Fatty acid allene oxides. II. Formation of two macrolactones from 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11-octadecadienoic acid

An unstable fatty acid allene oxide, 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11-octadecadienoic acid, was recently identified as the product formed from 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z), 11(E)-octadecadienoic acid in the presence of corn (Zea mays L.) hydroperoxide dehydrase (M. Hamberg (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 920, 76-84). The present paper is concerned with the spontaneous decomposition of 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11-octadecadienoic acid in acetonitrile solution. Two major products were isolated and characterized, i.e. macrolactones 12-keto-9(Z)-octadecen-11-olide and 12-keto-9(Z)-octadecen-13-olide.     

Allene oxide cyclase: a new enzyme in plant lipid metabolism

The mechanism of the biosynthesis of 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA) from 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid in preparations of corn (Zea mays L.) was studied. In the initial reaction the hydroperoxide was converted into an unstable allene oxide, 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, by action of a particle-bound hydroperoxide dehydrase. A new enzyme, allene oxide cyclase, catalyzed subsequent cyclization of allene oxide into 9(S),13(S)-12-oxo-PDA. In addition, because of its chemical instability, the allene oxide underwent competing nonenzymatic reactions such as hydrolysis into alpha- and gamma-ketol derivatives as well as spontaneous cyclization into racemic 12-oxo-PDA. (+/-)-cis-12,13-Epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid and (+/-)-cis-12,13-epoxy-9(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, in which the epoxy group was located in the same position as in the allene oxide substrate, served as potent inhibitors of corn allene oxide cyclase. On the other hand, the isomeric (+/-)-cis-9,10-epoxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid had little inhibitory effect. Allene oxide cyclase was present in the soluble fraction of corn homogenate and had a molecular weight of about 45,000 as judged by gel filtration. The enzyme activity was detected in several plant tissues, the highest levels being observed in potato tubers and in leaves of spinach and white cabbage.     

Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Fatty Acid Epoxidation in Cereal Seeds (Sequential Oxidation of Linoleic Acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-Trihydroxy-10(E)-Octadecenoic Acid)

Peroxygenase-catalyzed epoxidation of oleic acid in preparations of cereal seeds was investigated. The 105,000g particle fraction of oat (Avena sativa) seed homogenate showed high peroxygenase activity, i.e. 3034 [plus or minus] 288 and 2441 [plus or minus] 168 nmol (10 min)-1 mg-1 protein in two cultivars, whereas the corresponding fraction obtained from barley (Hordeum vulgare and Hordeum distichum), rye (Secale cereale), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) showed only weak activity, i.e. 13 to 138 nmol (10 min)-1 mg-1 protein. In subcellular fractions of oat seed homogenate, peroxygenase specific activity was highest in the 105,000g particle fraction, whereas lipoxygenase activity was more evenly distributed and highest in the 105,000g supernatant fraction. Incubation of [1-14C]linoleic acid with the 105,000g supernatant of oat seed homogenate led to the formation of several metabolites, i.e. in order of decreasing abundance, 9(S)-hydroxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid, cis-9,10-epoxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid [mainly the 9(R),10(S) enantiomer], cis-12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid [mainly the 12(R),13(S) enantiomer], threo-12,13-dihydroxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, and 12(R),13(S)-epoxy-9(S)-hydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid. Incubation of linoleic acid with the 105,000g particle fraction gave a similar, but not identical, pattern of metabolites. Conversion of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acid, a naturally occurring oxylipin with antifungal properties, took place by a pathway involving sequential catalysis by lipoxygenase, peroxygenase, and epoxide hydrolase.     

