肠道菌群影响黏膜屏障结构与功能的研究进展

肠道黏膜屏障具有防止致病性抗原侵入、维护肠道健康的功能。而肠道菌群是肠道黏膜屏障的重要构成部分,肠道菌群失调会导致肠道黏膜屏障的损伤,引起炎性肠病、肠易激综合征及肝、肾等多种疾病的发生发展。因此,本文从肠道黏膜的结构与功能及肠道菌群对其的影响等方面归纳总结肠道菌群对屏障系统的调控作用,从调节肠道微生态平衡、促进黏液分泌、影响紧密连接和肠道上皮通透性、激发肠黏膜免疫、调控肠上皮凋亡、影响肠上皮DNA稳定性及产生特殊代谢产物等方面阐述其作用机制,为临床胃肠道疾病及其并发症的治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

益生菌对克罗恩病患者肠道屏障功能和免疫调节的影响

研究益生菌对克罗恩病患者肠道屏障功能和免疫调节的影响,为该类患者的治疗提供参考。

选择2018年1月至2020年6月我院收治的94例克罗恩病患者进行前瞻性随机对照研究,根据住院尾号单双数随机分为单号的对照组（n = 45）和双号的益生菌组（n = 49）。对照组患者给予柳氮磺胺吡啶联合安慰剂治疗,益生菌组患者给予柳氮磺胺吡啶联合双歧杆菌三联活菌片治疗。治疗前及治疗后2个月时,分别检测患者粪便中肠道菌群数量,简化克罗恩病活动指数（CDAI）,血沉（ERS）,血清中超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸、干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）、白介素（IL）-4、IL-10、IL-17的水平以及外周血中Th1、Th2、Th17、Treg细胞的数目。随访2组患者预后不良终点事件的累积发生率。

治疗后2个月,益生菌组患者粪便中拟杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌的数量,简化CDAI、ERS水平,血清中hs-CRP、二胺氧化酶、D-乳酸、IFN-γ、IL-17水平,外周血中Th1、Th17的数量均低于对照组;而粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌数量,血清中IL-4、IL-10水平,外周血中Th2、Treg的数量均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。随访过程中,益生菌组患者预后不良终点事件的累积发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）。

益生菌能够改善克罗恩病患者病情及肠道屏障功能,调节免疫应答,同时也对预后具有改善作用。

     

肠道益生菌联合纳洛酮对重症手足口病患儿免疫功能及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的研究探讨肠道益生菌联合纳洛酮对重症手足口病(HFMD)患儿免疫功能及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法选取2017年6月-2019年6月本院收治的94例重症HFMD患儿开展本项研究,采用随机数字表法将患儿分为观察组和对照组,每组各47例。对照组患儿给予常规对症治疗,同时辅以肠道益生菌,观察组患儿在对照组的基础上联合应用纳洛酮。连续治疗5 d后对两组患儿的临床疗效、症状消退时间、住院时间、免疫功能指标、肠黏膜屏障功能指标等进行比较。结果观察组总有效率为89.36%(42/47),高于对照组的72.34%(34/47),组间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.036)。观察组疹消退时间、热退时间、易惊消失时间、肢体震颤消失时间以及住院时间均短于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后观察组患儿的免疫功能指标IgA、IgG、IgM水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),二胺氧化酶(DAO)、D 乳酸(D LA)、内毒素(ET)水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论肠道益生菌联合纳洛酮对重症手足口病患儿的临床疗效显著,能够促进患儿的症状消退,提高其免疫功能和改善肠道黏膜屏障功能,值得临床推广应用。     

多糖对肠道功能调节作用的研究进展

肠道是机体重要的消化器官,亦是共生微生物群的主要寄居场所,在维持机体正常生命活动如免疫和内分泌功能中发挥着重要作用。 肠道功能紊乱与疾病的发生以及发展过程密切相关。近年来,多项研究结果显示,多糖具有肠道功能调节作用,包括通过作用于肠道黏膜 参与机体免疫过程、保护肠道屏障结构和功能的完整性、调节肠道菌群组成以及刺激肠道内分泌。从伴随疾病过程中的肠道功能紊乱的角度, 对多糖调节肠道功能的作用机制进行综述。     

常乐康对乙肝肝硬化患者肠道菌群和肠道黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的探讨常乐康对乙肝肝硬化患者肠道菌群及肠道黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法收集乙肝肝硬化代偿期患者87例,其中治疗组48例,对照组39例。所有患者给予相同的常规护肝对症治疗,其中治疗组加用常乐康治疗8周。治疗结束后观察患者肠道菌群、肠道黏膜屏障功能和系统性炎症反应的改善情况。结果常乐康治疗后,患者肠道菌群中梭菌属I簇和XI簇及双歧杆菌属细菌数量显著升高,而肠杆菌科细菌及肠球菌属细菌数量显著降低;患者血清D-乳酸,内毒素(LPS)和二胺氧化酶(DAO)的水平显著下降,血清中促炎因子TNF-α和IFN-γ水平显著下降,而抗炎因子IL-10水平显著上升。结论常乐康可显著改善乙肝肝硬化患者肠道菌群组成和肠道黏膜屏障功能,有效减轻系统性炎症反应,可作为阻止乙肝肝硬化病情进展的有效辅助治疗方法。     

