内质网应激与急性肺损伤的研究进展

正内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs)表现为内质网腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集以及钙离子平衡紊乱,可激活未折叠蛋白反应、内质网超负荷反应和caspase-12介导的凋亡通路等信号途径,既能诱导葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein 78kD,GRP78)、GRP94等内质网分子伴侣表达而产生保护效应,亦能独立诱导细胞凋亡。内质网应激直接影响应激细胞的转归,如适应、损伤或凋亡。急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是在严重感染、休克、创伤及烧伤等非心源性疾病过程中,肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺     

内质网应激介导的细胞凋亡

内质网是细胞内重要的细胞器,内质网功能的损伤引起ER应激(ERS).内质网通过激活未折叠蛋白质反应(UPR)以保护由内质网应激所引起的细胞损伤,恢复细胞功能,包括暂停早期蛋白质合成、内质网分子伴侣和折叠酶的转录激活、内质网相关性降解(ERAD)的诱导.长期过强的内质网应激诱导内质网相关性细胞凋亡,清除受损细胞,包括内质网应激诱导CHOP/GADD153表达、JNK的激活以及caspase-12蛋白水解酶的活化等一系列生物学效应.     

内质网应激调控细胞自噬和凋亡

内质网是真核细胞中蛋白质合成、折叠与分泌的重要膜性细胞器。当内源或外源性的刺激导致内质网的蛋白质折叠功能发生紊乱时,内质网腔内累积大量未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质,并引起一系列后续反应称为内质网应激。此时,细胞启动未折叠蛋白反应,以清除未折叠蛋白并恢复内质网稳态。当内质网应激持续时,未折叠蛋白反应并不足以清除越积越多的未折叠蛋白,也无法去除受损伤的细胞器,细胞自噬被激活。当内质网应激过强或持续时间过长时,过度激活的自噬最终引起细胞死亡。该文就近年来内质网应激调控细胞自噬和细胞凋亡机制的研究进行综述,以期为相关领域的研究者提供新的思路。     

内质网应激与阿尔茨海默病

内质网是蛋白质合成、修饰以及折叠的重要场所。内质网内未折叠蛋白堆积,钙离子失稳等可触发内质网应激,通过非折叠蛋白应答纠正这些异常变化。过度的内质网应激或内质网应激机制失常将导致细胞损害和死亡。近年来的研究发现阿尔茨海默病的神经系统损害与内质网应激异常有关。深入研究内质网应激将为进一步探索阿尔茨海默病发病机制和防治基础提供新的方向。     

内质网应激

内质网应激表现为内质网腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集以及Ca^2 平衡紊乱,可激活未折叠蛋白反应、内质网超负荷反应和caspase-12介导的凋亡通路等信号途径,既能诱导糖调节蛋白(glucose-regulated protein 78kD,GRP78)、GRP94等内质网分子伴侣表达而产生保护效应,亦能独立地诱导细胞凋亡。内质网应激直接影响应激细胞的转归,如适应、损伤或凋亡。     

内质网应激偶联炎症反应与慢性病发病机制

内质网是合成细胞内分泌蛋白和膜蛋白并进行蛋白折叠的主要细胞器。新近研究证明,当内质网蛋白质合成与折叠的负担增加、非折叠或错误折叠蛋白质堆积,可激活内质网的几组特定信号转导通路,将这些应激信号传递到细胞浆和细胞核,引起未/错误折叠蛋白反应。这对维持细胞动态平衡和生物体的发育具有重要意义。更为重要的是,未/错误折叠蛋白反应能够与细胞内炎症反应信号转导通路偶联,是非感染性致病原引发炎症反应的主要原因。因此,内质网应激-未/错误折叠蛋白反应-炎症反应在特定的细胞发生偶联是许多炎症疾病的发病机制。本文综述该领域的研究进展,并介绍了内质网应激信号和炎症反应偶联参与一些慢性病发病的分子细胞机制。这些研究不仅加深人们对这些慢性病发病机制的了解,也有助于对调节内质网应激-炎症反应的药物的研发。     