Purification and Characterization of Allene Oxide Cyclase from Dry Corn Seeds

Allene oxide cyclase (AOC; EC 5.3.99.6) catalyzes the cyclization of 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid to 12-oxo- 10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid, the precursor of jasmonic acid (JA). This soluble enzyme was purified 2000-fold from dry corn (Zea mays L.) kernels to apparent homogeneity. The dimeric protein has a molecular mass of 47 kD. Allene oxide cyclase activity was not affected by divalent ions and was not feedback-regulated by its product, 12-oxo-l0,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid, or by JA. ([plus or minus])-cis- 12,13-Epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a substrate analog, strongly inhibited the enzyme, with 50% inhibition at 20 [mu]M. Modification of the inhibitor, such as methylation of the carboxyl group or a shift in the position of the epoxy group, abolished the inhibitory effect, indicating that both structural elements and their position are essential for binding to AOC. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are often used to interfere with JA biosynthesis, did not influence AOC activity. The purified enzyme catalyzed the cyclization of 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid derived from linolenic acid, but not that of 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11- octadecadienoic acid derived from linoleic acid.     

Biosynthesis of 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid: identification of an allene oxide cyclase

Incubation of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid with corn (Zea mays L.) hydroperoxide dehydrase led to the formation of an unstable allene oxide derivative, 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid. Further conversion of the allene oxide yielded two major products, i.e. alpha-ketol 12-oxo-13-hydroxy-9(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, and 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA). 12-Oxo-PDA was formed from allene oxide by two different pathways, i.e. spontaneous chemical cyclization, leading to racemic 12-oxo-PDA, and enzyme-catalyzed cyclization, leading to optically pure 12-oxo-PDA. The allene oxide cyclase, a novel enzyme in the metabolism of oxygenated fatty acids, was partially characterized and found to be a soluble protein with an apparent molecular weight of about 45,000 that specifically catalyzed conversion of allene oxide into 9(S),13(S)-12-oxo-PDA.     

Conversion of linoleic acid hydroperoxide to hydroxy, keto, epoxyhydroxy, and trihydroxy fatty acids by hematin

We have carried out a study of the reaction of 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid hydroperoxide) with hematin. The major products are erythro-11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, threo-11-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid, 13-keto-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, and 13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid. Several minor products have also been identified, including 9-hydroxy-12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid, 11-hydroxy-9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid, 9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid, and 9-keto-10,12-octadecadienoic acid. Oxygen labeling studies indicate that the observed products arise by at least two pathways. In the major pathway, hematin reduces 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid by one electron to an alkoxyl radical that cyclizes to an adjacent double bond to form an epoxy allylic radical. The allylic radical either couples to the hydroxyl radical coordinated to hematin or diffuses from the solvent cage and couples to O2, forming a peroxyl radical. In the minor pathway, the hydroperoxide is oxidized by one electron to a 13-peroxyl radical that undergoes beta-scission to a pentadienyl radical and O2. Exchange of hydroperoxide-derived O2 for dissolved O2 occurs at this stage followed by coupling of O2 to either terminus of the pentadienyl radical. Both pathways of hydroperoxide metabolism generate significant quantities of peroxyl radicals that epoxidize the isolated double bonds of dihydroaromatic molecules. The products of hydroperoxide reaction with hematin and the oxygen labeling patterns are very similar to the products of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxide metabolism by platelets, aorta, and lung. Our results not only provide a mechanism for the formation of a series of mammalian metabolites of linoleic and arachidonic acids but also offer an estimate of the yield of peroxyl radicals generated during the process.     

Preparation of the addition products of alpha-tocopherol with cholesteryl linoleate-peroxyl radicals

a-Tocopherol was reacted with cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides (Ch18:2-OOH) in the presence of an iron-chelate, Fe(III) acetylacetonate, at 37 degrees C in benzene. The reaction products were isolated and identified as four positional isomers of cholesteryl (8a-dioxy-alpha-tocopherone)-epoxyoctadecenoates and two positional isomers of cholesteryl (8a-dioxy-alpha-tocopherone)-octadecadienoates. The result indicates that the peroxyl radicals from Ch18:2-OOH react with the 8a-carbon radical of alpha-tocopherol to form the addition products.     

Oxidation of vitamin E during iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation: evidence for electron-transfer reactions of the tocopheroxyl radical.