危重症肠道屏障功能障碍患者的营养治疗研究进展

营养不良普遍存在于危重症患者疾病发展过程中,并且与危重症患者的预后密切相关。因此,营养支持已成为危重症患者治疗的一个重要组成部分。认识危重症患者营养与代谢状态的改变,合理的营养支持方法与时机,通过调整能量的供给、控制高血糖和应用免疫营养素等措施,提高危重症患者营养支持的安全性、有效性,可以改善危重症患者的预后。     

维生素A对免疫功能的影响

维生素A已经作为一种营养补充剂用在临床治疗和日常膳食中,对机体的免疫系统有重要意义。近年来许多关于维生素A与免疫的关系和机制探讨也随着分子生物学的发展取得了很大进步。该介绍维生素A在体内、体外试验中对细胞免疫、体液免疫的作用,在临床应用中的效用,以及不同剂量作用于免疫系统产生的不同结果等。     

术前补充益生菌对肠道手术患者术后肠道菌群及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨术前补充益生菌对肠道手术患者术后肠道菌群及肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法 选取肠道手术患者86例,随机分为观察组和对照组各43例。两组患者术前予以常规肠道准备,术后给予等营养支持及抗生素等治疗。观察组患者术前7 d开始加用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊温水口服,630 mg/次,2次/d。观察两组患者术后肠道功能恢复及感染并发症情况,并比较术前7 d及术后首次自然排便时两组患者肠道菌群数量及肠黏膜屏障指标变化。结果 观察组患者术后肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间、排便时间均短于对照组（均P0.05）。术后首次自然排便时两组患者血清D-乳酸和DAO水平高于术前7 d时（P<0.05）,且观察组患者术后D-乳酸和DAO水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 肠道手术患者术前补充益生菌可调节肠道菌群,降低肠黏膜通透性,改善其肠道功能,减少术后感染并发症的发生率。     

肝硬化对肠道屏障功能损害的研究

肝硬化是一种由多病因造成的慢性疾病.随着肠道屏障功能障碍日益受到重视,针对肝硬化患者肠道屏障功能变化的研究及临床干预越来越受到学者关注.肝硬化可造成患者肠道屏障损害,使肠道细菌和内毒素进人机体,引起内毒素血症及自发性腹膜炎,进一步加重患者肝硬化病情,形成恶性循环.此文就肝硬化对肠道屏障的损害机制、检测方法和干预措施进展作一综述.     

双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对慢性乙肝后肝硬化患者肠道屏障功能及免疫功能的影响

基于肠道菌群特征探讨双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊对乙肝后肝硬化患者肠道屏障功能和免疫功能的作用。

选择2019年1月至2022年12月到我院进行治疗的124例乙肝肝硬化患者作为研究对象,随机将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组62例。对照组患者进行常规治疗,静脉滴注异甘草酸镁注射液,观察组患者在对照组基础上加用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊进行治疗。对患者治疗前后的总胆红素（TBIL）、谷草转氨酶（AST）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）水平进行检测。收集患者治疗前后外周静脉血,应用FACScan流式细胞技术对患者自然杀伤（NK）细胞、CD3细胞和CD4细胞进行检测。收集患者治疗前后粪便样本,应用荧光定量聚合酶链式反应对患者体内肠球菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠杆菌和拟杆菌数量进行检测。治疗前后应用高效液相色谱法记录患者尿液乳果糖/甘露醇排除比。应用酶联免疫吸附法对IL-9水平进行检测,应用流式细胞仪检测Th9细胞水平。记录患者治疗过程中不良反应情况。

治疗后,两组患者的TBIL、AST和ALT水平均降低,且观察组降低更显著（均P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的CD3、CD4和NK细胞比例均有升高（均P＜0.05）,且观察组患者的CD3、CD4和NK细胞比例高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。治疗后,相对于对照组,观察组患者的肠球菌和肠杆菌数量均较低,而拟杆菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量均较高（均P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的尿液乳果糖/甘露醇排除比均有降低,且观察组尿液乳果糖/甘露醇排除比低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者IL-9水平和Th9细胞比例均降低（P＜0.05）,且观察组患者的IL-9水平和Th9细胞比例低于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组患者治疗过程中均未出现药物不良反应。

双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊能够改善乙肝后肝硬化患者肠道菌群,而且能够改善患者肝功能以及肠道屏障功能和免疫功能。

