组蛋白去甲基化酶在发育和再生医学的研究

表观遗传学调控在器官发育以及再生医学中是重要的研究内容,而组蛋白的甲基化修饰属于表观遗传学调控机制之一并且成为近年来研究的热点内容。处于不同甲基化状态下的组蛋白,能影响多种分子对其的识别和结合,在转录起始、转录效率和转录后加工等多个层面调控相关基因的表达。而哺乳动物的器官发育与细胞重编程都与基因选择性表达密切相关,因此组蛋白甲基化状态在基因选择性表达中扮演着重要角色。本文概述了组蛋白去甲基化酶的分类以及组蛋白不同甲基化状态下对于基因的表达的调控,同时总结了组蛋白去甲基化酶在维持胚胎干细胞的多分化潜能和IPS细胞重编程效率方面的作用以及组蛋白去甲基化酶基因的缺失与相关器官发育的影响。最后探讨了组蛋白甲基化修饰酶在推动发育生物学与再生医学研究进展方面的潜能。     

组蛋白甲基化修饰与早期胚胎发育及相关疾病的研究进展

早期胚胎发育受到表观遗传的多重级联调控.组蛋白修饰是表观遗传调控的重要组成部分,组蛋白翻译后修饰通过影响组蛋白与DNA结合的紧密程度,调控染色质状态与基因表达,参与了胚胎发育及相关疾病发生的过程.在早期胚胎发育过程中,组蛋白甲基化修饰H3K4me3, H3K27me3与H3K9me3通过协调染色质的开放与关闭参与调控发育相关基因的表达,沉默逆转录转座子以及参与经典与非经典的印记调控.早期胚胎阶段作为表观遗传重编程的关键时间窗口,在此阶段组蛋白修饰酶的表达与组蛋白修饰容易受到不良环境的影响,导致胚胎期及子代多种疾病的发生.本文详细地对组蛋白H3K4me3, H3K27me3, H3K9me3修饰在早期胚胎发育与疾病发生中的作用与功能进行了综述,为今后表观遗传学在早期胚胎发育相关疾病的干预治疗提供理论基础.     

胚胎发育过程中的DNA甲基化作用

哺乳动物的正常发育取决于表观遗传学调控机制准确无误地运行.其中尤为重要的是发生在原生殖细胞和胚胎中的基因组范围内的DNA甲基化模式重排等表观遗传学修饰.胚胎发育过程中的DNA甲基化作用与基因印记的建立、基因表达的调控以及细胞和胚胎的形态建成都密切相关.DNA甲基化发生机制和功能的阐明将对哺乳动物个体发育与人类疾病研究有重要意义.     

组蛋白精氨酸甲基化与斑马鱼早期发育

发育是由基因的特定时空表达模式来调控的,其表观遗传机制已越来越受到关注。组蛋白精氨酸甲基化是一种重要的翻译后修饰,由蛋白质精氨酸甲基化酶催化产生,对染色体的结构与功能具有重要调控作用。不同位点的精氨酸甲基化与其相邻位点的翻译后修饰具有复杂的对话机制,并可招募或阻碍相关效应分子的结合,进而导致转录激活或抑制。斑马鱼作为一种重要的发育生物学研究模式动物,已为蛋白质精氨酸甲基化酶在早期发育过程中的生理功能的研究提供了大量资料。该文对组蛋白精氨酸甲基化的产生、对话调控机制及其对斑马鱼早期发育调控功能的研究进行综述。     

表观遗传信息在动物胚胎发育过程中的重编程

表观遗传修饰调控基因的表达对胚胎发育至关重要。近期,对表观遗传修饰在跨代遗传及早期胚胎发育重编程方面的认识获得了突破性进展。在此,着重阐述DNA甲基化修饰和染色体3D结构在跨代遗传和胚胎发育过程的重编程。在斑马鱼中,子代胚胎抛弃卵子的甲基化图谱,而完全继承精子的DNA甲基化图谱;哺乳动物早期胚胎发育过程出现了全基因组去甲基化的过程,父源和母源基因组都存在主动和被动的去甲基化过程。染色体3D结构在动物受精后,TAD(topologically associated domain)结构消失,并逐渐重新建立。这些重编程对胚胎的发育过程的基因调控起着重要的作用。     

DNA甲基化与脊椎动物胚胎发育

DNA甲基化是指DNA甲基转移酶(DNMT)将DNA序列中的5′胞嘧啶转变为5′甲基胞嘧啶的化学修饰, 可以调控基因的时空特异性表达, 从而影响细胞命运决定和分化等生物学过程。近年来研究发现, DNA甲基化在脊椎动物胚胎早期发育中有重要作用, Dnmt基因的缺失会影响胚胎早期发育和多个器官的形成及分化, 如胚胎早期致死、内脏器官和神经系统终末分化缺陷以及血液发生紊乱等。文章总结了DNA甲基化转移酶在小鼠和斑马鱼发育过程中的动态变化, 并系统阐述了DNA甲基化在胚胎早期发育和器官发生中的作用, 重点揭示DNA 甲基化转移酶与组蛋白甲基化转移酶如何协同调控DNA甲基化从而影响基因转录的分子机理。DNA甲基化作为一种关键的表观遗传学因素, 全面系统地理解其在胚胎发育过程中的作用机制对靶向治疗人类相关疾病有一定的理论指导意义。     

