海藻酸转化生物乙醇研究进展

作为第三代生物燃料,大型褐藻类生物质转化燃料乙醇的研究受到广泛的关注。但是,现有的乙醇工业菌株并不能利用褐藻中的主要成分海藻酸,这个问题是海藻生物乙醇实现工业化生产的主要技术难关。近几年随着对海藻酸裂解酶和海藻酸降解菌代谢途径的深入研究,科研人员构建了不同的海藻酸发酵菌株,为高效转化大型海藻生产生物乙醇提供了可行的技术基础。这篇文章对海藻酸资源概况和海藻酸转化生物乙醇存在的科学问题及其研究进展进行了综述。     

海藻酸裂解酶异源表达研究进展

海藻酸裂解酶是通过β-消除反应切断海藻酸分子中的糖苷键,产生非还原性端具有不饱和双键的糖的酶.通常作为制备海藻酸寡糖的工具酶,广泛应用于医疗、食品和生物质能源等领域的研究.介绍了海藻酸裂解酶异源表达的研究现状、存在的问题和发展的趋势.     

厌氧菌Sunxiuqinia sp. SH-52外切型海藻酸裂解酶的异源表达及酶学特征

【背景】目前已报道的海藻酸分解菌多数为好氧菌,未见有关厌氧菌的报道。从分离的海藻酸分解菌中表征的海藻酸裂解酶大多为内切型海藻酸裂解酶,外切型较少。【目的】研究来自厌氧海藻酸分解菌的海藻酸裂解酶基因,表征新型海藻酸裂解酶并阐明其酶学性质,为海藻酸裂解酶的多样性和微生物降解海藻酸机制提供理论依据。【方法】对来自厌氧海藻酸分解菌Sunxiuqinia sp. SH-52的海藻酸裂解酶SHA-4编码基因进行克隆,分析基因序列,构建重组质粒PGEX-4T-1-SHA-4并在大肠杆菌中实现异源表达,经纯化后对其酶学性质及降解特征进行研究。【结果】该酶在28°C、用0.1 mmol/L IPTG (异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷)条件下诱导6 h达到最大表达量,纯化后酶的比活力达到21 U/mg。酶学性质分析表明SHA-4的最适温度为37°C;最适pH为7.5;对PolyMG (杂聚古罗糖醛酸-甘露糖醛酸嵌段)具有底物偏好性;Na+对该酶的活性具有抑制作用,而金属离子Cu~(2+)具有明显促进作用,使活性提高了约168%;SHA-4催化海藻酸的Km值为2.5 mg/mL,Vmax为8.7 mg/(mL·min);SHA-4为外切型海藻酸裂解酶,降解海藻酸终产物为单糖。【结论】异源表达了来自一株厌氧海藻酸分解菌Sunxiuqiniasp.SH-52的海藻酸裂解酶SHA-4,该酶是PL6家族中第一个对PolyMG有底物偏好性的外切型海藻酸裂解酶,而且活性较高,作为工具酶有很好的应用前景,为海藻酸降解机制的探索提供了新的线索。     

海藻酸盐裂解酶研究进展

海藻酸盐裂解酶是一类降解褐藻中海藻酸盐的酶。此酶已经在多种有机体中得到分离。对海藻酸盐裂解酶的生物特性、研究方法及其生物学功能进行了介绍。在酶学特性研究的基础上 ,通过酶解构建新型海藻酸盐多聚物 ,可增强和扩展海藻酸盐裂解酶在工业、农业、医药领域中的应用 ,使其在海藻多糖的高值化应用中发挥重要的作用。概述了海藻酸盐和海藻酸盐裂解酶过去和现在的研究状况 ,展望了海藻酸盐和海藻酸盐裂解酶将来的应用前景。     

海藻酸裂解酶酶学与基因工程研究进展及应用

海藻中富含海藻酸盐,海藻酸裂解酶降解后产生的寡糖物质具有很强的生物活性及益生作用,酶法降解海藻酸盐的生物降解取代传统的化学降解已日益受到人们的关注,就海藻酸盐降解酶的来源、作用机制、应用效果和影响因素进行了全面综述,阐明了海藻酸盐降解酶的研究具有显著的理论意义和应用价值。     