Incubation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing the biological antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TH) with xanthine, xanthine oxidase, and FeCl2 caused alpha-TH oxidation to alpha-tocopherol quinone (alpha-TQ) and 8a-hydroperoxytocopherone (2). In addition, 4a,5-epoxy-8a-hydroperoxytocopherone (3), 7,8-epoxy-8a-hydroperoxytocopherone (4), and their respective hydrolysis products 2,3-epoxy-alpha-tocopherol quinone (6) and 5,6-epoxy-alpha-tocopherol quinone (7) also were formed. alpha-TQ was the major product at less than 20% alpha-TH oxidation, whereas epoxides were the predominant products when alpha-TH was more extensively oxidized. 8a-(Alkyldioxy)tocopherones 1, which are formed when peroxyl radicals oxidize alpha-TH in other systems and which are precursors to alpha-TQ, were not found. 8a-Hydroxytocopherone (5), rather than 8a-(alkyldioxy)tocopherones 1, appeared to be the precursor to alpha-TQ. Approximately 30% of the alpha-TH consumed was regenerated by treatment of samples with ascorbic acid or nordehydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) at pH 3, but not at pH 7. The stability of the ascorbic acid- and NDGA-reducible species and pH dependence for regeneration matched those of 8a-hydroxytocopherone (5) and contrasted with the properties of the tocopheroxyl radical (alpha-T.). Incubation of liposomes containing alpha-TH with the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, which oxidizes alpha-TH to alpha-T. in high yield, formed an ascorbic acid-reducible species with properties identical to those of compound 5. The results indicate that phospholipid peroxyl radicals oxidize alpha-T. to epoxides, 8a-hydroperoxytocopherone (2), and the tocopherone cation (alpha-T+), which hydrolyzes to 5, the immediate precursor to alpha-TQ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Enzyme-catalyzed and enzyme-triggered pathways in dioxygenation of 1-monolinoleoyl-rac-glycerol by potato tuber lipoxygenase

It was shown for the first time that potato tuber lipoxygenase (ptLOX) catalyzed the aerobic oxidation of 1-monolinoleoyl-rac-glycerol (mLG) in a mixed micellar reaction solution with the non-ionic detergent monododecyl ether of decaoxyethylene glycol. No hydrolysis of mLG occurred during the reaction. The four major reaction products obtained at 23 degrees C were identified as 1-[9-hydroperoxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoyl]-rac-glycerol (9-(E,Z)HPODE-GE, 41%), 1-[13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoyl]-rac-glycerol (13-(Z,E)-HPODE-GE, 17%), and their all-trans isomers ( approximately 21% each). The molar fraction of all-trans isomers depended on the temperature of the reaction solution; it was found that at 0 degrees C their molar fractions were approximately 15.5% each, while 9-(E,Z)HPODE-GE and 13-(Z,E)-HPODE-GE gave 42% and 27%, respectively, of the overall product. A free radical scavenger, 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, dramatically increased the molar fraction of 9-(E,Z)HPODE-GE, yielding 83% at 23 degrees C, at the expense of all other products. Chiral HPLC of 9-(E,Z)HPODE-GE formed in the presence of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO revealed that it was composed of approximately 94% S and approximately 6% (R) isomers. This assures largely a uniform orientation of mLG molecules in the ptLOX active center, with their methyl end most likely deepened into the protein globule. The second major product, 13-(Z,E)-HPODE-GE, which yielded approximately 9% of the total product formed in the presence of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, was racemic, and so were the all-trans isomers. Therefore, the last three cannot be considered the true products of the enzyme reaction, which is known to be stereospecific. It appears that they were formed as a result of (i) leakage of the pentadienyl radicals from the ptLOX active center and their subsequent non-enzymatic dioxygenation, and/or (ii) leakage of the peroxyl radicals leading to a free radical chain reaction affording all positional, geometrical and stereoisomers of the products. This reaction resembles ptLOX oxidation of another non-ionizable substrate, linoleyl alcohol [I.A. Butovich, S.M. Luk'yanova, C.C. Reddy, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 378 (2000) 65-77], and differed substantially from oxidation of ionizable linoleic acid. Consequently, formation of large amounts of the non-specific oxidation products might be considered a universal characteristic of ptLOX oxidation of non-ionizable compounds.     

