体）的生长、行为和群体生物学,因而又称为它感素（allelochemics）[1～3]。大多数它感素为植物的利己素,可以单一或协同对害虫起作用,构成植物的抗虫性。根据植物对昆虫取食的反应,可将植物的化学防御概括为两类：一类是组成型防御[4],即抗虫物质不依赖于昆虫的取食而存在于植物组织中;另一类是诱导型防御[5～9],即植物仅当昆虫取食时才大量合成抗虫物质。诱导型抗虫物质当然亦可以组…     

High resolution mapping and identification of new quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting susceptibility to Marek's disease

Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens that costs the poultry industry approximately $1 billion annually. Genetic resistance to MD is gaining increased attention to augment vaccinal control as disease outbreaks occur more frequently. Previously, analysis of a 272 F2 White Leghorn resource population measured for many MD traits and genotyped for 78 microsatellite markers revealed two and four quantitative trait loci (QTL) with significant and suggestive association, respectively, to one or more MD associated traits. Additional genetic markers have since been scored on the MD resource population to increase QTL resolution and genome coverage. Saturation of four of the QTL regions with 17 markers revealed five new QTL while 32 markers extended the genome coverage by 400 + CM and uncovered three more QTL. QTL analysis by single-point and interval mapping algorithms agreed well when marker saturation was approximately 20 CM or less. Currently 127 genetic markers cover approximately 68% of the genome that contain up to 14 MD QTL associated to one or more MD trait; seven at the significant level and seven at the suggestive level. Individually each QTL accounts for 2-10% of the variation and, in general, resistance was dominant although the resistant allele may come from either parental line. This study suggests that a limited number of genomic regions play a major role in the genetic control of MD resistance. Markers linked to these loci may be useful for selection of MD resistant stock by the poultry industry following verification of the association within their breeding populations.     

Is host plant choice by a clytrine leaf beetle mediated through interactions with the ant Crematogaster lineolata?

In the grasslands of northeastern Kansas, adult populations of Anomoea flavokansiensis, an oligophagous leaf beetle (subfamily Clytrinae), specialize on Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) even though other reported host species commonly occur and are simultaneously available. We performed choice feeding tests to examine whether A. flavokansiensis adults have a fixed feeding preference for bundleflower. In choice tests, beetles ate similar amounts of bundleflower and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos). In addition, we measured fecundity and longevity of adults in no-choice tests to determine if adults were adapted solely to bundleflower. In no-choice tests, fecundity and longevity were no different for adults feeding on bundleflower and honey locust. We next examined the influence of host plant on the attractiveness of beetle eggs to ants. In northeastern Kansas, Crematogaster lineolata ants are attracted to A. flavokansiensis eggs and carry them into their nests where the larvae hatch and apparently reside as inquilines. C. lineolata exhibited a strong preference for eggs from female A. flavokansiensis that fed exclusively on bundleflower compared to eggs from females that fed exclusively on honey locust. Local populations of A. flavokansiensis in northeastern Kansas may specialize on bundleflower to increase the chances of their eggs being transported by C. lineolata ants into their nests. C. lineolata nests may serve as a predator-free and sheltered environment in which A. flavokansiensis eggs undergo embryogenesis. Received: 1 September 1997 / Accepted: 9 February 1998     

Postmating isolation and genetically variable host use in ecologically divergent host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles

Ecological speciation studies have more thoroughly addressed premating than postmating reproductive isolation. This study examines multiple postmating barriers between host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles that specialize on Acer and Salix trees. We demonstrate cryptic isolation and reduced hybrid fitness via controlled matings of these host forms. These findings reveal host-associated postmating isolation, although a nonecological, 'intrinsic' basis for these patterns cannot be ruled out. Host preference and performance results among cross types further suggest sex-linked maternal effects on these traits, whereas family effects indicate their genetic basis and associated variation. Genes of major effect appear to influence these traits. Together with previous findings of premating isolation and adaptive differentiation in sympatry, our results meet many assumptions of 'speciation with gene flow' models. Here, such gene flow is likely asymmetric, with consequences for the dynamics of future ecological divergence and potential ecological speciation of these host forms.     

Integrating genetic information into plant breeding programmes: how will we produce varieties from molecular variation,using bioinformatics?

The development of new varieties of crop plants is ongoing for plant breeders and progress since the Green Revolution has been steady, if not dramatic. With the recent sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana and of rice the development of both physical and informational resources has entered a new phase. This paper examines the state of plant bioinformatics as it is now and as it is likely to develop in the future. It also looks rather further forward to what crop scientists might want from bioinformatics, before examining the likely physiological targets for sustainability traits and the prospects for their improvement in wheat. Wheat is taken as the focus crop because it is potentially one of the most dif. Cult to work with in molecular terms, both because of its large hexaploid genome size and because of its considerable genetic distance from the most information rich plant species, Arabidopsis. Finally, we examine how these tools might be used to track down the underlying genes controlling sustainability traits and how these may then be exploited in plant breeding programmes using marker‐ assisted selection.     

作物抗虫种质资源的研究与应用

农业害虫给农作物产量和品质造成了重大经济损失,利用农作物抗虫特性,选育和种植抗虫品种是防治虫害最经济、有效的措施。抗虫种质资源是进行农作物抗虫育种的基础。目前,作物抗虫资源的研究涉及抗虫材料的收集、鉴定、评价、保存、利用以及抗虫种质资源创新等方面,对农作物抗虫基因的发掘与应用、抗虫品种的培育产生了积极促进作用。     

外用茉莉素诱导植物抗虫性研究进展

茉莉素是一类可以激活一系列植物抗虫防卫反应的重要内源信号分子。该文综述了茉莉素在植物体内的抗虫作用,外用茉莉素对植物诱导抗虫性的影响,及其化学和分子机制,茉莉素诱导抗虫反应的收益和成本,并展望了茉莉素可能的应用前景。