     

骶神经电刺激对急性脊髓损伤大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能的影响

目的:观察骶神经根电刺激对急性完全性脊髓损伤大鼠肠黏膜免疫屏障功能的影响。方法:56只Wistar大鼠分为正常组(SG=8只)、脊髓损伤组(CG=24只)和骶神经电刺激组(EG=24只)。CG、EG (分别设24、48和72 h组,8只/组)。CG、EG大鼠均于全麻下用Fehlings法98 g动脉瘤夹横行钳夹行脊髓损伤并植入骶神经刺激电于右侧骶3神经孔。CG不进行干预,EG行骶神经电刺激。刺激参数:电压4 V,波宽210μs,频率15 Hz,刺激10s,间歇20 s。每次持续10 min,间歇10 min,共2 h。早8:00-10:00,晚6:00-8:00两次。分组采集标本,进行HE染色光镜、透射电镜组织学观察、Western blot方法检测组织锌指蛋白A20、NOD2和CD68蛋白表达量。结果:(1)肠道形态学观察:光镜和电镜观察脊髓损伤后黏膜结构破坏明显,肠腔细菌和杂质进入破损的肠黏膜上皮细胞、M细胞和经细胞间连接缝隙进入黏膜下,引起局部炎症反应;经电刺激后均有了很大程度改善。(2)锌指蛋白A20:与SG相比,CG各小组A20表达均明显降低(P<0.01);与SG、C...     

Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on intestinal mucosal barrier function in rats after cardiopulmonary bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass can result in damage to the intestines, leading to the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Dexmedetomidine is reported to confer anti-inflammatory properties. Here, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the intestinal mucosa barrier damage in a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass. It was observed that cardiopulmonary bypass greatly decreased the levels of hemodynamic parameters than SHAM group, whereas dexmedetomidine pretreatment in a cardiopulmonary bypass model rat prevented this reduction. Also, it showed that compared with control animals, cardiopulmonary bypass caused obvious mucosal damage, which was attenuated in dexmedetomidine + cardiopulmonary bypass group. The above findings were in line with that of dexmedetomidine pretreatment, which increased the expression of tight junction proteins, but it decreased the levels of DAO, D-LA, FABP2, and endotoxin. Moreover, the results demonstrated that due to pre-administration of dexmedetomidine, the level of pro-inflammatory factors was decreased, while the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine was increased. Also, it showed that dexmedetomidine suppressed TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway that was activated by cardiopulmonary bypass. Together, these results revealed that dexmedetomidine pretreatment relieves intestinal microcirculation, attenuates intestinal damage, and inhibits the inflammatory response of cardiopulmonary bypass model rats, demonstrating that in CPB-induced damage of intestinal mucosal barrier function, dexmedetomidine pretreatment plays a protective role by inactivating TLR4/JAK2/STAT3-mediated inflammatory pathway.     

Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity,barrier function,and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis

Diet is an important regulator of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies result in less diverse, dysbiotic microbial communities and increased susceptibility to infection or injury of the gastrointestinal tract. The vitamin A and vitamin D receptors are nuclear receptors expressed by the host, but not the microbiota. Vitamin A- and vitamin D-mediated regulation of the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune cells underlies the effects of these nutrients on the microbiota. Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the expression of tight junction proteins on intestinal epithelial cells that are critical for barrier function in the gut. Other shared functions of vitamin A and vitamin D include the support of innate lymphoid cells that produce IL-22, suppression of IFN-γ and IL-17 by T cells, and induction of regulatory T cells in the mucosal tissues. There are some unique functions of vitamin A and D; for example, vitamin A induces gut homing receptors on T cells, while vitamin D suppresses gut homing receptors on T cells. Together, vitamin A- and vitamin D-mediated regulation of the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune system shape the microbial communities in the gut to maintain homeostasis.     

A Lactobacillus mutant capable of accumulating long-chain polyphosphates that enhance intestinal barrier function

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) was previously identified as a probiotic-derived substance that enhances intestinal barrier function. PolyP-accumulating bacteria are expected to have beneficial effects on the human gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we selected Lactobacillus paracasei JCM 1163 as a strain with the potential to accumulate polyP, because among the probiotic bacteria stored in our laboratory, it had the largest amount of polyP. The chain length of polyP accumulated in L. paracasei JCM 1163 was approximately 700 phosphate (Pi) residues. L. paracasei JCM 1163 accumulated polyP when Pi was added to Pi-starved cells. We further improved the ability of L. paracasei JCM 1163 to accumulate polyP by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis. The mutant accumulated polyP at a level of 1500 nmol/mg protein—approximately 190 times that of the wild-type strain. PolyP extracted from the L. paracasei JCM 1163 significantly suppressed the oxidant-induced intestinal permeability in mouse small intestine. In conclusion, we have succeeded in breeding the polyP-accumulating Lactobacillus mutant that is expected to enhance intestinal barrier function.     

