植物细胞的抗脱水反应及其重要蛋白产物

研究植物细胞的抗脱水反应具有十分重要的意义。首先,脱水是许多植物特别是重要农作物生长过程中面临的主要胁迫之一,开展细胞的抗脱水研究事关用基因工程手段培育抗旱植物新种质的基础理论。其次,低温是许多植物生长过程中面临的另一个重要胁迫,研究表明,植物细胞的脱水反应和低温反应有共同的过程,     

β-Homo天冬酰胺的合成及其副反应的研究

以α L 天冬酰胺为研究对象 ,应用Arndt Eistert反应 ,合成了 β Homo 天冬酰胺 ;同时合成了两种脱水产物β 氰基丙氨酸甲酸和 β 氰基丙氨酸重氮酮 ,对它在此反应的脱水机理进行了探讨。     

乙醇催化脱水制乙烯反应条件及飞温现象

以HZSM-5分子筛为乙醇脱水催化剂,考察了催化剂的硅铝摩尔比和反应工艺条件对乙醇转化率及生成乙烯选择性的影响,分析了反应初期的飞温现象,用X射线衍射（XRD）、环境扫描电镜（SEM）和热分析（TG-DTA）对其催化剂进行了表征。结果表明：硅铝摩尔比为50∶1的HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应在温度300℃、液体质量空速7h-1时,乙醇转化率大于99.8%,乙烯选择性达99.1%。HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水反应初期的飞温过程生成的聚合物堵塞和覆盖部分催化剂孔道,导致催化剂活性下降和乙烯选择性显著降低,适当降低进料温度可有效控制飞温现象发生。     

非水相酶促合成癸酸偏甘油酯的研究

对无溶剂非水相中癸酸与甘油的酶促酯化反应进行了研究,发现Pseudomonas fluoresces脂肪酶（PFL）、Mucor miehei脂肪酶（MML）和Candida antarictica脂肪酶（CAL）均有较好的催化活性。CAL酶促转化癸酸的最适反应条件为：60℃,加酶量为20～100u/g,初始加水量为甘油质量的12%。CAL的1,3位置专一性在最终产物中未表达。CAL酶催化剂的失活主要与机械磨损有关,反应5批次后酶活残留量为96.4%。敞开物系、真空脱水或分子筛脱水均为有效脱水方式。敞开物系中反应物量比不影响平衡转化率而会影响单甘酯平衡产率。用碳酸氢钠水溶液萃取可有效脱除产品中的残余癸酸,终产品酸价为0.68mg KOH/g。提高甘油比例并使用非脱水原料,无外加水结合部分流加癸酸的工艺,可以减少减压脱水或敞开反应的时间,5h后癸酸最高转化率可达96.9%。      

毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera P.Beauv) PSII光化学效率对脱水和复水的响应

利用快速叶绿素荧光动力学技术研究了毛尖紫萼藓脱水和复水过程中叶绿素荧光变化,结果显示在脱水过程中毛尖紫萼藓PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光合机构电子传递的量子产额（ETo／ABS）、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA的其它电子受体的概率（ETo／TRo）、单位叶面积的反应中心的数量（RC／CSo）以及PSⅡ受体库（Area）对叶片含水量的响应等均存在相对含水量阈值。在阈值范围内脱水,对以上荧光参数影响不大,低于阈值后,各荧光参数值迅速下降,直至PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭以及光化学过程结束。再复水后,毛尖紫萼藓光合机构的最大捕光效率、实际光化学效率、PSⅡ反应中心受体侧的电子传递链以及反应中心均能得到快速而有效的恢复。表明一定时间内脱水不会对毛尖紫萼藓的光合器官造成严重伤害,光合系统仍维持在可恢复状态。     

种子耐税水性的研究（综述）

种子耐脱水性是近年植物生理学中的一个研究热点。本文综述种子发育、热稳蛋白、糖的积累以及抗氧化系统等与耐脱水性的关系。同时针对顽拗性种子具有明显的对脱水的敏感性,介绍了提高种了耐脱水性的可能途径。     

