家畜附植过程中的局部免疫保护机理

家畜附植过程中的局部免疫保护机理张富春（北京农业大学动物科学技术学院北京１０００９４）关键词家畜,附植,局部免疫保护家畜繁殖直接关系到畜牧业生产力的高低,母畜的繁殖障碍如胚胎的早期死亡和流产严重地影响着畜群的增殖和改良。已确定妊娠会因胚胎突然死亡而中...     

藏绵羊DNA分子遗传标记的研究进展

分析讨论了藏绵羊DNA分子遗传标记在其遗传育种研究中的应用现状和存在的问题,展望了其今后的研究趋势和发展前景。     

绵羊ILK基因的克隆及其在毛囊生长期的表达

整合素连接激酶(ILK)是一种支架蛋白,在毛囊发育过程中发挥重要作用。文章利用PCR技术,首次获得绵羊ILK基因的编码区全长序列,并进行了生物信息学分析;同时对该基因的组织表达谱及其在不同绵羊品种毛囊生长期皮肤组织中的表达变化进行了研究。结果表明,绵羊ILK基因ORF全长1 359 bp,编码452个氨基酸。ILK蛋白结构经预测含有3个锚定重复序列和1个激酶结构域,并存在多个磷酸化位点和蛋白激酶C的磷酸化位点。半定量RT-PCR结果显示该基因在绵羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、骨骼肌、皮肤和小肠组织中均有表达,皮肤、脾脏和肝脏中表达量较高;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明在3~5月份(毛囊生长起始期),ILK基因在中国美利奴超细型和哈萨克羊皮肤组织中的表达水平较高并均呈逐月上升趋势;在6~10月份(毛囊生长期),中国美利奴超细型皮肤ILK基因表达水平高于同期的哈萨克羊。分析认为ILK可能在调控绵羊次级毛囊生长发育过程中起一定作用。     

沉水植物浸提液组分对三种常见附植藻类生长的影响

采用长江中下游湖泊典型沉水植物乡土种轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和外来种伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)、水盾草(Cabomba caroliniana)叶片浸提液的组分:N-苯基-2-萘胺(4种沉水植物均有)、苯丙酮(伊乐藻特有)和苯并呋喃(水盾草特有),研究不同物质种类及浓度对3种附植藻类:普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)和四尾栅藻(S.quadricanda)的相对生长率、藻细胞浓度、叶绿素含量等生长指标的影响。结果表明:3种物质均显著降低斜生栅藻和普通小球藻的细胞浓度以及叶绿素含量,对四尾栅藻生长的抑制较弱。3种附植藻类生长指标对不同物质浓度及处理时间的响应存在显著差异,呈现低浓度促进、高浓度抑制现象,随时间推移藻类显示出明显的生长趋势。物质作用效果:苯丙酮苯并呋喃N-苯基-2-萘胺,表明外来种沉水植物叶片浸提液中特有物质具有较强的抑藻效应。     

绵羊抗菌肽研究进展

抗菌肽是动植物先天性免疫系统的组成部分。概述了绵羊抗菌肽Defensin、Cathelicidins、SAAPs的研究进展和应用前景,并分析了在绵羊抗菌肽研究中存在的问题。     

梅山猪胚胎附植期EphB2的组织表达及RNA-seq分析

猪产仔数是一个重要的经济和繁殖性状, 而胚胎附植是影响猪产仔数的重要因素。为了研究促红细胞生成素产生肝细胞受体B2 (EphB2)对猪胚胎附植过程中子宫内膜迁移和粘附活动的影响, 文章以太湖流域梅山猪为研究对象, 利用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)方法, 检测EphB2基因在梅山猪胚胎附植前、中、后期子宫内膜附植点/非附植点和卵巢组织的mRNA和蛋白表达谱, 并用转录组测序(RNA-seq)方法分析了不同附植时期子宫内膜附植点和卵巢组织的差异表达基因。qRT-PCR和Western blot结果表明, EphB2在胚胎附植前、中、后期子宫内膜附植点和非附植点的mRNA和蛋白均呈现先升高后降低的表达趋势, 且附植中期的表达量显著高于前期和后期(P<0.01);EphB2在附植前、中、后期卵巢中的mRNA和蛋白表达趋势则相反, 为先降低后升高, 且不同时期间表达差异显著(P<0.05)。RNA-seq结果表明, EphB2在子宫内膜附植点的mRNA表达, 附植中期极显著高于附植前期(P<0.01);EphB2在卵巢的mRNA表达, 附植中期显著高于附植后期(P<0.05)。综上所述, EphB2很可能在猪胚胎附植过程中发挥着重要的调控作用, 为潜在的猪产仔数性状候选基因。     