The role of autophagy in maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier

The intestinal mucosal barrier is the first line to defense against luminal content penetration and performs numerous biological functions. The intestinal epithelium contains a huge surface that is lined by a monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). IECs are dominant mediators in maintaining intestinal homeostasis that drive diverse functions including nutrient absorption, physical segregation, secretion of antibacterial peptides, and modulation of immune responses. Autophagy is a cellular self-protection mechanism in response to various stresses, and accumulating studies have revealed its importance in participating physiological processes of IECs. The regulatory effects of autophagy depend on the specific IEC types. This review aims to elucidate the myriad roles of autophagy in regulating the functions of different IECs (stem cells, enterocytes, goblet cells, and Paneth cells), and present the progress of autophagy-targeting therapy in intestinal diseases. Understanding the involved mechanisms can provide new preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal dysfunction and diseases.     

参麦注射液对严重烫伤大鼠肠道屏障功能的保护作用

目的:探索参麦注射液对30% Ⅲ°烫伤早期肠道屏障功能的保护作用,为参麦注射液防治肠源性感染提供实验依据。方法:Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组,地塞米松5 mg/kg组、参麦注射液5、10、15 mg/kg组,每组10只,使用烫伤仪建立30% Ⅲ°烫伤动物模型,立即腹腔注射相应的药物,每天1次。烫伤72 h后,检测肝脏、脾脏、肠系膜淋巴结细菌移位量、血浆内毒素、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平和肠粘膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的水平。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组肝脏、脾脏、肠系膜淋巴结细菌移位量,血浆内毒素、DAO、TNF-α及 IL-6和肠黏膜sIgA水平明显升高(P＜0.01);与模型组比较,地塞米松组和参麦注射液5、10、15 mg/kg组肝脏、脾脏、肠系膜淋巴结细菌移位量,血浆内毒素、DAO、TNF-α及 IL-6和肠黏膜sIgA水平明显降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。结论:参麦注射液可减轻严重烫伤引起的肠粘膜损伤,效果与地塞米松相当,高剂量组效果更好。     

Dietary vitamin A can improve immune function in heat-stressed broilers

This experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary vitamin A on the performance and immune competence of broilers under heat stress (HS). A total of 180 birds, at 22 days of age, were randomly assigned to be reared either at 24°C (thermoneutral, TN, 24°C, constant) or 24°C to 38°C (heat stress, HS, cycling) until the age of 42 days. Birds were then supplemented with vitamin A at 750, 1500, 15 000 IU/kg. Each of the 2 × 3 factorially arranged treatments were replicated in six cages, each containing five birds. Humoral immunity was assessed by intravenous injection of 7% sheep red blood cells (SRBC) followed by evaluation of serum for antibody titers in primary and secondary responses. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by using a Sephadax stimulation method to recruit abdominal exudate cells (AEC) to evaluate macrophage phagocytic ability. Body weight (BW) and feed conversion were significantly affected by dietary vitamin A (P < 0.05). HS significantly reduced BW, feed intake and feed conversion (P < 0.05). Numbers of AEC, percentage of macrophages in AEC, phagocytic macrophages, internalized opsonized and unopsonized SRBC were increased by dietary vitamin A (P < 0.05). Both primary and secondary antibody responses were characterized by increasing titers of antibody to SRBC by dietary vitamin A when birds were exposed to HS (P < 0.05). Lymphoid organ weights, antibody responses, incidence of macrophages in AEC and phagocytic ability of macrophages were all significantly reduced under HS. These results indicated that HS severely reduced performance and immunocompetence of broilers, whereas the immune response of broilers improved by dietary vitamin A supplementation under HS.     

布拉酵母对小儿重症肺炎患儿肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨布拉酵母对小儿重症肺炎患儿肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法 将90例重症肺炎患儿按随机数字表分为对照组和观察组各45例。对照组患儿采用常规治疗,观察组患儿在常规治疗的同时加用布拉酵母治疗1周。比较两组患儿治疗前后血浆Ｄ-乳酸及肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白变化情况、胃肠功能障碍及腹泻发生率以及患儿不良反应。结果 治疗1周后,两组患儿血浆D-乳酸和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白水平均低于治疗前（均P<0.01）,且不同时间点观察组指标水平下降幅度大于对照组（均P<0.01）。观察组患儿胃肠功能障碍发生率为6.7％、对照组为22.2％;观察组患儿腹泻发生率为15.6%,对照组为33.3%,二者比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。观察组患儿无药物不良反应发生。结论 布拉酵母对重症肺炎患儿肠黏膜屏障具有保护作用,能减少胃肠功能障碍及腹泻发生率。