动物胚胎干细胞诱导分化的研究进展

胚胎干细胞 (ES细胞 )是从动物早期胚胎的内细胞团或原始生殖细胞分离出来的具有发育全能性的一种未分化的无限增殖细胞系 ,ES细胞能体外诱导分化为神经细胞、肌肉细胞、成纤维细胞等各种细胞。综述了动物的ES细胞的分化诱导机理及目前体外诱导分化的研究现状     

维生素A酸受体γ基因表达及其对ES细胞分化和凋亡的影响

本文以小鼠胚胎干细胞ES-5细胞为实验模型,研究了RARγ基因表达对RA诱导ES细胞分化的影响。通过把构建质粒pSG5-RARγ-neo转染ES-5细胞,获得了过度表达RARγ基因的ES-γ细胞系。ES-γ细胞保持了ES细胞的干细胞特点。体内分化潜能的研究表明,ES-γ细胞仍然保持分化多潜能性的特点,能分化形成各种组织结构,但与ES-5细胞相比,观察不到软骨组织,而肌肉组织和鳞状上皮细胞构成的角质化囊状结构较丰富。体外诱导分化研究表明,ES-γ细胞分化方向受到干扰,向成纤维样细胞分化。这些结果表明RARγ基因参与了RA诱导ES细胞分化的过程,而且RARγ基因的表达变化影响了RA诱导ES细胞分化的细胞类型。在研究中还发现,ES细胞在RA诱导分化过程中,同时还发生了细胞凋亡现象。细胞凋亡的发生与RA浓度相关,而RARγ基因的过度表达使细胞凋亡明显加剧。这些结果表明RARγ基因可能也参与了RA诱导ES细胞凋亡的过程。     

定向诱导小鼠ES细胞为肝脏细胞及其凝血因子Ⅷ, Ⅸ的表达

凝血因子Ⅷ, Ⅸ缺陷导致血友病A和B的发生, 肝细胞是产生凝血因子的器官, 利用肝细胞进行替代治疗是纠正凝血因子缺陷的根本办法, 但是其来源及利用存在难以克服的问题. ES细胞具有体外培养时保持未分化状态和无限的增殖能力, 具有在一定条件下可以分化发育成各个胚层细胞的潜能, 利用ES细胞源性肝细胞作为供体细胞, 解决了肝细胞来源困难、增殖能力差的难题. 体外分阶段定向诱导E14小鼠ES细胞分化为肝细胞, ICG摄取及PAS反应结果证实ES源性细胞具备肝细胞功能, 在此基础上, 利用RT-PCR法对诱导细胞初步进行了凝血因子Ⅷ, Ⅸ表达分析, 为进一步开展利用ES细胞纠正凝血因子缺乏奠定了研究基础.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为血管内皮细胞的永生化研究

本文探讨了小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)诱导分化的血管内皮细胞永生化。在体外培养系统中,以维甲酸(RA)和转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)的拟胚体(EB)分化为“圆形细胞”和由这些“圆形细胞”组成的血管样结构。经光学和扫描电镜及免疫荧光等法分析检测,证明组成血管样结构的细胞具有专一性vWF荧光染色,表明是血管内皮样细胞。利用脂质体将人端粒酶催化亚基逆转录酶(hTERT)基因转染诱导分化中的“圆形细胞”。应用Dot-blot,RT-PCR,Western blot及免疫组织化学等方法分析、观察和证明了诱导分化的组成血管样结构的园形细胞和被hTERT基因转染的“圆形”细胞的形态和生物学特性。结果表明,携带hTERT基因的从ES细胞分化来的圆形细胞在体外可大量增殖,持续传代,95%具有血管内皮细胞的一些特有标志和管道化生长特性。因此,通过人端粒酶基因的转染途径可解决由ES细胞诱导分化而来的内皮细胞扩增和永生化问题,为构建组织工程化血管及其它人工血管的内皮化提供种子细胞来源打下基础。     

