Th17/Treg失衡与肝脏免疫病理反应的研究进展

Th17细胞及Th17/Treg失衡在炎症反应、组织损伤及纤维化形成中发挥了重要作用,与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关。前炎性细胞因子可诱导T细胞分化为Th17,使Th17/Treg失衡,导致IL-17、IL-6、趋化因子等促炎性细胞因子大量分泌并有效介导中性粒细胞动员与兴奋,使得机体产生炎症反应与免疫病理反应。就Th17/Treg细胞及其失衡在肝脏免疫病理反应中的研究进展进行了综述。     

间充质干细胞对Th17/Treg平衡的影响及与IBD的关系

辅助性T细胞17（Th17）/调节性T细胞（Treg）失衡是炎症性肠病（IBD）发病的重要因素,纠正Th17/Treg细胞失衡可以减缓或抑制IBD的发生发展,成为治疗IBD的靶点。间充质干细胞具有抗炎及免疫调节功能,通过可溶性因子、细胞接触及外泌体的方式调节适应性和先天性免疫,纠正Th17/Treg失衡缓解IBD,这给IBD的治疗提供新的方向。目前,MSCs和IBD的关系研究较少,本文综述了MSCs调节Th17/Treg平衡及与IBD的关系。     

肠道菌群调控下的Th17/Treg细胞失衡与不明原因复发性流产的相关性研究进展CSCD

复发性流产作为困扰育龄期女性的常见病,病理机制十分复杂,其中,约有50%原因不明,为不明原因复发性流产,多与免疫因素相关。Th17与Treg细胞作为CD4+T细胞的重要亚群,是维持妊娠母胎免疫耐受平衡的重要因子。肠道菌群广泛参与机体的内分泌、免疫反应和营养代谢等,近年来作为新兴领域已被许多学者证明与妊娠相关疾病的发生密切相关。研究表明,肠道菌群可以调控Th17/Treg细胞的分化与平衡,而肠道菌群失调则会导致Th17/Treg失衡,进而影响正常妊娠,导致不良的妊娠结局。目前,基于肠道菌群调控下的Th17/Treg细胞失衡与不明原因复发性流产的相关研究较少,现从肠道菌群对Th17/Treg细胞平衡的调节和Th17/Treg细胞失衡导致不明原因复发性流产出发,提出Th17/Treg细胞失衡相关的不明原因复发性流产可能与肠道菌群存在密切联系的假说,为免疫相关不明原因复发性流产的病因学研究和治疗提供新的靶向。     

Th17/Treg 细胞在银屑病的发病机制研究进展

Th17细胞和Treg细胞是CD4+T细胞在不同细胞因子环境中分化出的新亚群,发挥不同的生物学效应,使机体的免疫系统处于平衡状态.Th17/Treg细胞失衡可引起一系列自身免疫性疾病.银屑病是与遗传、免疫异常有关的皮肤炎症性疾病,其发病机制尚不清楚.越来越多的研究发现,Th17细胞增多和Treg细胞减少及其分泌的细胞因子在银屑病的发病中有着重要作用.本文围绕这一机制综述了近年来有关Th17细胞、Treg细胞在银屑病发病机制中作用的研究,帮助我们更深入地了解银屑病的发病机制并为今后临床诊断和治疗提供依据.     

自噬参与原发性胆汁性胆管炎患者Th17/ Treg免疫失衡的研究

目的:Th17/Treg免疫失衡在原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)的发病机制中起到关键作用。自噬是调节T细胞稳态的重要环节。本研究旨在探索自噬对PBC患者Th17/Treg免疫失衡的影响。方法:选取20例初次诊断的PBC患者,20例健康对照者,收集其外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)。利用流式细胞术检测PBC患者与健康对照者PBMCs中Th17和Treg细胞分布及其胞内自噬的水平,进一步体外利用氯喹抑制自噬,证实自噬对PBC患者Th17/Treg平衡的影响。结果:相较于健康对照者,PBC患者Th17细胞占CD4~+T比例上升(P0.05),且血清中IL-17含量较高(P0.01);Treg细胞比例下降(P0.05),且血清中TGF-β含量较低(P0.01)。而PBC患者Th17细胞和Treg细胞内自噬水平均升高。另外,体外实验结果证实,自噬抑制剂氯喹能够有效地恢复PBC患者PBMCs中Th17/Treg平衡。结论:异常活化的自噬可导致PBC患者Th17/Treg免疫失衡,抑制自噬能够在体外恢复此平衡。因此,对异常自噬的干预可能将成为PBC疾病治疗的新方法。     