孕期营养不良影响子代生长发育的表观遗传机制

表观遗传学是一门研究核酸序列不变,基因的可遗传变化的表达和调控的遗传学分支学科,主要包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白共价修饰、染色质重塑、基因沉默和RNA调控等机制。近年来,表观遗传修饰的检测方法也逐渐完善。营养物质不仅构成生命体的物质基础,还可以通过表观遗传调控机制对生命体的代谢活动进行一定的调节。由于早期胚胎和哺乳期幼仔产后早期所需营养物质全部和部分来源于母体孕期营养,因此本文综述了母体孕期营养水平对后代生长发育的表观遗传调节机制——DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰。     

组蛋白去甲基化酶KDM3B结构、功能及其相关疾病研究进展

表观遗传学是研究在DNA序列不变的前提下,其他机制异常引起基因表达改变并可遗传的学科。组蛋白甲基化/去甲基化修饰是表观遗传学的重要调控机制之一,是甲基化酶和去甲基化酶动态相互作用的结果,其中H3K9的甲基化和去甲基化是近年来研究最深入的组蛋白修饰之一。组蛋白去甲基化酶KDM3B包含一个JmjC结构域,并具有固有的H3K9去甲基化活性,能够特异性去除H3K9me1/2甲基化修饰,调控基因转录、DNA损伤修复,参与细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、干细胞干性维持、肿瘤和遗传病发生发展等。该文就组蛋白去甲基化酶KDM3B的结构、作用机制、生物学功能及其成为一个临床研究和治疗的潜在药理学靶点的可能性作一综述。     

组蛋白甲基化修饰效应分子的研究进展

作为一种重要的表观遗传学调控机制,组蛋白甲基化修饰在多种生命过程中发挥了重要的作用。细胞内有多种组蛋白甲基化酶和去甲基化酶共同调节组蛋白的修饰状态,在组蛋白甲基化状态确定后,多种效应分子特异的读取修饰信息,从而参与基因转录调控过程。文章从组蛋白甲基化效应分子的作用机制方面综述了这一领域的研究进展。     

赖氨酸特异性组蛋白去甲基化酶1与白血病的研究进展

表观遗传学是后基因组时代兴起的一门新学科,它使人们认识到包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑及非编码RNA调控在内的修饰也可以记载遗传信息;并且许多表观遗传改变是可逆的,对表观遗传修饰和调控的研究已成为生命科学的热点和发展前沿。2004年发现的赖氨酸特异性组蛋白去甲基化酶1(LSD1)是第一个真正意义上的组蛋白赖氨酸去甲基化酶,使人们认识到组蛋白甲基化是一个动态的过程,通过组蛋白甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶的相互作用,动态地调控基因转录的激活和抑制等生物学过程。这重新定义了组蛋白甲基化,同时也为进一步深入研究组蛋白修饰提供了新的途径。我们在此简要介绍LSD1的结构与功能、LSD1与白血病的关系,LSD1在白血病的发生和发展中发挥重要作用,是一个潜在的治疗白血病的靶基因。     

Effects of perinatal hypothyroidism on regulation of reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression in rat hippocampus: Role of DNA methylation and histone acetylation

Thyroid hormones have long been known to play important roles in the development and functions of the central nervous system, however, the precise molecular mechanisms that regulate thyroid hormone-responsive gene expression are not well understood. The present study investigated the role of DNA methylaion and histone acetylation in the effects of perinatal hypothyroidism on regulation of reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in rat hippocampus. The findings indicated that the activities of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), methylated reelin and BDNF genes were up-regulated, whereas, the activities of histone acetylases (HAT), the levels of global acetylated histone 3 (H3) and global acetylated histone 4 (H4), and acetylated H3, acetylated H4 at reelin promoter and at BDNF gene promoter for exon II were down-regulated in the hippocampus at the developmental stage of the hypothyroid animals. These results suggest that epigenetic modification of chromatin might underlie the mechanisms of hypothyroidism-induced down-regulation of reelin and BDNF gene expression in developmental rat hippocampus.     