胚胎干细胞的诱导分化研究

胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell, ES细胞)是指由胚胎内细胞团(inner cell mass, ICM)细胞经体外抑制培养而筛选得到的细胞, 具有发育上的全能性. 近两年在ES细胞诱导分化方面的研究取得了一些突破性的进展, 其中, ES细胞向生殖细胞分化(2003年)以及首次克隆成功人ES细胞(2004年)先后被评为《科学》杂志当年度十大科学进展之一; 另外, 维持ES细胞不分化状态的关键基因(Nanog)及相关化合物(BIO)的发现, 其自身分化状态调控机理的深入研究, 以及向不同方向诱导分化和应用等的研究成果, 同样受人关注.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为血管内皮细胞的永生化研究

本文探讨了小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）、诱导分化的血管内皮细胞永生化。在体外培养系统中,以维甲酸（RA）和转化生长因子－β1（TGF－β1）诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）的拟胚体（EB）分化为“圆形细胞”和由这些“圆形细胞”组成的血管样结构。经光学和扫描电镜及免疫荧光等法分析检测,证明组成血管样结构的细胞具有专一性vWF荧光染色,表明是血管内皮样细胞。利用脂质体将人端粒酶催化亚基逆转录酶（hTERT)基因转染诱导分化中的“圆形细胞”。应用Dot-blot,RT－PCR,Western blot及免疫组织化学等方法分析、观察和证明了诱导分化的组成血管样结构的园形细胞和被hTERT基因转染的“圆形”细胞的形态和生物学特性。结果表明,携带hTERT基因的从ES细胞分化来的圆形细胞在体外可大量增殖,持续传代,95％具有血管内皮细胞的一些特有标志和管道化生长特征。因此,通过人端粒酶基因的转染途径可解决由ES细胞诱导分化而来的内皮细胞扩增和永生化问题,为构建组织工程化血管及其它人工血管的内皮化提供种子细胞来源打下基础。     

胚胎干细胞的生物学特性及体外诱导分化

来源于早期胚胎的胚胎干细胞 (ES)和胎儿生殖脊干细胞 (EG)可在未分化状态下长期增殖培养 ,并保持其多向分化潜能 .体外培养ES细胞的条件已趋于稳定 ,国内外建立了来自人和多种动物早期胚胎的ES细胞系 .某些细胞因子和化学物质等可定向诱导ES细胞分化为各种不同类型的组织细胞 .ES细胞在胚胎发育、细胞分化、转基因动物、移植治疗、药物开发等领域具有广阔的应用前景 .     

小鼠胚胎干细胞结合丝素材料向神经细胞分化的实验研究

以小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES）为种子细胞,使用改良的4-/4+ RA方案,诱导小鼠ES细胞在丝素材料上向神经细胞分化,探讨丝素材料对其生长、黏附、分化等情况的影响。将小鼠ES细胞悬浮培养4 d得到的拟胚体（EBs）分别接种到经丝素膜和明胶包被的培养皿上进行诱导,比较不同材料上EBs的贴壁率及向神经元分化的比率。结果表明EBs在明胶和柞蚕丝素蛋白膜（TSF）上贴壁较快,平均贴壁率为90.3%和84.4%,在桑蚕丝素蛋白膜（SF）上贴壁较慢,贴壁率低,仅为38.5%,同时三者神经元的分化比率均能达到40%以上,无明显差异。通过以上实验,我们得出,TSF有望成为小鼠ES细胞向神经细胞分化的支架材料。     

从胚胎干细胞到视网膜

视网膜退行性病变影响着全世界数百万人。然而,视网膜是人体再生能力很差的一类组织,成年机体无法自我更新那些病变中丢失的视网膜细胞,导致视网膜退行性病变的不可逆性。因此,恢复患者视觉将依赖于引入外源细胞替代丢失的视网膜神经元。胚胎干细胞（ES细胞）具有无限的自我更新能力和形成机体所有类型细胞的巨大分化潜力。这两个特性使得ES细胞成为细胞替代疗法的理想供体细胞。近年来,人们在探索将ES和诱导多能干细胞（iPS细胞）体外定向诱导分化为视网膜神经元,甚至整个视网膜方面已取得多项进展,并且体外形成的视网膜细胞可以与宿主视网膜整合。在此篇综述中,首先简要概括哺乳动物视网膜的组织结构、发育过程和调控机制,然后,重点阐述近年来科研工作者探索ES/iPS细胞体外诱导分化为视网膜细胞和组织的研究进展。     