Th17细胞和Treg细胞的细胞因子调节网络

Th17细胞和Treg细胞是CD4+T细胞的新亚群,在分化发育、功能发挥的过程中受到Th1型、Th2型效应细胞以及自身分泌产生细胞因子的调节,参与自身免疫病、感染、肿瘤等疾病的发生发展。通过对Th17和Treg分化发育、和功能发挥过程中的关键调节因子进行阻断或加强,可以上调或下调Th17和Treg在疾病中的表达,以用于疾病的预防和诊治。     

聚乙二醇干扰素治疗对慢性乙型肝炎患者Th17/Treg的影响

目的:研究聚乙二醇干扰素抗病毒治疗对慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者Th17、Treg及Th17/Treg的影响,及Th17/Treg与表面抗原的关系。方法:30例HBe Ag阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者予聚乙二醇干扰素治疗,在治疗前与治疗后24周、48周时,检测外周血Th17、Treg的细胞频数及表面抗原定量,并与20例健康人的Th17、Treg的细胞频数进行比较,分析聚乙二醇干扰素对Th17、Treg的影响。结果:1CHB患者的Th17及Treg细胞频数较健康人的高,但Th17/Treg比例较健康人低。抗病毒治疗后24周时,Th17/Treg比例较治疗前升高,48周时Th17/Treg比例较24周时稍降低(P0.05),48周时与治疗前相比仍升高(P0.05)。2治疗结束时表面抗原阴转病人的Th17/Treg比未阴转病人高。3慢乙肝病人的Th17/Treg与表面抗原定量成负相关(r=-0.388,P0.05)。结论:CHB患者体内存在着Th17/Treg的失衡,干扰素可以调节CHB患者的免疫功能,有望实现表面抗原阴转。     

良性前列腺增生患者外周血Th17和Treg细胞比率的变化

目的:探讨良性前列腺增生患者外周血Th17和Treg细胞比率的变化。方法:选择33例良性前列腺增生患者及19例正常对照者为研究对象,采用流式细胞术检测和比较其外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群及Th17和Treg细胞占CD4~+T细胞的比率。结果:良性前列腺增生患者外周血Th17和Treg细胞占CD4~+T细胞的比率分别为1.58±0.71和1.76±0.83,Th17/Treg的比率为0.89±0.42。正常健康对照者外周血Th17和Treg细胞占CD4~+T细胞的比率分别为0.75±0.46和1.83±0.75,Th17/Treg的比率为0.41±0.32。良性前列腺增生患者外周血Th17占CD4~+T细胞的比率和Th17/Treg的比率明显高于正常健康对照者(P0.05)。结论:良性前列腺增生患者体内Th17细胞比率升高,Th17/Treg比率失衡,可能与良性前列腺增生的发生、发展有关。     