胚胎肾分支形态发生调控因素

胚胎肾发育最初阶段是中肾导管尾端在胶质细胞源性神经营养因子诱导下向背侧长出输尿管芽,而后成纤维细胞生长因子、肝细胞生长因子、骨形成蛋白、基质金属蛋白酶、整合素和粘附分子相继表达,作用于输尿管芽和间充质细胞,诱导分支形态发生,包括输尿管芽向间充质侵入、延伸以及间充质细胞向上皮转化。上述这些分子在功能上存在部分重叠与拮抗,维持细胞增殖和分化的平衡,从而保证输尿管芽形成正常的分支结构。本文对肾脏发育时期分支形态发生的调控因素进行综述。     

绵羊进行性肺炎分子生物学研究进展

绵羊进行性肺炎分子生物学研究进展丁恩雨（复旦大学生命科学院病毒学研究室,上海２００４３３）关键词绵羊进行性肺炎,慢病毒,分子生物学ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｏｆＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＢｉｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＯｖｉｎｅＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｖｅＰｎｅｕｍｏ...     

鱼类干扰素反应及分子调控

干扰素反应在脊椎动物抵抗病毒感染过程中发挥重要作用。近年来,鱼类干扰素抗病毒免疫反应的研究取得了重要进展,不仅克隆鉴定了一系列鱼类干扰素系统基因,而且通过功能研究揭示了鱼类具有类似于高等哺乳类的干扰素反应。但是,鱼类干扰素反应及分子调控具有自身特点。以下综述了最近这方面的研究结果。     

人类胚胎植入过程中的细胞黏附分子(英文)

人类胚胎植入过程不仅受到在进化上保守的机制调节,而且也受到人类一种独有的机制调节。有证据显示,细胞黏附分子L-选择蛋白和trophinin在人类胚胎植入过程扮演独特的角色。在本文中,我们描述了L-选择素和trophinin的黏蛋白糖配体的双重作用,也描述了trophinin相关蛋白bystin和tastin的双重作用。我们随后描述了滋养外胚层细胞和子宫内膜上皮细胞中由trophinin调节的信号转导。本综述也涵盖了钙依粘连蛋白和整合素在人类胚胎植入过程中的作用。     

人类胚胎对植入的调控

胚胎植入是一个十分复杂的过程,需要胚泡和子宫内膜之间的协同作用。植入过程中,胚泡和内膜之间的通讯和相互作用仍是生殖医学领域中尚未解决的问题。最近的研究取得了一些进展,发现在人类胚胎植入的定位和粘会过程中,胚胎能对子宫内膜上皮的分子,如趋化因子,粘附分子,抗粘附分子和瘦素进行旁分泌调控。     

Navigating the site for embryo implantation: Biomechanical and molecular regulation of intrauterine embryo distribution

The distribution of intrauterine embryo implantation site(s) in most mammalian species shows remarkably constant patterns: in monotocous species such as humans, an embryo tends to implant in the uterine fundus; in polytocous species such as rodents, embryos implant evenly along the uterine horns. These long-time evolved patterns bear great biological significance because disruption of these patterns can have adverse effects on pregnancies. However, lack of suitable models and in vivo monitoring techniques has impeded the progress in understanding the mechanisms of intrauterine embryo distribution. These obstacles are being overcome by genetically engineered mouse models and newly developed high-resolution ultrasound. It has been revealed that intrauterine embryo distribution involves multiple events including uterine sensing of an embryo, fine-tuned uterine peristaltic movements, time-controlled uterine fluid reabsorption and uterine luminal closure, as well as embryo orientation. Diverse molecular factors, such as steroid hormone signaling, lipid signaling, adrenergic signaling, developmental genes, ion/water channels, and potentially embryonic signaling are actively involved in intrauterine embryo distribution. This review covers the biomechanical and molecular aspects of intrauterine embryo distribution (embryo spacing at the longitudinal axis and embryo orientation at the vertical axis), as well as its pathophysiological roles in human reproductive medicine. Future progress requires multi-disciplinary research efforts that will integrate in vivo animal models, clinical cases, physiologically relevant in vitro models, and biomechanical/computational modeling. Understanding the mechanisms for intrauterine embryo distribution could potentially lead to development of therapeutics for treating related conditions in reproductive medicine.     