人的类胚胎干细胞中碱性磷酸酶的检测方法和条件

检测人的类胚胎干细胞 (em bryonic stem cells,ES细胞 )中的碱性磷酸酶活性 ,以判别 ES细胞是否处于未分化状态 ,为分离和培养出高度未分化人的类胚胎干细胞 ,建立人类 ES细胞系 ,从而建立体外研究细胞分化和发育调控机制的模型提供方便。本文对检测 ES细胞中碱性磷酸酶活性的钙钴法和α-奈基磷酸技术方法和条件进行了探讨。结果显示 :检测 ES细胞中的碱性磷酸酶用α-奈基磷酸法较钙钴法为好 ,操作更简单 ,不会出现假阳性。分离和培养出高度未分化人的类胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ES细胞 ) ,建立人类 ES细胞系 ,再定向诱导其…     

多能干细胞向雄性生殖细胞定向分化的研究进展

生殖健康是生命科学领域关注的核心之一,各种原因所致男性不育亟待解决,然而由于伦理限制等原因,缺少合适的具有人类遗传背景的研究模型开展研究。胚胎干细胞（ESCs）和诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs）均属于多能干细胞,具有多向分化潜能。一方面,可利用ESCs?/?iPSCs向生殖细胞分化的模型研究人类生殖细胞的发育规律,另一方面,在此基础上,可建立带有人类疾病遗传背景的iPSCs模型,体外诱导其向雄性生殖细胞分化,利用该模型研究男性不育的发病机制。由于精子在体内的形成遵循一定规律,体外环境中不同发育阶段的生殖细胞在不同诱导因子作用下才可稳定地往下一阶段定向分化,因此,诱导ESCs?/?iPSCs向雄性生殖细胞方向分化时,诱导因子的种类和加入时间的选择应根据生殖细胞的体内发育特征而定,并且在诱导的不同阶段循序加入,以此模拟精子在体内的形成过程,进而更好地研究男性不育的发病机制。本文将对多能干细胞向雄性生殖细胞定向分化的常用诱导因子及存在问题和展望进行综述,为相关研究的开展提供借鉴。     

In vitro generation of germ cells from murine embryonic stem cells

The demonstration of germ cell and haploid gamete development from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro has engendered a unique set of possibilities for the study of germ cell development and the associated epigenetic phenomenon. The process of embryoid body (EB) differentiation, like teratoma formation, signifies a spontaneous differentiation of ESCs into cells of all three germ layers, and it is from these differentiating aggregates of cells that putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) and more mature gametes can be identified and isolated. The differentiation system presented here requires the differentiation of murine ESCs into EBs and the subsequent isolation of PGCs as well as haploid male gametes from EBs at various stages of differentiation. It serves as a platform for studying the poorly understood process of germ cell allocation, imprint erasure and gamete formation, with 4-6 weeks being required to isolate PGCs as well as haploid cells.     

Progress in studies on the induction and differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage embryo, have the potential to give rise to an entire organism and to generate every body cell type. Much improvement has been made in the field of induction and differentiation of ESCs during the last two years, such as the ESCs differentiation into germ cells (2003) and the cloning of human ESCs (2004), both of which were chosen respectively as one of the top ten achievements evaluated by academic journals. Great attention was also paid to the research of the new genes which could maintain ESCs in the undifferentiated state and the research of the induction and differentiation of ESCs.     