New synthesis of the (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-isomers of 9,10-epoxy-3,6-henicosadiene and 9,10-epoxy-1,3,6-henicosatriene, pheromone components of the female fall webworm moth, Hyphantria cunea

(3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-Epoxy-3,6-henicosadiene (1) and (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxy-1,3,6-henicosatriene (5), pheromone components of the female fall webworm moth (Hyphantria cunea Drury), were synthesized by starting from (2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-1-butanol (8). Epoxide 8 was prepared by employing lipase-catalyzed asymmetric acetylation of (+/-)-8 as the key optical resolution step.     

Hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

Incubation of linoleic acid with the 105,000g particle fraction of the homogenate of the broad bean (Vicia faba L.) led to the formation of the following products: 13(S)-hydroxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid (9(R),10(S)/9(S)/10(R), 80/20), 12,13-epoxy-9(Z)-octadecenoic acid (12(S),13(R)/12(R)/13(S), 64/36), and 9,10-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-11(E)-octadecenoic acid (9(S),10(R)/9(R),10(S), 91/9). Oleic acid incubated with the enzyme preparation in the presence of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid or cumene hydroperoxide was converted into 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid (9(R),10(S)/9(S),10(R), 79/21). Two enzyme activities were involved in the formation of the products, an omega 6-lipoxygenase and a hydroperoxide-dependent epoxygenase. The lipoxygenase, but not the epoxygenase, was inhibited by low concentrations of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. In contrast, the epoxygenase, but not the lipoxygenase, was readily inactivated in the presence of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid. Studies with 18O2-labeled 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid showed that the epoxide oxygens of 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid and of 9,10-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-11(E)-octadecenoic acid were derived from hydroperoxide and not from molecular oxygen.     

Spin trapping of lipid-derived radicals in liposomes

Electron-spin resonance-spin trapping has been used to detect lipid-derived radicals in liposomes. Using the lipid-soluble spin trap 2-methyl-nitrosopropane (MNP), we have detected both the lipid and hydrogen-atom spin adducts in liposomes composed of a fully saturated phospholipid (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, DMPC) with various mol fractions of unsaturated phospholipid (1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoylphosphatidylcholine, PAPC) or fatty acid (arachidonic acid, AA). The lipid-derived spin adduct formed during autoxidation of liposomes was separated by thin-layer chromatography and found to co-migrate with the product(s) formed by direct addition of MNP to the corresponding unsaturated lipid or fatty acid. Both the MNP-PAPC and MNP-AA spin adducts showed some restriction of rotational motion when in the liposome bilayer (rotational correlation times 0.72 and 0.69.10(-9) s, respectively), and nitrogen hyperfine coupling constants (14.94-14.96 G) consistent with a hydrophobic localization. Radical versus non-radical mechanisms of spin adduct formation during liposome autoxidation were separated using alpha-tocopherol as a radical scavenger. The utility of nitroso spin traps in trapping of radicals in liposomes is discussed.     

Secondary metabolites from the leaves of Feijoa sellowiana Berg

The investigation of the lipid extract of leaves of Feijoa sellowiana cultivated along the east coast of Sicily has yielded in addition to the widespread secondary metabolites: alpha-tocopherol, flavone, stigmasterol and beta-carotene, an inseparable mixture of tyrosol esters of lignoceric (1a), cerotic (1b) and montanic (1c) acids, and a novel galactolipid identified as (2S)-1,2,6'-tri-O-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol (2).     

Chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution and absolute configuration of enantiomeric benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxides and tetrols

Enantiomers of diastereomeric benzo[a]pyrene (BP) diol-epoxides, r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 7,8-diol-anti-9,10-epoxide), r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 7,8-diol-syn-9,10-epoxide), r-9,t-10-dihydroxy-t-7,8-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-BP (BP 9,10-diol-anti-7,8-epoxide), and several 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes (BP tetrols) were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using columns packed with either (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine[(R)-DNBPG] or (S)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine [(S)-DNBL], which is either ionically or covalently bonded to gamma-aminopropylsilanized silica. Resolution of enantiomers was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible absorption and circular dichroism spectral analyses. Resolved enantiomers of BP diol-epoxides were each hydrolyzed in acidic solution to a pair of diastereomeric tetrols which were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. Absolute stereochemistries of enantiomeric diol-epoxides were deduced by the absolute configuration of their hydrolysis products.     