过敏性紫癜儿童肠黏膜屏障与Treg/Th17作用关系的研究

目的观察过敏性紫癜(HSP)患儿肠黏膜屏障功能变化,探讨肠道菌群、L/M与Treg/Th17作用关系。方法采用细菌16S r DNA、液相色谱技术(HPLC)、流式细胞术(FCM)、酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测41例HSP急性期患儿、35例HSP临床缓解期患儿,及30例同期健康体检儿粪便中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠埃希菌和肠球菌的基因拷贝数,尿液中乳果糖(Lactulose)和甘露醇(Mannitol)浓度比值(L/M值),以及CD4+CD25+T细胞(Treg)和CD3+CD8-IL-17+(Th17)细胞百分比,及相应转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)水平。结果 HSP患儿急性期存在肠道菌群紊乱,表现在肠道中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌基因拷贝数降低,以乳酸杆菌减少为著,大肠埃希菌和肠球菌减少不明显;外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中Th17百分数及血浆中IL-17水平增高,Treg细胞及TGF-β1水平降低,Treg/Th17失衡;尿液中L/M值增高。临床缓解期时患儿肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌基因拷贝数增加,以双歧杆菌上升为著,但肠道菌群结构仍未扶正;PBMC中Th17细胞百分数及血浆中IL-17水平降低,Treg细胞及TGF-β1水平逐渐升高,仍存在Treg/Th17失衡。肠道菌群中双歧杆菌/大肠埃希菌(B/E)比值与Treg/Th17呈正相关关系,与尿液中L/M值呈负相关。结论 HSP患儿急性期肠黏膜屏障功能受损,表现在机械、免疫屏障降低及肠道微生态失衡,肠道菌群所诱导的免疫耐受被打破,并贯穿HSP整个病理过程。     

IL-17、IL-6和IL-10因子在急性冠状动脉综合征的作用机制

为了探讨IL-17、IL-6和IL-10因子在急性冠状动脉综合征的作用机制,本研究采取了78例接受诊断性导管插入术的患者的血样,并将样品分为AMI、UA和SA 3组,通过ELISA实验检测3组患者中IL-10、IL-6和IL-17细胞因子的表达,通过流式细胞术检测Th17和Treg细胞的百分比,最后用RT-PCR的方法检测转录因子Foxp3和RORγt的表达。研究结果表明ACS患者IL-10、IL-6和IL-17细胞因子表达异常,且Th17和Treg细胞百分比失衡,转录因子Foxp3和RORγt的mRNA水平也出现异常。ACS患者存在IL-10、IL-6和IL-17细胞因子表达异常,而细胞因子的异常表达是由Th17/Treg细胞失衡引起的,Th17/Treg细胞失衡同时影响多个重要转录因子的表达,因此在ACS发病中具有重要调控作用。     

Cutting edge: Th17 and regulatory T cell dynamics and the regulation by IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment

Th17 cells play an active role in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. However, the nature and regulation of Th17 in the context of tumor immunity remain unknown. In this study, we show that parallel to regulatory T (Treg) cells, IL-17(+) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells are kinetically induced in multiple tumor microenvironments in mice and humans. Treg cells play a crucial role in tumor immune pathogenesis and temper immune therapeutic efficacy. IL-2 is crucial for the production and function of Treg cells. We now show that IL-2 reduces IL-17(+) T cell differentiation in the tumor microenvironment accompanied with an enhanced Treg cell compartment in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our work demonstrates a dynamic differentiation of IL-17(+) T cells in the tumor microenvironment, reveals a novel role for IL-2 in controlling the balance between IL-17(+) and Treg cells, and provides new insight of IL-17(+) T cells in tumor immune pathology and therapy.     

IL-17+ regulatory T cells in the microenvironments of chronic inflammation and cancer

Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit immune responses and temper inflammation. IL-17(+)CD4(+) T (Th17) cells mediate inflammation of autoimmune diseases. A small population of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells has been observed in peripheral blood in healthy human beings. However, the biology of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells remains poorly understood in humans. We investigated their phenotype, cytokine profile, generation, and pathological relevance in patients with ulcerative colitis. We observed that high levels of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells were selectively accumulated in the colitic microenvironment and associated colon carcinoma. The phenotype and cytokine profile of IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells was overlapping with Th17 and Treg cells. Myeloid APCs, IL-2, and TGF-β are essential for their induction from memory CCR6(+) T cells or Treg cells. IL-17(+)Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells functionally suppressed T cell activation and stimulated inflammatory cytokine production in the colitic tissues. Our data indicate that IL-17(+)Foxp3(+) cells may be "inflammatory" Treg cells in the pathological microenvironments. These cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis through inducing inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting local T cell immunity, and in turn may mechanistically link human chronic inflammation to tumor development. Our data therefore challenge commonly held beliefs of the anti-inflammatory role of Treg cells and suggest a more complex Treg cell biology, at least in the context of human chronic inflammation and associated carcinoma.     