内质网应激与心血管疾病关系的研究进展

内质网是蛋白质折叠、转录后修饰和转运的重要细胞器,对维持细胞稳态具有重要作用。多种内外环境刺激能够引起内质网内错误折叠或未折叠蛋白的积累,即形成内质网应激。内质网应激激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR),进而启动一系列下游信号以维持内质网稳态。但持续或过度的内质网应激激活的UPR最终导致细胞凋亡和疾病。近年来,大量研究证据表明,内质网应激参与多种心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)的发生和发展,包括缺血性心脏病、糖尿病性心肌病、心力衰竭、动脉粥样硬化、血管钙化、高血压和主动脉瘤等,是治疗多种CVD的重要靶点。本文就内质网应激激活UPR在多种常见CVD中的调控机制以及内质网应激与CVD关系的研究进展作一简要综述。     

内质网应激在帕金森病发病机制中的研究进展

内质网是真核生物加工、修饰、分泌蛋白质和储存钙离子的重要细胞器。错误折叠/未折叠/突变蛋白在内质网中累积、氧化应激和钙离子平衡紊乱破坏了蛋白质的清除机制,引发内质网应激,因而激活了一种称为未折叠蛋白反应的适应性应激反应。未折叠蛋白反应信号由3种应激感受分子调节,它们诱导独立并汇聚的信号通路来维持内质网稳态,或者在长期应激状态下最终触发细胞死亡。内质网应激在帕金森病的发病进程中有着重要作用,本综述就内质网应激在帕金森病中的发生、发展过程及对帕金森病的影响作一综述。     

内质网应激与心血管疾病

内质网存在于除哺乳动物成熟的红细胞外的各种真核细胞中,是蛋白质合成折叠、Ca2+储存和脂质合成的重要场所。多种因素刺激引起的内质网内稳态的失衡会导致未折叠蛋白、错误折叠蛋白堆积,即内质网应激。通过激活未折叠蛋白反应,细胞发生适应或凋亡。内质网应激参与了多种心血管疾病的病理过程,是研究心血管疾病发病机制和治疗干预的新途径。     

内质网应激与疾病

内质网是蛋白质合成与折叠、维持Ca²⁺动态平衡及合成脂类和固醇的场所。遗传或环境损伤引起内质网功能紊乱导致内质网应激,激活未折叠蛋白反应。未折叠蛋白反应是一种细胞自我保护性措施,但是内质网应激过强或持续时间过久可引起细胞凋亡。因此,内质网应激与众多人类疾病的发生发展密切相关。最近研究证明,癌症、炎症性疾病、代谢性疾病、骨质疏松症及神经退行性疾病等有内质网应激信号传递参与。然而内质网应激作为一个有效靶点参与各种疾病发挥作用的功能和机制仍然有待进一步研究。在近年来发表的文献基础上对内质网应激与疾病的关系,以及其可能的作用机制进行综述。     

Endoplasmic reticulum: ER stress regulates mitochondrial bioenergetics

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) that facilitates cellular repair, however, under prolonged ER stress, the UPR can ultimately trigger apoptosis thereby terminating damaged cells. The molecular mechanisms responsible for execution of the cell death program are relatively well characterized, but the metabolic events taking place during the adaptive phase of ER stress remain largely undefined. Here we discuss emerging evidence regarding the metabolic changes that occur during the onset of ER stress and how ER influences mitochondrial function through mechanisms involving calcium transfer, thereby facilitating cellular adaptation. Finally, we highlight how dysregulation of ER-mitochondrial calcium homeostasis during prolonged ER stress is emerging as a novel mechanism implicated in the onset of metabolic disorders.     