Free radical oxidation of coriolic acid (13-(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid)

The reaction of (13S,9Z,11E)-13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (1a), one of the major peroxidation products of linoleic acid and an important physiological mediator, with the Fenton reagent (Fe(2+)/EDTA/H(2)O(2)) was investigated. In phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, the reaction proceeded with >80% substrate consumption after 4h to give a defined pattern of products, the major of which were isolated as methyl esters and were subjected to complete spectral characterization. The less polar product was identified as (9Z,11E)-13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoate (2) methyl ester (40% yield). Based on 2D NMR analysis the other two major products were formulated as (11E)-9,10-epoxy-13-hydroxy-11-octadecenoate (3) methyl ester (15% yield) and (10E)-9-hydroxy-13-oxo-10-octadecenoate (4) methyl ester (10% yield). Mechanistic experiments, including deuterium labeling, were consistent with a free radical oxidation pathway involving as the primary event H-atom abstraction at C-13, as inferred from loss of the original S configuration in the reaction products. Overall, these results provide the first insight into the products formed by oxidation of 1a with the Fenton reagent, and hint at novel formation pathways of the hydroxyepoxide 3 and hydroxyketone 4 of potential (patho)physiological relevance in settings of oxidative stress.     

The "heterolytic hydroperoxide lyase" is an isomerase producing a short-lived fatty acid hemiacetal

To elucidate the reaction mechanism of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), the enzyme from guava (Psidium guajava) fruits, was incubated for 10-60 s at 0 degrees C with 13-HPOT. The products were rapidly extracted and derivatized by trimethylsilylation. Two trapping products, namely the trimethylsilyl ether/ester derivatives of the hemiacetal 12-(1'-hydroxy-3'-hexenyloxy)-9,11-dodecadienoic acid and the enol (9Z,11E)-12-hydroxy-9,11-dodecadienoic acid, were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The structural assignments were supported by mass spectra recorded for (a) hydrogenated products; (b) products biosynthesized from [9,10,12,13,15,16] 13-HPOT or [(18)O(2)]13-HPOT; (c) chemically prepared reference compounds. Kinetic experiments showed that the hemiacetal and enol were both unstable and transiently appearing compounds (half-lives, ca. 20 s and 2 min, respectively). Hemiacetal and enol biosynthesized from [(18)O(2)]13-HPOT retained two and one (18)O atoms, respectively, whereas no (18)O was incorporated from [(18)O]water. The data demonstrated that: (1) the true enzymatic product formed from 13-HPOT in the presence of HPL is a short-lived hemiacetal; (2) the hemiacetal spontaneously dissociates into (3Z)-hexenal and the unstable enol form of (9Z)-12-oxo-9-dodecenoic acid; (3) the enzymatic isomerization of 13-HPOT into the hemiacetal occurs homolytically.     

Characterization of a C-5,13-Cleaving Enzyme of 13(S)-Hydroperoxide of Linolenic Acid by Soybean Seed

An activity was found in mature soybean seeds (Glycine max L. cv Century) that cleaved 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (13S-HPOT) into 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-tridecadienoic acid and two isomeric pentenols, 2(Z)-penten-1-ol and 1-penten-3-ol. Isomeric pentene dimers were also produced and were presumably derived from the combination of two pentene radicals. 13(S)-Hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid (13S-HPOD) was, by contrast, a poor substrate. Activity with 13S-HPOT increased 24-fold under anaerobic conditions reminiscent of a similar anaerobic promoted reaction of 13S-HPOD catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOX) in the presence of linoleic acid. However, prior to ion-exchange chromatography, cleavage activity did not require linoleic acid. After separation by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography, cleavage activity was lost but reappeared in the presence of either linoleic acid or dithiothreitol. Under these conditions cleavage activity was coincident with the activity of types 1 and 2 LOX. LOX inhibitors suppressed the cleavage reaction in a manner similar to inhibition of LOX activity. Heat-generated alkoxyl radicals derived from either 13S-HPOT or 13S-HPOD afforded similar products and yields of 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-tridecadienoic acid compared to the enzymic reaction. The product 1-penten-3-ol may be the precursor of the "raw-bean" volatile ethylvinylketone.     