A critical role for regulatory T cells in driving cytokine profiles of Th17 cells and their modulation of glioma microenvironment

IL-17A, produced by Th17 cells, may play a dual role in antitumor immunity. Using the GL261-glioma model, we investigated the effects of Th17 cells on tumor growth and microenvironment. Th17 cells infiltrate mouse gliomas, increase significantly in a time-dependent manner similarly to Treg and do not express Foxp3. To characterize the direct effects of Th17 cells on GL261 murine gliomas and on tumor microenvironment, we isolated IL-17-producing cells enriched from splenocytes derived from naïve (nTh17) or glioma-bearing mice (gTh17) and pre-stimulated in vitro with or without TGF-β. Spleen-derived Th17 cells co-expressing IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10, but not Treg marker Foxp3, were co-injected intracranially with GL261 in immune-competent mice. Mice co-injected with GL261 and nTh17 survived significantly longer than gTh17 (P < 0.006) and gliomas expressed high level of IFN-γ and TNF-α, low levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. In vitro IL-17 per se did not exert effects on GL261 proliferation; in vivo gliomas grew equally well intracranially in IL-17 deficient and wild-type mice. We further analyzed relationship between Th17 cells and Treg. Treg were significantly higher in splenocytes from glioma-bearing than naïve mice (P = 0.01) and gTh17 produced more IL-10 than IFN-γ (P = 0.002). In vitro depletion of Treg using PC61 in splenocytes from glioma-bearing mice causes increased IL-17/IFN-γ cells (P = 0.007) and decreased IL-17/IL-10 cells (P = 0.03). These results suggest that Th17 polarization may be induced by Treg and that Th17 cells in gliomas modulate tumor growth depending on locally produced cytokines.     

The Ratio of Treg/Th17 Cells Correlates with the Disease Activity of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia

Background

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by decreased platelet count. Regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells are two subtypes of CD4⁺ T helper (Th) cells. They play opposite roles in immune tolerance and autoimmune diseases, while they share a common differentiation pathway. The imbalance of Treg/Th17 has been demonstrated in several autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ratio of the number of Treg cells to the number of Th17 cells in ITP patients and evaluate the clinical implications of the alterations in this ratio.

Methods

Thirty adult patients with newly diagnosed ITP enrolled in this study. Twelve patients had been clinically followed up for 12 months. The percentages of CD4⁺CD25^hiFoxp3⁺ Treg cells and CD3⁺CD4⁺IL-17-producing Th17 cells in these patients and healthy controls (n = 17) were longitudinally analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results

The percentage of Treg cells in ITP patients was significantly lower than that of healthy controls, and the percentage of Th17 cells increased significantly at disease onset. The ratio of Treg/Th17 correlated with the disease activity.

Conclusion

The ratio of Treg/Th17 might be relevant to the clinical diversity of ITP patients, and this Treg/Th17 ratio might have prognostic role in ITP patients.     

Th17细胞和Treg细胞与动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化从脂质条纹的形成到更复杂的病变和斑块破裂的进程是由多种不同类型的细胞和细胞因子网络共同参与作用的,其中最主要的是Th17细胞和Treg细胞及它们分泌的细胞因子。大量研究显示,Th17细胞对动脉粥样硬化的作用仍存在争议,但大部分研究仍认为其具有促动脉粥样硬化的作用。Treg细胞具有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,Th17／Treg平衡对动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展具有重要的调节作用。本文将对Th17细胞、Treg细胞的生物学特性以及Th17细胞、Treg细胞和Th17／Treg平衡对动脉粥样硬化影响的最新研究进展做一综述。