纤维凝胶固定化增殖酵母连续生产酒精的研究

本文比较了纤维胶固定增殖酵母与海藻酸钙凝胶球、纤维海藻酸铝凝胶与纤维海藻酸钙凝胶、以及不同厚度的纤维凝胶固定化增殖酵母的发酵结果。重点进行了纤维凝胶固定化增殖酵母连续生产酒精试验。采用１．１Ｌ柱式生物反应器,ＣＯ２排出通畅,停留时间为４小时,成熟醪中酒精含量为１０．１－１１．０％（Ｖ／Ｖ）,平均为１０．５５％,酒精生产能力为９．４ｇ／Ｌ．ｈ,总糖利用率为９４．５％。     

海藻多糖降解酶的性质和作用机理

海藻主要由蓝藻、绿藻、红藻和褐藻四大类组成。世界海洋中估计生长有 80 0 0多种海藻。海藻的生产与它的利用价值有密切关系 ,就褐藻、红藻和绿藻这三大门类来说 ,褐藻和红藻以其种类多、产量丰富和含有用途广泛的褐藻胶、琼胶和卡拉胶等 ,由自然生产逐步为人工养殖所代替。全世界每年约生产5万吨海藻胶 (其中 ,褐藻胶 2 5万吨 ,卡拉胶 1 45万吨、琼胶 0 7万吨 )创值近 4亿美元。这些海藻胶是海藻细胞壁内的主要填充物质 ,约占细胞干重的 2 0 %～ 3 0 % [1] 。近年来 ,各国的科学家大力开展从海洋开发新药物的研究计划。因此 ,对海藻、…     

番茄P56和部分来源多糖裂解酶家族Ⅰ的其它蛋白的系统演化分析

果胶裂解酶包含果胶酸裂解酶(pectate lyase)和果胶酸酯裂解酶(pectin lyase)二种形式,是一类多糖裂解酶,由细菌、真菌、植物和线虫等生物产生,分布在5个多糖裂解酶家族,果胶酶在食品与饮料、纺织与洗涤、制药等工业中有广泛的应用。利用NCBI BLASTX服务器,搜索与番茄P56蛋白氨基酸序列相似且都属于多糖裂解酶家族Ⅰ的果胶裂解酶蛋白序列共28条,用DNAMAN软件分析其保守区,用CLUSTALX8.0软件进行序列比对和Bi-oEdit软件进行文件转换,进一步用PUAP4.0软件构建系统进化树。构建的MP树(phylogenetic trees)和NJ树(neighbor-joining)显示:来自植物的果胶酸裂解酶、真菌的果胶酸酯裂解酶、细菌的果胶酸裂解酶分别可聚为一个独立的类群;相对于细菌果胶酸裂解酶和真菌果胶酸酯裂解酶而言,构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)的果胶酸裂解酶A和植物的果胶酸裂解酶之间有较近的亲缘关系;细菌Pseudomonas syringae的果胶酸酯裂解酶和真菌的果胶酸酯裂解酶之间的亲缘关系较近。     

海藻多糖化学及生物活性的研究进展

海藻多糖具有多种生物活性,在生物体内起着重要作用,现已成为海藻研究的热点。本文综述了海藻多糖的种类,海藻多糖的提取、分离与提纯技术,海藻多糖性质的测定方法及海藻多糖的生物活性。     

用固定化细胞发酵生产己酸的研究

固定于海藻酸钙、琼脂、卡拉胶、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶,魔芋葡苷露聚糖等几种载体上的己酸菌株(Doseridium sp．WI)批次发酵表明,海藻酸钙包埋己酸菌活性最高。在最适条件下,己酸产量最高可达15mg／ml,经18批次(200余天)的批式发酵,固定化己酸菌产己酸活性稳定性较好,4℃储存二月后的固定化细胞,其发酵产己酸活性与储前基本相同。短暂的与空气接触对固定化己酸菌的活性几乎没受影响。与游离已酸菌比较,固定化细胞的己酸生成速度加快,己酸产量明显提高,单位体积内的细胞数目可高出游离培养的近10倍。     

Intracellular Alginolytic Enzymes of the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas citrea KMM 3297

The marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas citrea KMM 3297 is an associate of the holothurian Apostichopus japonicus. When grown in a medium containing glucose, the strain produces two intracellular alginolytic enzymes, AlI and AlII. Fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens induces synthesis of one more alginolytic enzyme, AlIII. These enzymes were separated using anion-exchange chromatography. The alginate lyase AlI completely retains its activity at 35 degrees C, AlII and AlIII being stable at 45 degrees C. The alginate lyases exhibit maximal activities in the range of pH 7-8. The molecular weights of AlI, AlII, and AlIII determined by gel filtration are 25, 79, and 61 kD, respectively. All the investigated enzymes are endo-type alginate lyases. They catalyze degradation of polyguluronate (poly-G) and polymannuronate (poly-M) yielding oligosaccharides of the polymerization degree of 5 > or = n > or = 3 with the unsaturated bond between the C4 and C5 atoms of the non-reducing terminus. A mixture of these three enzymes exhibits synergism while acting on the polymeric substrate. The Km values of the alginate lyase AlI for poly-G and poly-M are 24 and 34 micro g/ml, respectively. Alginate lyase AlIII exhibits less affinity to poly-M (Km = 130.0 microg/ml) than to poly-G (Km = 40.0 microg/ml). NaCl (0.2 M), MgCl2 and MgSO4 (0.01 M) activate all three enzymes more than twofold. The presence of several alginolytic enzymes of different specificity provides efficient destruction of alginic acids of brown algae by the strain P. citrea KMM 3297.     

Purification and characterization of a novel alginate lyase from the marine bacterium Cobetia sp. NAP1 isolated from brown algae

The application of marine resources, instead of fossil fuels, for biomass production is important for building a sustainable society. Seaweed is valuable as a source of marine biomass for producing biofuels such as ethanol, and can be used in various fields. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that forms the main component of brown algae. Various alginate lyases (e.g. exo- and endo-types and oligoalginate lyase) are generally used to degrade alginate. We herein describe a novel alginate lyase, AlgC-PL7, which belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 7 family. AlgC-PL7 was isolated from the halophilic Gram-negative bacterium Cobetia sp. NAP1 collected from the brown algae Padina arborescens Holmes. The optimal temperature and pH for AlgC-PL7 activity were 45 °C and 8, respectively. Additionally, AlgC-PL7 was thermostable and salt-tolerant, exhibited broad substrate specificity, and degraded alginate into monosaccharides. Therefore, AlgC-PL7 is a promising enzyme for the production of biofuels.     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Gene (alyII) Coding for an Alginate Lyase of Pseudomonas sp. OS-ALG-9

Pseudomonas sp. OS-ALG-9 produces several kinds of alginate-degrading enzymes both intra- and extracellularly. As a second alginate lyase of this bacterium, the gene encoding alyII has been cloned in Escherichia coli JM109 by shotgun techniques and then sequenced. The alyII gene has an open reading frame of 2141 bp encoding 713 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 79,803 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence did not show any extensive similarity with those of other known alginate lyases, however, hydrophobic cluster analysis showed that alyII belonged to class 3 of alginate lyases. The alginate lyase from E. coli harboring the alyII gene showed a single active band, which coincided with one of four major alginate lyases from the crude cell extracts of Pseudomonas sp. OS-ALG-9 on a zymogram.     

Overproduction and properties of the mannuronate alginate lyase AlxMB

Abstract In previous studies (Malissard et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (1993) 110, 101–106), the alginate lyase AlxM of the marine bacterium ATCC 433367 was produced in Escherichia coli TC4/pAL-A3 with a yield of 50 μg per litre of culture. The polypeptide chain was cleaved between two cysteine residues, C169 and C183, themselves linked by a disulphide bridge. AlxM has now been overproduced in E. coli BL21(DE3)/pAL-Sur/pLysS. Under conditions in which formation of inclusion bodies can be avoided, the enzyme is synthesized as a catalytically active, water-soluble, unnicked polypeptide with a yield of 32 mg per litre of culture. It has been purified to protein homogeneity using a one-step procedure. The nicked AlxM_A and unnicked AlxM_B alginate lyases have identical alginate-degrading activities at high salt concentrations.     