Effects of anandamide on embryo implantation in the mouse

Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine), an arachidonic acid derivative, is an endogenous ligand for both the brain-type (CB1-R) and spleen-type (CB2-R) cannabinoid receptors. To investigate the possible effects of anandamide on embryo implantation in the mouse, we used a co-culture system in which mouse embryos are cultured with a monolayer of uterine epithelial cells. Our results indicate that 14 nM anandamide significantly promotes the attachment and outgrowth of the blastocysts on the monolayer of uterine epithelial cells, and those effects could be blocked by CB1-R antagonists SR141716A, but not by SR144528, a CB2-R antagonist. It suggests that the effects of anandamide on embryo attachment and outgrowth are mediated by CB1-R. However, 56 nM anandamide is capable of inhibiting the blastocyst attachment and outgrowth, we, therefore, conclude that anandamide may play an essential role at the outset of implantation.     

Trophectoderm mechanics direct epiblast shape upon embryo implantation

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The sheep genome reference sequence: a work in progress

Until recently, the construction of a reference genome was performed using Sanger sequencing alone. The emergence of next-generation sequencing platforms now means reference genomes may incorporate sequence data generated from a range of sequencing platforms, each of which have different read length, systematic biases and mate-pair characteristics. The objective of this review is to inform the mammalian genomics community about the experimental strategy being pursued by the International Sheep Genomics Consortium (ISGC) to construct the draft reference genome of sheep (Ovis aries). Component activities such as data generation, sequence assembly and annotation are described, along with information concerning the key researchers performing the work. This aims to foster future participation from across the research community through the coordinated activities of the consortium. The review also serves as a ‘marker paper’ by providing information concerning the pre-publication release of the reference genome. This ensures the ISGC adheres to the framework for data sharing established at the recent Toronto International Data Release Workshop and provides guidelines for data users.     

胚胎着床过程中血管生成相关因子的表达及其调控

血管生成（angiogenesis）主要在雌性生殖器官中发生,在其它器官和组织中则很少见。许多血管生成相关因子参与血管生成。在哺乳动物的胚胎着床过程中,胚胎着床位点处子宫内膜的血管通透性发生变化,随后进行蜕膜化及胎盘形成,以利于胎儿进一步发育,这些过程均与血管生成相关。本文综述了近年来关于血管内皮生长因子等血管生成因子在着床过程中的表达、调节以及作用机制。     

A polymorphic antigen displaying different molecular weights in sheep and cattle sera

The polymorphic antigen Bl is present, exhibiting different molecular weights, in both sheep and cattle sera. The molecular weight of the antigen, purified from both sera by a specific immunoabsorbent, was analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and calibrated gel filtration. Results indicate that only one subunit, 35 000 MW, forms cattle Bl while a further subunit, 60 000 MW, is present in sheep Bl. The antigen activity is localized on the 35 000 MW subunit, which appears to be the same in both species.     

花青素合成途径中分子调控机制的研究进展

花青素是广泛存在于植物中的天然水溶性色素。植物不同物种中花青素生物合成代谢途径的遗传特性和调控机制决定了该物种的花色。目前花青素生物合成途径的研究已清晰透彻。花青素合成途径的调控主要发生在结构基因的转录水平上,受多种转录因子的调控。研究发现,对花青素代谢途径中结构基因起调控作用的重要转录因子,主要包括WD40重复蛋白、b HLH蛋白和R2R3-MYB蛋白,这些转录因子之间的结合及其相互作用决定结构基因的表达。本文着重介绍花青素生物合成途径的分子调控机制,即转录因子通过形成三聚体复合物,与结构基因的启动子结合来调控结构基因的表达,并概述其在花色改造基因工程及定向改变花青素含量中的应用。     

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and their binding proteins in embryo implantation and placentation

Complex interactions occur among embryonic, placental and maternal tissues during embryo implantation. Many of these interactions are controlled by growth factors, extracellular matrix and cell surface components that share the ability to bind heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides. HS is carried by several classes of cell surface and secreted proteins called HS proteoglycan that are expressed in restricted patterns during implantation and placentation. This review will discuss the expression of HS proteoglycans and various HS binding growth factors as well as extracellular matrix components and HS-modifying enzymes that can release HS-bound proteins in the context of implantation and placentation.