9 alpha-homo-9,11-epoxy-5,13-prostadienoic acid analogues: specific stable agonist (SQ 26, 538) and antagonist (SQ 26, 536) of the human platelet thromboxane receptor

A newly synthesized 9 alpha-homo-9,11-epoxy-5,13-prostadienoic acid analogue, SQ 26, 536, (8(R)9(S)11(R)12(S)-9 alpha-homo-9,11-epoxy-5(Z), 13(E)-15S-hydroxyprostadienoic acid) inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation with an I50 value of 1.7 microM. SQ 26,536 did not inhibit prostaglandin (PG) synthetase activity of bovine seminal vesicle microsomes or thromboxane (Tx) synthetase activity of lysed human blood platelets. SQ 26,536 also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine (secondary phase), 9,11-azoPGH2 and collagen but did not inhibit the primary phase of epinephrine-induced aggregation or ADP-induced platelet aggregation. SQ 26,538 (8(R)9(S)11(R)12(S)-9 alpha-homo-9,11-epoxy-5(Z),13(E)-15R-hydroxyprostadienoic acid), a 15-epimer of SQ 26,536, induced platelet aggregation with an A50 value of 2.5 microM. SQ 26,536 competitively inhibited SQ 26,538-induced platelet aggregation with a Ki value of 3 microM. Neither indomethacin, a PG synthetase inhibitor, nor SQ 80,338 (1-(3-phenyl-2-propenyl)-1H-imidazole), a Tx synthetase inhibitor, inhibited SQ 26,538- or 9,11-azoPGH2-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that SQ 26,536 and SQ 26,538 are stable antagonist and agonist, respectively, of the human blood platelet thromboxane receptor.     

Cyclization of natural allene oxide in aprotic solvent: formation of the novel oxylipin methyl cis-12-oxo-10-phytoenoate

Allene oxide, (9Z,11E)-12,13-epoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid (12,13-EOD), was prepared by incubation of linoleic acid (13S)-hydroperoxide with flaxseed allene oxide synthase (AOS) and purified (as methyl ester) by low temperature HPLC. Identification of pure 12,13-EOD was substantiated by its UV and (1)H NMR spectra and by GC-MS data for its methanol trapping product. The methyl ester of 12,13-EOD (but not the free carboxylic acid) is slowly cyclized in hexane solution, affording a novel cyclopentenone cis-12-oxo-10-phytoenoic acid. Free carboxylic form of 12,13-EOD does not cyclize due to the exceeding formation of macrolactone (9Z)-12-oxo-9-octadecen-11-olide. The spontaneous cyclization of pure natural allene oxide (12,13-EOD) into cis-cyclopentenone have been observed first time.     

Biomimetic nitration of the linoleic acid metabolite 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid: isolation and spectral characterization of novel chain-rearranged epoxy nitro derivatives

Nitration of unsaturated fatty acids is a (patho)physiologically important pathway of lipid modification induced by nitric oxide-derived species. We report herein on the unexpected chain rearrangement undergone by (13S,9Z,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (1), a linoleic acid metabolite, when exposed to nitrating agents of biological relevance. At pH 7.4 and at room temperature, reaction of 1 with peroxynitrite (ONOO-) as well as Fe2+-EDTA/H2O2/NO2- and horseradish peroxidase/H2O2/NO2- led to the formation of two nitration products, which could be isolated as the methyl esters and were identified as diastereoisomeric methyl (12S)-10,11-epoxy-12-hydroxy-9-nitromethylheptadecanoates by extensive 1H, 13C, 15N NMR and MS analysis.