产双功能褐藻胶裂解酶菌株的筛选与初步研究

目的：双功能褐藻胶裂解酶既能降解聚β-D-甘露糖醛酸,又能降解聚α-L-古罗糖醛酸,可以用一种酶来制备不同结构的褐藻胶寡糖。本文的目的是筛选能产生双功能褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株,对其产酶曲线和降解产物作初步研究。方法：利用唯一碳源培养基筛选产生褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株,通过16SrDNA序列比对进行菌种鉴定,通过在凝胶上检测褐藻胶裂解酶活性来判断发酵上清液中褐藻胶裂解酶的数量及分子量,利用薄层层析确定降解褐藻胶的终产物组成。结果：从褐藻上筛选到一株海洋细菌QY107,鉴定为弧菌属细菌。发酵120h时褐藻胶裂解酶产量为12．32U／mL,其发酵液上清中只含有一种褐藻胶裂解酶,分子量在28kDa左右,并且对聚β—D-甘露糖醛酸和聚α-L-古罗糖醛酸都能降解,降解褐藻胶的终产物主要为三糖。结论：本文筛选到一株弧菌QY107,其发酵液上清中只有一种双功能褐藻胶裂解酶,可用于大量制备褐藻胶三糖。推测该酶具有特殊的催化腔结构,对其结构与功能相互关系的研究可能会发现新的底物结合与催化机制。酶解制备褐藻胶寡糖因其环保高效而越来越受到人们的重视,因此该菌株能促进海洋寡糖类生物制品的开发,在医药、食品、农业、生物燃料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

海藻酸钙微囊对乳酸乳球菌在胃肠道环境中的保护作用

乳酸菌是机体内一类重要的益生菌,因其益生功能和安全性,在食品行业和医疗保健领域有着广泛的应用,此外将乳酸菌作为口服疫苗载体或药物传递载体也是目前的研究热点之一。乳酸菌到达肠道的活菌数是影响其功能有效性的一个重要因素,需考虑为其提供一定的防护来抵御胃酸等恶劣环境。通过化学法制备能稳定表达Gfp的乳酸乳球菌海藻酸钙微囊,以Gfp作为活菌标记,检测了海藻酸钙微囊对乳酸乳球菌的保护作用。体外实验结果显示,酸处理30、60、90、120 min后,海藻酸钙微囊包裹使乳酸乳球菌的存活率分别提高了1 370、525、235和105倍。动物体内实验也表明,在灌胃2 h后,海藻酸钙微囊包裹使乳酸乳球菌在肠道内的活菌数增加90多倍。上述结果说明海藻酸钙微囊对乳酸乳球菌在胃肠道环境中具有明显的保护作用,为今后乳酸乳球菌口服制剂的研究及开发提供重要的参考依据。     

Determination of alginate composition by a simple enzymatic assay

The action of alginate lyases may be easily followed in a UV-spectrophotometer, since each cut of the alginate chain will create an unsaturated unit at the non-reducing end with a strong absorbance at 230 nm. During prolonged incubation, this absorbance will approach an apparent endpoint level that reflects the initial substrate concentration. On this basis, a standardized assay has been developed. A combination of purified mannuronate lyase from Haliotis tuberculata and purified guluronate lyase from Klebsiella pneumoniae is applied to get quantitative concentration estimates that do not depend on alginate composition. The production of alginate in Azotobacter vinelandii is included as an example of application. Most important, by applying both enzymes alone and in combination, the block composition of the alginate may be estimated. Data for a series of widely different alginates have been compared with those obtained by NMR.     

褐藻胶裂解酶基因的克隆表达与酶学性质

随着大型褐藻生产燃料乙醇以及褐藻寡糖重大药用价值的发现,褐藻胶裂解酶成为国内外多个领域的研究重点。文中对解藻酸弧菌上与褐藻胶降解相关的5个基因分别进行克隆表达,通过SDS-PAGE和酶活性定量测定,发现该基因簇中的4个基因有降解褐藻胶活性。对酶活最高的rAlgV3进行了诱导条件的优化、酶蛋白纯化及酶性质研究,发现优化诱导条件后重组酶rAlgV3的酶活由2.34×10~4 U/L上升为1.68×10~5 U/L,比优化前提高了7.3倍;对酶性质进行表征发现该酶在4–70℃均有活性,最适反应温度为40℃,在4–20℃酶相对稳定;该酶在pH 6.5-9.0环境下均有较高的酶活,最适pH为8.0;pH稳定性好,在pH 4.5–9.5环境下可以稳定存在;适量的NaCl浓度和Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)等离子具有促进酶活的作用,SDS和Cu~(2+)离子可明显抑制酶活力。对该酶的底物特性的研究发现,该酶不仅可以降解褐藻胶中的Poly-M片段,也能降解Poly-G片段,具有广泛底物特性;其降解海藻酸钠主要释放二糖和三糖,是一种内切酶。该酶对于第三代燃料乙醇的发展及褐藻寡糖的生产具有重要作用。