Spatiotemporal expression of Prdm genes during Xenopus development

Epigenetic regulation is known to be important in embryonic development, cell differentiation and regulation of cancer cells. Molecular mechanisms of epigenetic modification have DNA methylation and histone tail modification such as acetylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Until now, many kinds of enzymes that modify histone tail with various functional groups have been reported and regulate the epigenetic state of genes. Among them, Prdm genes were identified as histone methyltransferase. Prdm genes are characterized by an N-terminal PR/SET domain and C-terminal some zinc finger domains and therefore they are considered to have both DNA-binding ability and methylation activity. Among vertebrate, fifteen members are estimated to belong to Prdm genes family. Even though Prdm genes are thought to play important roles for cell fate determination and cell differentiation, there is an incomplete understanding of their expression and functions in early development. Here, we report that Prdm genes exhibit dynamic expression pattern in Xenopus embryogenesis. By whole mount in situ hybridization analysis, we show that Prdm genes are expressed in spatially localized manners in embryo and all of Prdm genes are expressed in neural cells in developing central nervous systems. Our study suggests that Prdm genes may be new candidates to function in neural cell differentiation.     

Epigenetics Alterations in Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions of the Cervix

ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most malignant tumors and the second or third most common type of cancer in women worldwide. The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and CC is widely known and accepted (99.7% of cases). At present, the pathogenesis mechanisms of CC are not entirely clear. It has been shown that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes play a significant role in carcinogenesis, caused by the genetic and epigenetic alterations. In the past, it was generally thought that genetic mutation was a key event of tumor pathogenesis, especially somatic mutation of tumor suppressor genes. With deeper understanding of tumors in recent years, increasing evidence has shown that epigenetic silencing of those genes, as a result of aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoters and histone modification, is essential to carcinogenesis and metastasis. The term epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression caused by regulation mechanisms, other than changes in DNA sequence. Specific epigenetic processes include DNA methylation, chromotin remodeling, histone modification, and microRNA regulations. These alterations, in combination or individually, make it possible to establish the methylation profiles, histone modification maps, and expression profiles characteristic of this pathology, which become useful tools for screening, early detection, or prognostic markers in cervical cancer. This paper reviews recent epigenetics research progress in the CC study, and tries to depict the relationships between CC and DNA methylation, histone modification, as well as microRNA regulations.     

Reproductive barrier and genomic imprinting in the endosperm of flowering plants

In flowering plants, success or failure of seed development is determined by various genetic mechanisms. During sexual reproduction, double fertilization produces the embryo and endosperm, which both contain maternally and paternally derived genomes. In endosperm, a reproductive barrier is often observed in inter-specific crosses. Endosperm is a tissue that provides nourishment for the embryo within the seed, in a similar fashion to the placenta of mammals, and for the young seedling after germination. This review considers the relationship between the reproductive barrier in endosperm and genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that results in mono-allelic gene expression that is parent-of-origin dependent. In Arabidopsis, recent studies of several imprinted gene loci have identified the epigenetic mechanisms that determine genomic imprinting. A crucial feature of genomic imprinting is that the maternally and paternally derived imprinted genes must carry some form of differential mark, usually DNA methylation and/or histone modification. Although the epigenetic marks should be complementary on maternally and paternally imprinted genes within a single species, it is possible that neither the patterns of epigenetic marks nor expression of imprinted genes are the same in different species. Moreover, in hybrid endosperm, the regulation of expression of imprinted genes can be affected by upstream regulatory mechanisms in the male and female gametophytes. Species-specific variations in epigenetic marks, the copy number of imprinted genes, and the epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes in hybrids might all play a role in the reproductive barriers observed in the endosperm of interspecific and interploidy crosses. These predicted molecular mechanisms might be related to earlier models such as the "endosperm balance number" (EBN) and "polar nuclei activation" (PNA) hypotheses.     

Evidence for sequence biases associated with patterns of histone methylation

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Combinations of histone variants and modifications, conceptually representing a histone code, have been proposed to play a significant role in gene regulation and developmental processes in complex organisms. While various mechanisms have been implicated in establishing and maintaining epigenetic patterns at specific locations in the genome, they are generally believed to be independent of primary DNA sequence on a more global scale. RESULTS: To address this systematically in the case of the human genome, we have analyzed primary DNA sequences underlying 19 different methylated histones in human primary T-cells. We report that sequence alone can accurately predict the location of most of these histone marks genome-wide in this cell type. Furthermore, the sequence features responsible for such predictions are distinct for different groups of histone marks. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the existence of a genomic code for histone modification associated with gene expression and chromatin programming, and they suggest that the mechanisms responsible for global histone modifications may interpret genomic sequence in various ways.     

Endosperm gene imprinting and seed development

Imprinting occurs in the endosperm of flowering plants. Endosperm, produced by fertilization of the central cell in the female gametophyte, is essential for embryo and seed development. Several imprinted genes play an important role in endosperm development. The mechanism of gene imprinting involves DNA methylation and histone modification. DNA methylation is actively removed at the imprinted alleles to be activated. Histone methylation mediated by the Polycomb group complex provides another layer of epigenetic regulation at the silenced alleles. Endosperm gene imprinting can be uncoupled from seed development when fertilization of the central cell is prevented. Imprinting may be a mechanism to ensure fertilization of the central cell thereby preventing parthenogenic development of the endosperm.