内质网应激与肝细胞脂类代谢

肝细胞担负大量的代谢功能,包括脂肪酸的合成与类固醇的代谢。内质网应激反应（ERstressresponse）作为内质网中特殊的机制用以保证内质网内部的稳态和功能正常。有研究指出内质网应激诱导的信号通路及其通路上的关键蛋白参与肝细胞的脂类代谢过程。本文主要讨论内质网应激反应影响肝细胞脂类代谢的机制,以及内质网应激与脂类代谢紊乱疾病的相关性。     

酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络对内质网应激反应的影响

内质网应激和酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络是细胞内两个重要的信号网络。研究证实内质网应激反应和酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络参与众多的生理病理过程,且二者之间存在广泛的对话交流。通过对两个信号通路之间对话交流机制的研究有助于我们对一些疾病过程进行深入了解。本文将针对酪氨酸激酶受体介导的信号网络对内质网应激反应的影响及其机制进行阐述。     

Proteostasis regulation at the endoplasmic reticulum: a new perturbation site for targeted cancer therapy

To deal with the constant challenge of protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), eukaryotic cells have evolved an ER protein quality control (ERQC) mechanism that is integrated with an adaptive stress response. The ERQC pathway is comprised of factors residing in the ER lumen that function in the identification and retention of aberrantly folded proteins, factors in the ER membrane for retrotranslocation of misfolded polypeptides, and enzymes in the cytosol that degrade retrotranslocated proteins. The integrated stress response (termed ER stress or unfolded protein response, UPR) contains several signaling branches elicited from the ER membrane, which fine-tune the rate of protein synthesis and entry into the ER to match the ER folding capacity. The fitness of the cell, particularly those bearing a high secretory burden, is critically dependent on functional integrity of the ER, which in turn relies on these stress-attenuating mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis, or proteostasis. Aberrant proteostasis can trigger cellular apoptosis, making these adaptive stress response systems attractive targets for perturbation in treatment of cell malignancies. Here, we review our current understanding of how the cell preserves ER proteostasis and discuss how we may harness the mechanistic information on this process to develop new cancer therapeutics.     

Effect of the unfolded protein response on ER protein export: a potential new mechanism to relieve ER stress

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular response that aims to relieve endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via several mechanisms, including inhibition of protein synthesis and enhancement of protein folding and degradation. There is a controversy over the effect of the UPR on ER protein export. While some investigators suggested that ER export is inhibited during ER stress, others suggested the opposite. In this article, their conflicting studies are analyzed and compared in attempt to solve this controversy. The UPR appears indeed to enhance ER export, possibly via multiple mechanisms. However, another factor, which is the integrity of the folding machinery/environment inside ER, determines whether ER export will appear increased or decreased during experimentation. Also, different methods of stress induction appear to have different effects on ER export. Thus, improvement of ER export may represent a new mechanism by which the UPR alleviates ER stress. This may help researchers to understand how the UPR works inside cells and how to manipulate it to alter cell fate during stress, either to promote cell survival or death. This may open up new approaches for the treatment of ER stress-related diseases.     

内质网应激与脂类代谢

内质网应激激活的未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)是维持机体代谢平衡的重要信号通路。同时,内质网与脂类合成、转运和分解密切相关。近来研究发现UPR对脂类代谢具有调节作用。主要讨论内质网应激激活的UPR对脂类合成、转运和分解的影响及其机制。     

Regulation of the unfolded protein response by microRNAs

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response to the stress that is caused by an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is an important component of cellular homeostasis. During ER stress, the UPR increases the protein-folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum to relieve the stress. Failure to recover leads to apoptosis. Specific cellular mechanisms are required for the cellular recovery phase after UPR activation. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified a number of microRNAs that are predicted to decrease the mRNA expression levels for a number of critical components of the UPR. In this review, we discuss the potential role of microRNAs as key regulators of this pathway and describe how microRNAs may play an essential role in turning off the UPR after the stress has subsided.     

ERASing endoplasmic reticulum stress: the faster,the better

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has evolved multiple mechanisms to maintain homeostasis under stress conditions. A recent study by Efstathiou et al. identified a novel mechanism of silencing ER-associated RNAs by the exogenous RNA interference pathway. This adaptive response reduces protein flux in the ER under stressful conditions.