Avian pluripotent stem cells

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of proliferation and self-renewal and have the capacity to differentiate into all somatic cell types and the germ line. They provide an in vitro model of early embryonic differentiation and are a useful means for targeted manipulation of the genome. Pluripotent stem cells in the chick have been derived from stage X blastoderms and 5.5 day gonadal primordial germ cells (PGCs). Blastoderm-derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the capacity for in vitro differentiation into embryoid bodies and derivatives of the three primary germ layers. When grafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane, the ESCs formed a variety of differentiated cell types and attempted to organize into complex structures. In addition, when injected into the unincubated stage X blastoderm, the ESCs can be found in numerous somatic tissues and the germ line. The potential give rise to somatic and germ line chimeras is highly dependent upon the culture conditions and decreases with passage. Likewise, PGC-derived embryonic germ cells (EGCs) can give rise to simple embryoid bodies and can undergo some differentiation in vitro. Interestingly, chicken EG cells contribute to somatic lineages when injected into the stage X blastoderm, but only germ line chimeras have resulted from EGCs injected into the vasculature of the stage 16 embryo. To date, no lines of transgenic chickens have been generated using ESCs or EGCs. Nevertheless, progress towards the culture of avian pluripotent stem cells has been significant. In the future, the answers to fundamental questions regarding segregation of the avian germ line and the molecular basis of pluripotency should foster the full use of avian pluripotent stem cells.     

Progress in studies on the induction and differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocysts, have the potential to give rise to an entire organism and to gen-erate every body cell type. During the last two years, much progress has been made in ESCs field, espe-cially in the induction and differentiation of ESCs. 1 ESCs differentiate into cells of different types 1.1 ESCs differentiate into germ cells In 2003, it was reported that mouse ESCs could differentiate into oocyte[1]. Oct-4 was …     

诱导多能干细胞来源的肝细胞在HCV感染模型中的应用*

诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)与胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)类似,是一类具有自我更新和无限增殖潜能的细胞, 并且能诱导分化为机体各胚层所有类型的细胞。因iPSCs来源于机体本身,规避了ESCs的免疫排斥和医学伦理等问题,具有极大的研究前景及应用潜能。大量研究表明,诱导多能干细胞分化的肝样细胞(iPS-derived hepatocyte-like cells,iHLCs)已广泛运用于HCV体内外感染模型的建立,并用于研究HCV的发病机制、宿主基因在HCV致病机制和筛选新型抗HCV药物及疫苗的研发。主要对iPSCs的来源、从不同策略诱导iPSCs成为功能性肝细胞的研究方法及其在HCV感染模型中的应用进行归纳总结。     

MIR‐34c regulates mouse embryonic stem cells differentiation into male germ‐like cells through RARg

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the capacity to differentiate into nearly all sorts of cell types, including germ cells, which were regarded as one type of highly specialized cells in mammals, taking the responsibility of transferring genetic materials to the next generation. Studies on induction differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into male germ cells, but with a low efficiency, basic reason is that the regulation mechanism of germ cell development in mammals is still unclear. miRNA might play an important role in spermatogenesis in mammals. In this study, several miRNAs, which might be related to spermatogenesis, were initially selected and detected in the mouse tissues by semi‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real time (qRT)‐PCR to find a testis‐specific miRNA. To study its effect on mESCs differentiation into male germ cells, miR‐34c mimics were synthesized and pri‐miR‐34c‐GFP plasmid was constructed, transfected into mESCs and combined with retinoic acid induction. The effects of miR‐34c were analysed by morphology, alkaline phosphatase staining, qRT‐PCR_and immunofluorescent staining. The results showed that miR‐34c promoted mESCs differentiation into male germ‐like cells, to some extent. Then miR‐34c targeted genes were predicted by bioinformatics; Retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARg) was selected, and two dual‐luciferase reporter vectors contained the normal and mutated 3′untranslated region of RARg were constructed, respectively. By miRNA mimics and vector co‐transfection experiment, the predicted target gene‐RARg was confirmed. In conclusion, we found a mammalian male germ cell specific miRNA—miR‐34c, and it might be pivotal in mESCs differentiation into male germ cells through its target—RARg. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.