9种形态生理休眠的种子脱水对萌发和胚胎生长的影响

9种形态生理休眠的种子脱水对萌发和胚胎生长的影响 在具有形态生理种子休眠(MPD)的物种中，吸胀种子脱水对胚胎生长和萌发的影响鲜为人知。我们研究了9种不同MPD水平的种子对脱水的反应。对每个物种进行对照实验，使种子永久保持水化并暴露在最佳层积-培养顺序中以促进胚胎生长。同时也开展了室温条件下脱水中断种子层积处理1个月的实验。研究结果显示，具有非深度简单MPD的白藤铁线莲(Clematis vitalba)和高山茶藨子(Ribes alpinum)的胚生长 和种子活力均不受干燥影响，但干燥使高山茶藨子的萌发力下降了16%。具有深度简单上胚轴MPD的黄 水仙(Narcissus pseudonarcissus)种子在不同的胚生长阶段呈现脱水耐受性，但其萌发力略有下降。具有不同 MPD复杂水平的物种对脱水的反应更为多变：具有中度复杂MPD的Delphinium fissum亚种与具有深度复杂MPD的峨参(Anthriscus sylvestris)和熊根芹(Meum athamanticum)，具有脱水耐受性。与之相反，具有非深度复杂MPD的鹅莓(Ribes uva-crispa)、中度复杂MPD的Lonicera pyrenaica和深度复杂MPD的Chaerophyllum aureum，脱水后萌发力下降。虽然具有MPD简单水平的种子能够具备脱水耐受性，但一些具有复杂水平MPD的种子也具有很高的耐受性。因此，脱水不诱导胚生长后期的次生休眠。9种植物中大多数的吸胀种子的脱水耐受性可能表征其对地中海地区气候变化的适应性。     

黄皮种子发育过程中脱水敏感性与细胞膜透性的关系

黄皮（Ｃｌａｕｓｅｎａ ｌａｎｓｉｕｍ （Ｌｏｕｒ．） Ｓｋｅｅｌｓ）胚轴与完整种子的发育模式以及发育中电解质渗漏率变化有些不同． 种子生理成熟前、后的胚轴对脱水的反应也不同,前者经轻微脱水可提高萌发率和活力指数,后者不耐任何程度的脱水．活力指数的急剧下降伴随着电解质渗漏率的迅速上升．实验表明,黄皮种子在发育过程中没有形成耐脱水性． 细胞膜透性变化可反映脱水对种子的伤害程度     

极性非质子溶剂中酸强度对纤维素降解制备脱水糖的影响

在极性非质子溶剂中,酸催化剂对于纤维素降解制备脱水糖的反应起到重要作用。本文考察不同强度酸催化剂在极性非质子溶剂1,4-二氧六环中对纤维二糖、纤维素降解制备左旋葡聚糖(levoglucosan, LGA)以及LGA脱水制备左旋葡萄糖酮(levoglucosenone, LGO)的影响。结果表明:酸性过强(pK_a<-3)或酸性过弱(pK_a>-2)的催化剂对脱水糖制备催化性能较差,而pK_a为-3～-2的酸催化剂,如,对甲苯磺酸、甲磺酸、浓硫酸等对纤维素、纤维二糖制备LGA以及LGA脱水制备LGO的反应催化效果较好。以纤维二糖为反应物,甲磺酸为催化剂时,可得到最高的LGA碳收率为45.87%。     

茶树叶片类脱水素蛋白的Western-blot分析

为了解茶树脱水素种类与功能,采用Western-blot技术,研究了不同季节及越冬过程中茶树叶片脱水素蛋白家族的表达模式。结果显示:(1)茶树叶片总蛋白提取采用酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法,用时短、蛋白浓度高、SDSPAGE电泳条带清晰,背景干净,满足茶树Western-blot技术要求。(2)在不同季节及越冬期中发现14~95kD共9种不同分子量的茶树类脱水素蛋白,其中95、65、48、37、34和14kD等6种蛋白表达量较为稳定,季节与越冬期变化不明显;58kD脱水素仅在冬季表达,越冬期不断上升,2月份增加到最高,表达丰度高;28kD脱水素蛋白在冬季表达量高,越冬期与茶树抗寒力变化规律一致;21kD脱水素在夏季和越冬期后期有较高的表达。研究表明,这3种脱水素可能在茶树抗逆中起着重要作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.